... Date of Submission: 28.12.2010 Introduction Born from the great Liberation War of 1971, Bangladesh is a non-communal, progressive, democratic state that has worked to establish an economy and society free of inequality, and to nurture a culture of democracy and respect for human rights for all fostered by patriotism in all areas of social existence. Along with a tolerant democracy, the aspiration is for a more caring society based on a system of values rooted in the culture and traditions of Bangladesh. The country’s value system will develop as it progresses, and the values will translate from collective to individual perspectives creating a collective drive to work together towards national development. Bangladesh’s heritage, rich in content and diversity, shall have a place in our present and be the anchor for the country’s ambitions. Globalization in the broadest sense implies integration of economies and societies across the globe through the flow of technology, trade and capital. Economic globalization is a process of rapid economic integration between countries that is driven by the increasing liberalization of international trade and foreign direct investment. Liberalization of the economy in Bangladesh seemed an inevitable measure to meet the economic challenges of globalization. Whether it has derived benefits for the country or not remains a point to be analyzed. Some argue that the country has opened up to the world economy too fast and suffered in consequence...
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...states; China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indian, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Officially came into existence in 1985 with the adopting of its Rent at the first meeting in Dhaka (December 7-8, 1985). The idea of regional cooperation was first recommended through ‘a regional forum’ by Bangladesh in 1980, with a perspective to positioning regular regional stage solutions among nations in Southern region, Japan on concerns of typical attention and possible cooperation in financial, public and other areas. The reasoning was mainly predicated on the assumption that regional encounters anywhere in the globe had been highly successful and that the areas in the Southern region Oriental area would benefit substantially from such cooperation as it would enhance their aggressive position, both independently and as a group. The Bangladesh offer recommendation that built in sense highly validated regional cooperation, particularly among Southern region China, because the nations in the area enjoy regional contiguity, traditional, public and cultural affinities which would act as synchronization and to reducing of deal costs. First Conference: The international assistants of the seven Southern regions China accordingly decided at their first conference in Colombo (21-23 Apr 1981) to engage in cooperation in five wide places, namely farming, non-urban growth, telephony, meteorology, and wellness and inhabitant’s solutions. The international assistants also decided to set up a Panel of...
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...Tanzania. Study explores the potentiality and sustainability of EPZ as a development strategy in the context of linkage with Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and its benefits in a competitive environment. An understanding of this subject is important for at least four reasons.Firstly, government spends part of its limited budget through fiscal incentives to subsidize EPZs. This is a revenue loss to the governemnt, and such budgetary impact have implications on other government development programmes. Secondly, though EPZs strategy may look impressive, it may be constrained by the level of competiton created by liberalization, therefore, identifying challenges and limitations facing the regime in the competitive environment encouraged by free trade regime is important to enhance its sustainability.Thirdly, there is evidence elsewhere that it is mainly cheap labour and excellent infrastructure but not fiscal incenntives that attract export-oriented FDI.A proof will provide a lesson and new experince in the context of this study.Lastly, Tanzania experience on EPZ has not been explored enough partly due to the newness of the phenomenon in the country. One implication from these arguments is that due to high costs involved in establishing and maintaining EPZs, continuing to rely on the strategy if desired outcomes are not achieved satisfactorily is a wastage of resources.In such circumstances, government should address the obstacles more strategically, or resort to alternative strategies...
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...progress. The goals of “free trade and investment in the region” clearly asks the member economies to make commitments to liberalize their trade and investment regime. Unfortunately, however, the progress to achieve the Bogor goals for the past 10 years has been so disappointing and undermined the momentum of the APEC process. He comes the importance of Bogor Goals. In spite of varying perception, it is the single most important goal of APEC cooperation. Next session will be more on ASEAN summit in Singapore 1992. And will show its ASEAN free trade area as a framework of initial cooperation. The third session will be much more interesting, will report about Osaka Agenda 1995 its 3 pillars of action, Shanghai Accord 2001 on trade facilitation plan and the APEC meeting in Busan 2005 for mid term stock. The mid term stock relates to the Bogor Declaration of 1994. The Bogor Goals set out in the declaration underpin all APEC plans and actions. Specifically, all member economies have determined to realize free and open trade. Table of Contents 1.0 Research into the original goals of forming APEC as an informal grouping 2.0 Include the resolutions of ASEAN Summit in Singapore in 1992 in launching an ASEAN Free Trade Area schedule as a framework of initial cooperation 3.0 Elaborate on the following landmark summits ; 3.1 The Osaka Agenda 1995 and its 3 pillars of actions 3.2 The Shanghai Accord 2001 on trade facilitation plan 3.3 APEC meeting...
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... - To accelerate economic growth, social and cultural development in the region. - To promote self-reliance among the countries of South Asian Region. - To generate mutual trust and understanding of each others problems. - To strengthen cooperation with other developing countries. - To cooperate on matters of common interest in international fora. - To strengthen cooperation with regional and global organisations. Population and Economic Potential: 1.4 billion people, one-fifth of the World’s population. Home to one-fifth of the World’s consumers with an average yearly income of $ 450. The SAARC region with a total market size of one and quarter billion people offers enormous potential for Intra-regional trade and cross-border investment. Intra-SAARC trade is less than 5 per cent. The SAARC region is among the poorest regions of the world. The region has 44 per cent of the World’s poor. According to a World Bank report, more than 500 million people in South Asian region live below poverty line. The South Asian region has more than 50 per cent of the total world population of child workers. Analysts argue that in today’s world of compulsive global integration of national economies. The SAARC countries continue to drift without showing any...
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...telecommunications connect all the nations together but in the same time it does not mean that there is no barriers especially trade barriers .to regulate the world trade barriers and injustice, countries cooperate and construct the World Trade Organization. WTO promotes the free trade zones and equal trade regulations to increase competition in global market. But regardless of the size of the business there are regulations to govern exports and imports. To minimize these losses from barriers and regulations is important. Thus, there are regional trade blocks to associate nations at a governmental level to promote trade and defend the members against competition. The defense mechanism against global competition obtained through making tariffs on goods produced by member countries, import quotas, government subsidies, and technical and non-tariff barriers. As trade is not an isolated activity member countries also cooperate in political, security, climatic, economic and other issues affect the region. Countries participate regional blocs because of its advantages in trade and economy. Transaction costs between countries will be eliminated. It will be easier to compare prices between participants. Uncertainty caused by exchange rate fluctuations will be blocked. The inflation in member economies will decrease. It will reduce the cost of the firms and increase the trade. But also there are some disadvantages but they are not as much as advantages. There can be instability of the system...
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...Contents 1. Executive summary ................................................................................................................... 32. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 33. Drivers to Atlas’ international strategy ................................................................................... 44. Implications of Atlas strategic options between 1989 and 2000 .............................................. 75. Atlas’ likely implementation issues of the internationalization process.................................. 96. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 117. Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 12References .......................................................................... Personal identifier: Y0217531 3 1. Executive summary This repost assess Atlas’s international strategy by in the decade 1990-2000. Section 2 briefly introduces Atlas company and calculates its return on capital employed (ROCE) of the 1990s highlighting its descending trend. Section 3 presents the factors that underpinned the reasons for which Atlas undertook its international strategy. Section 4 follows with the description of the strategies implemented and their implications on the company’s...
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...P3 Describe how the environment and culture of another country affects a business operating internationally I am going to discuss how the environment and culture of India and China affect businesses operating internationally. I am going to use Tesco as an example. Environment: Both India and China have been named as countries with the highest expected growth in the next 50 years. India population – 1.1 billion, 1.3 billion. India is democratic, China is communist. (Businesses in India have freedom of speech and the way they operate their business while business operations in China are very limited by the Government) China is strong in manufacturing while India is strong in services and Information Technology. Strengths of China = Weaknesses of India Infrastructure in India: India’s road network is a barrier to business operations and has been holding industry back which is a challenge that Tesco would come across with if deciding to expand in India as it would make imports into India much more difficult, time and cost consuming. However Indian government has made it a priority to improve the country’s infrastructure and has pledged to build 14km of new roads in the nearer future. Infrastructure in China: China’s infrastructure is top class – one of the best in the world. China spends almost 50% of its GDP on investment towards their infrastructure which include; roads, bridges, trains, ports, technology etc. China has currently approved an estimated $156 billion dollar investment...
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...Private business development was not a priority during the early stages of Doi Moi. In the mid 1990’s, market institutions were still inadequate for entrepreneurship: banks almost exclusively served state-owned enterprises; there were no credit reporting bureaus; and courts able to enforce contracts between private businesses were just being created. Among entrepreneurs interviewed by McMillan and Woodruff (1999), less then 10% said that courts or the government could enforce contracts, and just 10% said that they received credit to start businesses. In consequence, entrepreneurs relied to a very high extend on building relationships with specific suppliers and customers (McMillan and Woodruff, 1999). Regardless of the above difficulties, the early reforms of doi moi triggered a boom in entrepreneurship. The new market opportunities have encouraged many people, including the poor and former state employers, to challenge their fate, and to develop various kinds of business. While many of them may have failed, there are many success stories of this early generation of entrepreneurs. The small entrepreneurship of the 1990’s has also been important for capital and skill accumulation, and thus created an important foundation for later development. Since 1999, government policy has shifted toward developing and supporting private businesses, and entrepreneurship in particular. The Company Law of 2000 has created a more conducive environment for entrepreneurs to run their business...
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...contributions towards international business activities among certain regions, particularly Eastern Europe, Latin America and East Asia. This has guaranteed great opportunities for the countries across these regions to increase trade with their neighbors and work toward a broader free trade system. As an example, the European Union (EU) is a confederation which has been formed in 1958 and includes 27 member states which are primarily located throughout the European continent. Its major activities and policies are concerned about the free movement of capital, goods, services and even people, while maintaining common policies on trade, agriculture, regional development and fisheries within the 27 countries. Such collaboration among countries is a key factor towards further developments and growth in the region. Similarly, Latin American countries have made several attempts towards effective integration of their economies and societies. The outcomes of such collaborations can be summarized in strong fiscal position, more transparent trading activities across borders, and higher investment opportunities in several areas such as energy, transportation, and telecommunication. Finally, in East Asian region, trading activities have been highly improved as a result of trade agreements. Countries such as China, India, Australia, Japan and South Korea...
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...to see how the business or firms --- as an individual and collectively --- will be like in the future. After that we will begin to understand the changes in the stages of a firm which will come out as a result of this globalization. Globalization is the changes in world economy around the globe due to the rapid changes in technology. Globalization can be explained as a course of action by which the people around the world are interconnected and unified into one society and working side by side. It is a mixture of economic, technological, socio cultural and political forces. As a phrase globalization, is quite often used to relate to economic globalization i.e. desegregation of national economies in to the global economy with the help of trade, overseas investment, capital flows, and technology. Many think about it as bad that it will build up more distress for the lagging countries, delicate states, deprived populations and gifted nations, strong economies and hugely populous states. Globalization is also a huge cause of ever increasing...
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...| Eaton Corporation | The NAFTA Effect on North American Marketing | | Saint Leo UniversityMKT-564: Global Marketing | February 23, 2014 | Introduction Considering the scope and intent of the Saint Leo University MBA Marketing course, Global Marketing (MKT-564), the purpose of this paper is to select a global organization and identify a specific relationship with global marketing. To accomplish this goal I have deigned to select Eaton Corporation as the subject of discussion. More specifically, this paper will focus on Eaton Corporation’s Electrical Assemblies Division of North America, the NAFTA trade agreement, and how the latter has affected Eaton from a global marketing perspective. Company Overview Eaton Corporation is a diversified power management company employing approximately 102,000 employees with operations in more than 175 countries (Eaton, 2014). Founded under the name Torbensen Gear and Axle in 1911 by Viggo Torbensen and Joseph O. Eaton, Eaton Corporation has been serving the power management needs of its customers for over 100 years (Eaton, 2014). With offerings ranging from vehicle transmissions to electrical distribution equipment and aerospace fuel components, Eaton has demonstrated a true commitment to providing power management solutions to its global customer base. A truly competitive and successful global organization, Eaton reported sales figures in excess of $22.0 billion in 2013 (Eaton, 2014). Considering the nature of competition...
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...TASK : ASSIGNMENT 1 TITLE: TRADE BLOCS SEMESTER: FALL 2013 INTRODUCTION ECOWAS is an acronym to mean Economic Community of West African States whereas a trading bloc is a set of countries which engage in international trade together, and are usually related through a free trade agreement or other association.ECOWAS was established in May, 1975 as a regional institutional framework for the coordination and promotion of economic cooperation and sustainable development in West Africa. The challenges of economic develpoment in an underdeveloped and highly unstable environment such as west africa appear enormous and so leave one to ponder on the possibilty of success or otherwise in realizing such an idea. ESTABLISHMENT OF ECOWAS ECOWAS was established in 1975 to coordinate and promote trade,cooperation and sustainable development throughout West Africa.The signing of the ECOWAS treaty of Lagos was indeed a kind of radical response to the plague of poverty and underdevelopment bedeviling West Africa, and as a result, practically provided the much desired framework for the realization of rapid and sustainable socio-political and economic development throughout the sub-region, and has till date the following member states: Republic of Benin,Burkina Faso,Cape Verde,Cote d’Ivoire, Gambia,Ghana,Guinea,Guinea Bissau,Liberia,Mali,Niger,Nigeria,Senegal,Sierra Leone and the Republic of Togo. First, ECOWAS set out to form a free trade area by undertaking a progressive removal...
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...and what they do to aid our everyday existence. There is an unlimited demand for electronic devices worldwide, and Foxconn has taken the helm at providing those products. They do business with some of the leading companies internationally such as Microsoft Corp., Cisco Systems Inc., Sony, Hewlett-Packard Co., Nokia and of course Apple Inc. Foxconn serves a worldwide network of distributors and original equipment manufacturer customers in the U.S., Latin America, Europe, and Asia. Foxconn’s innovative and forward thinking has indeed launched them full bore into the international export history books. Foxconn Foxconn is one of the world leaders in manufacturing, assembling and design of electronics. Foxconn is the registered trade name of the Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. a global leader in providing mechanical and electromechanical solutions to the communications, consumer, and computer industries. Founded in 1974, and listed on the Taiwan stock exchange in 1991, Foxconn is the largest exporter from mainland China; their market capitalization exceeds $12 billion USD (Foxconn Expands, 2005). Their sales revenues for 2010 exceeded $137 billion USD. Foxconn employs upwards of 1 million employees and is the worldwide leader in manufacturing graphics cards, motherboards, optical storage devices, servers, workstations, information assurance products and bare-bone systems. They manufacture products for companies including: Acer Inc., Amazon.com, Apple...
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...China-ASEAN Economic Relations: Development And Future Challenge. Abstract: In recent 15 years, The development of China-ASEAN trade and economic relations has of great significance, not only for both sides but also for the whole East-Asia region. This paper to discuss the latter that is regional implications of 15 years’ development of China-ASEAN trade and economic relations and find the problem and challenge in China-ASEAN trade relations, as well as provide some further consideration for both sides’ trade and economic relations. Introduction Since the economic reforms and open-door policy of1978-79, China's economy has been growing rapidly and more particularly since 1990 when growth has averaged 10% a year. China's external trade has been growing at an even faster rate of 15% a year since 1990, and it has also annually drawing from the lessons of the financial contagion of 1997. Economic links between ASEAN and China through trade, investments and tourism have prospered throughout the 1990s. Perhaps, equally important, China's maintenance of the value of the renminbi (RMB) during the economic crisis of 1997, served as a regional anchor preventing what could possibly have been successive rounds of competitive devaluations. This clearly prevented the crisis from becoming more acute for ASEAN countries and yet this put China’s own exports at risk, as much cheaper goods from the crisis-plagued region competed with Chinese goods. Another important milestone that contributed...
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