...WEIGHING AGAINST HISTORY: REVOLUTION VERSUS PROPAGANDA Introduction: The Philippine literature that we are using nowadays rooted merely from the revolutionary period during the Spanish colonization. At those times, Revolutionists emerged and wrote independence-based literary works that were brought by the misunderstanding of the aims of the propagandists and revolutionists. The propaganda movement only aimed for equality and reform of the Spanish constitution in the Philippines and not for total independence from Spain’s influence, which later on became the aim of the Revolutionists. In accordance to this, the study aimed to make a comparison: the Philippine Literature and History that that brought independence; and the Philippine Literature and History that never undergo Revolution. The study will detail each of the situation’s benefits and non-benefits to the society and the culture of the Philippines under the Spanish period. I. The Philippine Literature and History that Brought Independence “And so, Farewell, this is our final cry.” The line was taken from the famous literary work of Andres Bonifacio, “The Final Cry of the Filipinas”. Ka- Andres was one of the renowned heroes of the Filipino revolution during the Spanish regime. Bonifacio manifested his aim for freedom, not only in how he fought bravely during the war, but in his literary works as well. In his work, “What The Filipinos Should Know” in 1986, Bonifacio enlightened the sleeping hearts of...
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...To what extent have socialists disagreed about the means of achieving socialism? Socialism along with many other ideologies has a vast number of different strands and with a couple of different roads to achieving what is fundamentally socialism. Socialism being the ideology that utilises collectivisation to bring people together and to unite people by their common humanity. The two most obvious roads of socialism would be that of revolutionary socialism and also that of evolutionary socialism. This are taken on by two different types of socialists, revisionist socialists and fundamentalist socialists. Revolutionary socialism is the belief that capitalism can only be overthrown by revolution against the current political system. To them this would inevitably involve the use of violence as a means to achieve what they wish. Evolutionary socialism involves the belief that evolution would lead to socialism as the times had changed and revolution was no longer as fresh in people’s minds and the alternative was that there was an alternative that would benefit the proletariat more. Both roads of socialism agree on one thing fundamentally, this is the fact that socialism is inevitable no matter what route is taken to get there. Evolutionary socialists believe that socialism is inevitable as it will slowly adapt over time due to the change in economics and living conditions which will eventually lead to socialism emerging as the most practical outcome. Revolutionary socialists also...
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...When the French Revolution comes to mind, the thought of the people and their rage immediately follows. The French Revolution (1789-1799) was an event of rage by the people in attempts to rid the country of the Catholic Church, Christianity, its nobility and most of all the king. The images of rage against the political figures and values comes so easily to the mind that some forget the achievements the French Revolution brought to its country. The lower class have had enough with no hopes of change in the power that they deserved and required. The Revolutionists aimed to achieve a great deal of power for the third estate in order to take better control of the upper class and their decision making. The main achievement of the Revolution was that it succeeded in gaining power for the lower class that it had lacked as well as limit the power of the upper class. When the Revolution was beginning to unfold, the people had come together in order to approve of common goals. After conversing over what take priority, it was agreed that the Third Estate must be put under better control. The Third Estate was a representative of the lower, middle working class in the government whereas the First and Second Estates were the nobility and the delegates of the clergy. Although there was a Third Estate, it was proved to be useless in the sense of protecting the people of France. Shortly after, the people had come together in the formation of the National Assembly. The National Assembly was...
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...The impact of the French Revolution on the twentieth century totalitarian systems. by Kinga K. Krajewska The French Revolution is one of the most significant events of the modern era. Not only has it changed a countenance of France, but it has also considerably affected the further history of Europe and the world. Nevertheless, the essence of its significance raises controversy among scholars. In a long tradition of historiography of the French Revolution there can be extracted several major concepts: the liberal approach represented by historians such as Alexis de Tocqeville or Francois Mignet, the Classic or Marxist interpretation, which considers the French upheaval as a 'bourgeois' revolution, and the Revisionism. The last-named has abolished the myth of the social interpretation and has brought a new conception of the Revolution as highly political. Probably the most influential revisionist work on the French Revolution is Francuas Furet's Penser la Revolution francaise (1978; English translation- Interpreting the French Revolution, 1981). It assumes the revolutionary events as remarkably anti-democratic and emphasises its connection with the totalitarian systems. The book has stated quite an innovative thesis, which has become an object of evaluation for both academics and the general public. Thus, this essay is to demonstrate the impact of the Revolution on the totalitarianism of the twentieth century and to indicate the major similarities as well as their...
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...http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/history/franks/classes/131b/perm/radicalsdocuments.html#nechaev Documents on the Revolutionary Movement, c. 1861-1881 1. Revolutionary Proclamations of 1861 and 1862 2. Nechaev's Program, 1869 3. Nechaev's "Catechism of a Revolutionary," 1869 4. Petr Lavrov, 1870-1873 5. Palen's Description of the Movement "To the People," 1875 6. Program of the "Land and Freedom" Group, 1878 7. Program of the "People's Will" Group, January 1, 1880 Document 1. REVOLUTIONARY PROCLAMATIONS OF 1861 AND 1862 Although Russia's Emancipation of 1861 went further than that of the same period in the United States, some of the radicals were disappointed. They voiced their anger in revolutionary proclamations like the two excerpted here. The novelist M. I. Mikhailov, who helped write the first, was arrested in September 1861 for distributing subversive literature and was sentenced to hard labor in Siberia. The second proclamation, widely distributed in Saint Petersburg in May 1862, caused a great stir and is considered to be historically significant in the development of the Russian revolutionary movement. P. G. Zaichnevskii, who wrote it with a group of fellow prisoners and sent it to the underground printer via a sentry, said later that as of 1862 neither he nor his coauthors had yet read the Communist Manifesto. Reference: Mikhail K. Lemke, Politicheskie protsessy v Rossii 1860-kh gg., 2d ed. (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1923), pp. 63-64, 69, 70, 74-75 [1861 item]...
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...SOLIMAN, Joelice P. Chapter 24 - Last Homecoming and Trial October 8, 1896 - a friendly officer told Rizal that the Madrid newspapers were full of stories about the bloody revolution in the Philippines and were blaming him for it. October 11, 1896 - Rizal's diary was taken away and was taken away and was critically scrutinized by the authorities. Novemeber 2, 1896 - Rizal's diary was returned to him because nothing dangerous was found in its contents. He wasn't able to record the events from Monday, October 12 to Sunday, November 1. Hugh Fort - English lawyer in Singapore that Dr. Anotonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez dispatched frantic telegrams to rescue Rizal from the Spanish steamer when it reached Singapore by means of a writ of habeas corpus. Chief Justice Loinel Cox - denied the writ on the ground that the Colon was carrying Spanish troops to the Philippines. November 3, 1896 - Colon reached Manila. Rizal was quietly transferred under heavy guard from the ship to Fort Santiago. November 20, 1896 - prelimenary investigation began. Judge Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive - the Advocate Judge who is in charge of a five-day investigation of Rizal's accusations. November 26, 1896 - after the preliminary investigation, Colonel Olive transmitted the records of the case to Governor General Ramon Blanco, and the letter appointed Captain Rafael Dominguez as special Judge Advocate to institute the corresponding action against Rizal. December 8, 1896 - Feast Day of Immaculate...
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...During the 1905 Russian Revolution it was very much of a hostile time between the Tsar and he’s people due to much dissension. The Tsar wanted the autocratic government regime to rebel, however due to liberalist ideas gradually spreading across cities riots, strikes, and protest occurred more frequently. In order for the Tsar to survive he entwined a strategy of repression, and concession to the Russian people, enabling to elongate he’s reign in the dynasty. An extremely significant reason in why the Tsar remained during the 1905 revolution was because there no political alliance between other political groups. This was evident in the Liberal revolutionaries; the Liberals did not represent the people during the revolution as their aims were to share power with the Tsar. They ignored the initial aim of the people which was to overthrow Tsar. Moreover, the Social Democrats wanted a socialist state. However, the people of Russia didn’t understand these revolutionary theories, as majority were illiterate, and all they wanted was better economic livelihood. This lack of central coordination enabled the Tsar to command for so long. Along with the Orthodox Church heavily influencing the people of Russia, so did the political parties. However, the parties did not affiliate; in fact there was friction amongst the parties. Political parties having disagreements meant their priorities will sway away from trying to overthrow the Tsar, this is what enable is long reign. On the contrary, if...
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...The Martyrdom of St. Leiven is based on St. Livinus’ life, specifically an episode where he tries to change people’s believe and is assaulted by robbers who cut his tongue out and then give it to dogs. The attackers were then punished with God’s devastating thunder. Even though, not a gospel story, the painting was commissioned for the church of St. Livinus in Ghent. David’s painting narrow a contemporary story; the death of French journalist. It shows the French revolutionist leader dead on a medical bath with his left hand holding a note. His right hand is lying on the floor near to the knife that was used to stab him and a slot from the knife is visible on his chest. The colors are very simple and neutral: the background has a neutral color that helps to draw more attention to the foreground and it also help to give a calm and peaceful feel to the...
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...Unit 7 Revolution Era Project I chose to send Bob Marley back to the Revolutionary Era. He was an inspirational Jamaican musician. He advocated for social change. ("Bob Marley Official Site — Life & Legacy — History," n.d.) He never received a Grammy, even though he should have, but in 2001 he was acknowledged with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. He was still a ten when he returned to Trench Town in Jamaica where his musical talent was nurtured. He made his way to the States in 1966. ("Bob Marley Official Site — Life & Legacy — History," n.d.) Bob Marley was a sort of revolutionist in the fact that his music was mostly about stopping racism and colonialism. In his song “One Drop” he say “fighting against ism and scism”. ("Bob Marley Official Site — Life & Legacy — History," n.d.) A monument in Siberia has an inscription that reads “Bob Marley Fighter For Freedom Armed With A Guitar”. ("Bob Marley Official Site — Life & Legacy — History," n.d.) He promoted peace and tolerance. He also believed in smoking marijuana and the good health benefits of it but that is for another time. Part II It is hard to say which role that Bob Marley should play as I see him as a leader, rebel, supporter, and artist. I do believe that I will put him as a rebel and artist. I think that suits Bob Marley best. The first event that Bob Marley will visit is the signing of the Declaration of Independence. The signing of the Declaration of Independence happened on July 4th, 1776. (Sayre, 2013...
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...Between 1861 and 1917, Russian society had undergone many changes. It is safe to say that every aspect of that society had been some how modified. These changes led up to the Bolshevik revolution in November of 1917. Given the nature of Russian society, was the Bolshevik revolution unavoidable? Among the changes Russian society had undergone, one starts off the whole chain of events. This was the emancipation of the serfs, in 1861, by Czar Alexander. The emancipation freed 44 million peasants. The Czar knew that the only way to end the discontent of the serfs and to show that Russia too was a modern society would be to let them free. The Edict of Emancipation caused many problems these uneducated peasants. The land now assigned to them was smaller then the plots they were using as serfs. This was an average of 8 acres. There was also a forty-nine year period over which installments could be paid before the peasants were given full ownership of the land. In fact many peasants were still working for their landlords after the edict. Because of his efforts Alexander was nicknamed "the liberator". Despite giving the serfs their freedom, Alexander's actions cause more problems then they solved. After the unification of Germany between 1861 and 1891, which accelerated it's military and political power, Russia too felt it should industrialize. A man named Sergei Witte, who was Minister of Finance from 1892-1903, almost single-handedly pushed Russia into its industrialization. He...
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...The French Revolution played an important part in the history, not only in France but around the world. It showed that a monarchy was not the only option. The French wanted equality for everyone across the country. There was to be a stop in different classes of people and the unfair taxing of money and selling of food. Which the government was so desperate they would try to get every dime and nickel they could from the third estate. In the process of reaching their freedom, the French, had many ideas and ideals that helped shape the French Revolution War. Liberty, equality, brotherhood, hubris, fiscal irresponsibility, democracy and technology were a few of those ideas to say the least. Liberty was one of the things that the French revolutionist yearned. They were not seen as a group of people but seen has money for the government. They wanted freedom and liberty from their monarchy that they were influenced by. Monarchy in France was a king and queen that ruled all and people had no voice. They were ruled under King Louis XVI during the 10-year revolution. As they fought for their freedom from the king and queen, they had to decide where they would go after they had gained their independence. As the United States when they declared their independent from Great Britain they declared themselves a democracy. Ones the French gained their independence and overthrew the king and queen of France, and they became a republic for the people. There were different classes of people...
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...Carrasquillo 1 Christopher Carrasquillo His 267 May 2013 Jose L. Renique Hugo Chavez: Saint for the poor, Enemy of Capitalism A revolutionist is a supporter of political or social revolution. Whenever someone feels that the society they live in is oppressed whether by a foreign or domestic influence, revolutionists arise to bring about change however they see fit. While some revolutionists are often viewed in infamy to others such as Hitler, the people who benefited during the better years of their rule tend to view these revolutionists as heroes. One of these well known revolutionists is Hugo Chavez, and while he's known to be hated by both foreign and domestic groups, he is considered a hero to many others. Hugo Chavez was born July 28, 1954 in the town of Sabenta. He was of mixed race and lived in poverty for most of his childhood life (Kozloff 18). Despite being poor, both of his parents were highly educated compared to most people in Venezuela, and thus taught him the importance of studying and education. It was during his childhood that Hugo Chavez was introduced to Jose Esteban Ruiz Guevara, and thus Simon Bolivar (indepthinfo). Bolivar was a revolutionist who helped to free much of Latin America from Spanish control and even attempted to create a nationalist government in Latin America before his death (biography). Essentially, all of these events during Hugo Chavez's childhood...
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...verge of decimation due to lack of supplies and men. Washington’s army found them across the Delaware River from a large Hessian force in Trenton, New Jersey. General Washington was determined to cross the river on Christmas night to catch the Hessians off guard in the early morning hours. Many opposed his plan due to the poor physical condition of their soldiers and the risk of taking on an army that was healthier and well-equipped, but Washington pressed forward and insisted on completing the crossing. Washington proved victorious to the surprise of his men. The victory at Trenton was very important because it replenished supplies for the continental army, boosted General Washington’s reputation, and renewed hope amongst faltering revolutionists....
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...Terror 1 Nolan Nguyen Mrs. Rich English 1 – TT November 16, 2011 The Reign of Terror The Reign of Terror was a period in history when the Convention established a war dictatorship rather than a democracy. The reason for this choice was due to the fact that other nations were attacking France’s borders from all four sides, there was resistance to the idea of French democracy, and that the people wanted a stronger government that can lead the nation through hard situations were a few reasons why the French revolution started. These causes lead the way for the reign of terror to begin. In response to the turmoil of war and resistance, the government established new laws, which was one of the causes of the Reign of Terror. These laws were designed to strengthen and restore order by using terror, virtue, fear, and force. During this time, the guillotine was used, beheading people, and causing panic throughout the nation. After the Revolution was successful, when King Louis XVI was executed by a guillotine on January 17, 1793 in Place du Reunion, the National Convention established a war dictatorship instead of a democracy. The war dictatorship government was lead by few men to govern the country and wage war during a time of crisis. The Convention created watch committees, which imposed strict regulations on foreigners and citizens. The new government imposed the Levee en Masse. It said that the government can conscript anyone in France and that everyone has a part in the...
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...World War 1- Cause & Effect History 102 Lee Goergen 7-06-14 The assassination on June 28th 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria triggered the “War to end all wars.” Assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, this event was a call for Independence. What the world didn’t know at the time was of a secret alliance between Germany and Austria Hungry. The assassination of the Archduke became a perfect opportunity for Germany to go to war. Serbia asked Russia to help by joining them in the fight against Austria Hungry and Germany. By July 30th, Russia had begun mobilizing their army. Although Russia had at this time one of the largest land armies in the world, it was poorly led. Tzar Nicholas (the leader of Russia) portrayed himself as a weak leader. He was a passive leader and didn’t have the strength to make the right decisions at the right time. Russia had a huge disparity between the rich and the poor. The Great War had many causes both short and long term. In Europe in the early 1900’s the major powers were England, France, Germany Russia, and Austria Hungry. All these countries shared a common trait that for thousands of years has brought many empires to the ground, their egos. Each of these countries has an extreme sense of nationalism and imperialism that thrives on the glory of the battle. England in this time had stretched its empire all over the globe. Germany had one of the strongest armies in the world. France believed in “élan”, which was a sense...
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