...The Transtheoretical Model I. Introduction A. History of TTM B. Why the TTM is used for health promotion Thesis - The Transtheoretical Model is and will continue to be one of the most popular in the behavior change field due to its uniqueness and effectiveness. II. Transtheoretical Model A. Overview of the TTM B. Constructs of TTM III. Journal Article w| Transtheoretical Model A. How constructs are applied B. Critique on the model Shaquia Lewis UIN: 00965263 CRN: 29315 I pledge to support the Honor System of Old Dominion University. I will refrain from any form of academic dishonesty or deception, such as cheating or plagiarism. I am aware that as a member of the academic community it is my responsibility to turn in all suspected violations of the Honor Code. I will report to a hearing if summoned. The Transtheoretical Model The Transtheoretical Model has tremendously helped the health field progress to more inclusive approaches to research and other practices [2]. In the 1970s, James Prochaska laid the foundations for this model. In the 1990s, two scales were developed using the model [2]. This model is used for health promotion because it enables people to make behavioral changes and improve their health. The Transtheoretical Model is and will continue to be one of the most popular in the behavior change field due to its uniqueness and effectiveness. The Transtheoretical Model has six constructs with two being broken...
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...Stages of Change lie at the core of the Transtheoretical Model, (TTM) which is currently the most mainstream stage models in health and well being psychology. It has demonstrated success with a wide assortment of basic and complex health conducts, includ-ing weight control, smoking cessation, sunscreen use, reduction of dietary fat, quitting cocaine, exercise acquisition, condom use, and mammography screening. Studies of change have found that individuals, travel through a progression of phases while adjusting their behavior. Even though the time an individual may stay in any given stage is liable to vary or change, the com-mitments obliging them to move to the accompanying stage unquestionably do not. Definite standards and procedures of...
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...Introduction: Developed by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1983, the Trans-Theoretical Model is one of many popular theories, which is used to describe the event of changing a behavior. It is said that the Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM) is a theory of behavioral changes which "intentional behavior change is a process occurring in a series of stages, rather than a single event and that motivation is required for the focus, effort and energy needed to move through the stages” (Miller, W.R., Rollnick, S., 2002). What makes the Trans-Theoretical Model so unique, is that it describes how change occurs over time and not immeadiately. According to Prochaska & DiClemente (1983), this theory proposes that a person may progress through five stages of change when trying to modify their behaviors. In the first stage titled pre-contemplation, we have people who have no intentions of taking action, or wanting to change their behavior in the near future. Many peers suggest that the desire to change a behavior is usually measured within the next six months (Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross, 1992). Individuals in this stage are unaware or uninformed of the consequences of their behavior (Scholl, 2002), or they may have had a number of failed attempts and are reluctant to try again (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). Prochaska et al. (1992), says the main component of pre-contemplation, is the person shows resistance to recognize or modify problem behavior. For an individual to move out of this stage...
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...Phase 3 Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Unhealthy Behavior: Not hitting the gym for aerobics Group Members: Three close friends Goals: Attend daily aerobics classes per week Baseline data: Aerobics is a form of physical exercise offered in gymnasiums and combines rhythmic exercises with stretching to improve cardio-vascular fitness, flexibility, and muscular strength and more importantly reduces predisposition to illnesses (Hales, 2008). With knowledge of these benefits, I and my friends registered for aerobics classes for daily exercising. However, my friends were found to be less active and skipped some classes. Instead of the usual daily one-hour-classes per week, two of my friends went for the aerobics for one per week and sometimes left the class after thirty minutes of exercise. The other third friend is more consistent than the other two and attends aerobics classes for three to four days in a week. The two friends who attend an average of one lesson per week argued that course work took much of their time hence could not attend the aerobics class. They argued that they would not attend aerobic classes even after finishing class work since they were too tired, thus attended the aerobics lessons only when they had no class work, but even then, they would rush out whenever they felt tired. However, they were aware of the benefits that are associated with aerobics. The other friend who attended aerobics classes for an average of three to four classes per...
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...Running head: INFREQUENCY OF EXERCISE Infrequency of Exercise in Americans and its Potential Dangers Elecia Black MAT 540: Statistical Concepts for Research Instructor Charles Edeki October 7, 2013 Introduction The issue that was selected for this paper is the lack of exercise among Americans and the potential dangers that lack of exercise lead to. This issue was selected because lack of exercise is putting peoples’ health at risk as a nation. According to research studies, Americans do not exercise as often as they should. Reasons such as work, children, not having access to exercise facilities, and etc. have been given as to why this lack of exercise has occurred. However, many people have come to the conclusion that they do not exercise because they feel as if they do not have a reason to. And for this very reason, the American people are jeopardizing their health. This infrequency of exercise often leads to potential dangers such as obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes and colon cancer to name a few. But, research shows that with more frequent exercise, these potential dangers can be reduced and promote a healthier America. Statement of the Problem According to a study done by the US Department of Health and Human Services, regular physical activity reduces the risk of premature death and disability from a variety of conditions including heart disease, diabetes, and colon cancer. Some people are unaware of the fact that lack of exercise will...
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...Behavior Change Project The Transtheoretical Model The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is an integrative model developed in the early 1980’s by Prochaska and DiClemente to conceptualize the process of intentional behavior change (Pro- Change Behavior Systems, 2015). The TTM emerged from a comparative analysis of the most powerful principles and processes of change from leading theories in psychotherapy and behavior change, including Conscious Raising by Sigmund Freud, Contingency Management by BF Skinner and Helping Relationships by Carl Rogers (Hayden, 2014; Hergenrather, 200*; Pro- Change Behavior Systems, 2015). Whereas other models of behavior change focus exclusively on certain dimensions of change such as social or biological, the TTM seeks to include and integrate key constructs from other theories into a comprehensive theory of change that can be applied to a variety of behaviors, populations, and settings including treatment settings, prevention and policy-making settings. Thus the name Transtheoretical (Pro- Change Behavior Systems, 2015). Stages of change It is not easy to for individuals to change from an unhealthy behavior to a healthy one. Therefore, the TTM focuses on the decision-making of the individual. It operates on the assumption that people do not change behavior quickly and decisively, rather, change in behavior, particularly long-term behavior, occurs continuously through a cyclical process (Boston University School of Public Health, 2016). The...
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...Introduction The phrase physical activity can mean many things to different people; many people get confused between exercise and physical activity thinking that both are the same thing. The American College of Sports Medicine describe physical activity as a bodily activity or movement that increase energy expenditure by the contraction of skeletal muscles. (ACSM 2012). This means that physical activity is anything that increases energy expenditure, for example walking up the stairs or hovering up. Physical activity is generally unplanned whereas exercise is structured and consists of repetitive bodily movements, for example going for a run. To gain the large amounts of health benefits associated with being physically fit excessive exercise is not required. The National Health Service and the Department of Health both state that adults should be completing a minimum of 150 minutes of physical activity per week. The physical activity should be moderate to vigorous intensity. Alternately 75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity across the week such as running, football or swimming. All adults should also aim to improve muscle strength on at least two days a week and minimise sedentary activities. There are many health benefits associated with physical activity, there are also implications on health of inactivity and large prolonged periods of sedentary behaviour. Sedentary behaviour is not the absence of physical activity as many believed it is periods of doing very little...
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...more recently hoarding was a very secretive and shameful disorder. Research suggest that 3-5% of the U.S. population suffers from a hoarding disorder. To put this into perspective, the state of Delaware has 900, 000 residences, 3-5% have hoarding disorder, which amounts to 18, 000- 45, 000 individuals. There are 300 million people in the United States, of that population 6-15 million people are affected by a hoarding disorder. (Cohn, 2012). To address and conceptualize Susan’s co-morbidities of her psychopathological mental distress and manifestations of behaviors I will use three evidence-based theoretical frameworks as guidance. A. Theoretical Framework 1. Transtheoretical Model of Change Theory In the early 1980’s, researches James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente developed the Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model (TSOC) becoming one of the most popular tools used to help evoke change in the mental health field (Whitelaw, Baldwin, Bunton & Flynn, 2002). This guided intervention approach flows through six stages. Stage one, precontemplation stage, at this stage the individual does not believe they have a problem and are unwilling to change. At the time of Susan’s intake and assessment this is the stage that she identified with. Stage two is contemplation, where the individual is contemplating, they are attempting to see the benefit to change. Next, is the preparation stage, the individual is working on strategies to make changes in the next several months. Stage four is...
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...In the article, Condom Use and Stages of Change Among College Students, the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) was used in a study to determine the correlates between TTM stages and the inconsistent use of condoms. The target population of this study were college students in Taiwan. TTM uses the stages of change to see how individuals move through these series of stages. TTM includes six stages of change. Stage one is precontemplation, this stage means there has been no thought of taking action. The second stage is contemplation, which mean they been thinking of taking action. The third stage is preparation, in this stage they are determined to act within the next thirty days and they have already taken some steps toward that. Action is the fourth...
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...Learning from Mass Media Campaigns for HIV/AIDS Prevention Reviews of mass media campaigns have a special interest for me. They demonstrate what can be done, and as importantly, what cannot be done, by relying on a 1P approach. I have talked about the 5% Solution before, and noted another review of mass media campaigns for changing health behaviors. This post focuses on the findings from a review of recent campaigns to prevent HIV/AIDS. What is interesting in this report are the comparisons it draws to reviews of earlier campaigns in this area as well as the current state of the art and science. The authors used seven principles to guide their analysis: (1) conducting formative research on and about the target audience; (2) using theory as a conceptual foundation; (3) segmenting one’s audience into meaningful subgroups; (4) using a message design approach that is targeted to the audience segment(s); (5) utilizing effective channels widely viewed by and persuasive with the target audience; (6) conducting process evaluation and ensuring high message exposure; and (7) using a sensitive outcome evaluation design that reduces threats to internal validity and allows causal inferences about campaign impact to be made. The question they explore is: to what extent have recent HIV/AIDS campaigns in the literature adhered to these principles? Noar et al (2009) began with a search of peer-reviewed articles appearing from late 1998 through October 2007. Mass media had to be a central or...
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...Capital Structure of Sonoco By: Glenn C. Mack FIN 560 Financial Management of the Enterprise Salem International University June 15th 2014 In finance, capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities. A firm's capital structure is then the composition or 'structure' of its liabilities. For example, a firm that sells $20 billion in equity and $80 billion in debt is said to be 20% equity-financed and 80% debt-financed. The firm's ratio of debt to total financing, 80% in this example, is referred to as the firm's leverage. In reality, capital structure may be highly complex and include dozens of sources. Gearing Ratio is the proportion of the capital employed of the firm which come from outside of the business finance, e.g. by taking a short term loan etc. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_structure). Introduction Packaging is the expertise of protecting a product for distributing, storage, sale, and use. Research shows that packaging can be traced back to the ancient times. In this research paper we will be looking at the company Sonoco Products history, capital adequacy, its cash flow, its financing history and future plans. This company has a personal attachment to my family. It supported 3 generations of my family financially. My great grandfather (Tommy Mack) started working with the company in the 1940’s. Grandfather (Lee...
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...Of what benefit does the Stages of Change model offer to the health care manager who wants to encourage efficiency and the highest standards of service? A stage of Change Model as proposed by Prochaska and Colleagues for addictive behaviors consists of six dynamic stages. The six stages are: Precontemplation, Contemplation, preparation, action maintenance, and termination. Precontemplation is when an individual is not considering making any changes. Contemplation is the time when an individual is aware there is a problem and is considering taking action to resolve it. Preparation refers to the time when an individual commits to taking action sometime within the next 30 days. Action is the busiest time. There are noticeable efforts to change the targeted behavior. Maintenance is the stage when a person tries to stabilize the behavior change and prevent relapse. Termination is the final stage, this occurs when there is zero temptation to revert back to the old behavior. Healthcare administrators can utilize the Prochaska Stages of Change model to assists themselves in developing procedures to support patients or subordinates who will benefit from behavior modification. It helps one to recognize that the customary counseling and patient is not always effective with all individuals’. Being familiar with the stages through in which individuals pass during the course of successfully altering a behavior permits us to be able to fashion interventions to the individual. Our understanding...
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...How Society and Nurses Affect the Roles of Nursing Lisa A. Turner University of Alabama Birmingham Transitions into Professional Nursing Practice, NUR 474 How Society and Nurses Affect the Roles of Nursing Introduction A nurse has many roles and parts to play in the daily routine of caring for patients. By examining the different roles of a nurse; health promoter, care provider; learner and teacher, we will see how nursing has evolved and how the philosophy of nursing changes. How these roles tie into society and into the symbiotic relationship between society at large and the nursing profession. The shift of healthcare to prevention, education, and the ever changing world of medicine, along with the realization that a nurse’s job is specialized, has tremendously affected the beliefs and ideas of the profession. Based on our textbook, research, and my personal experiences I will explore and clarify my philosophy of nursing. The purpose of this paper is to examine the fact that nursing is an ever-changing profession which society’s ideas and beliefs will impact, whether by necessity or through evolution. Health Promoter and Care Provider Health promotion or prevention is the latest hot topic in the healthcare arena. According 2 to Prochaska, J. and DiClemente, C. (1992), the nursing strategies for health behavior change are Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action and Maintenance touch on every different type of nurse and show a need for growth. While providing...
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...answers to some of these fundamental questions and more by exploring what steps are necessary for organizations to make when undertaking change management processes. Motivational speaker Tony Robbins once said, “By changing nothing, nothing changes.” It is a very simple yet elegant statement about the nature of change. Never is it wise to simply live up to the status quo and expect that somehow, someway your situation will spontaneously improve itself. Change means taking immediate action in order to correct mistakes that have been made, or to improve upon already successful practices. The vast majority of today’s thriving organizations have realized this and have made change, adaptation, and flexibility key components to their business model. However, many organizations that attempt change are unsuccessful due to their lack of understanding about how change is properly implemented and maintained. For many organizations in our current economic climate, failure at implementing change is not an option. To do so would be to jeopardize the future of the business’s fundamental existence. So, why is it then that some organizations are ultimately unsuccessful at changing themselves? There may be several answers. Some organizations may simply not recognize what changes need to be made in order to improve themselves, or they may not believe it is...
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...University of Phoenix Material Appendix A: Matrix of Theoretical Models |Theoretical Model |Description of Theoretical Model |Type of health care change situation | | | |where model best applies | |Lewin’s Change Model |In 1947, Kurt Lewin created a model that used |Kurt Lewin’s model can be used in a | | |Force Field Analysis to describe what happens when|health care change that involves the | | |an organization experiences change. He explained |implementation of electronic charting and| | |that there are forces that want change to occur, |electronic medical records. Management | | |and there also existed forces that wanted to |should accept some resistance from staff | | |maintain the status quo. For change to be |because it is natural for people to | | |effective, either the forces that want the change |dislike change. There can be many | | |to occur had to increase, or the forces that want |reasons for resistance. People become | | |things to stay the same had to decrease...
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