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Trunk Case Study

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The complex interaction of the lower extremities and core muscles help to reduce some of the demand placed on the shoulder joint. Therefore, pitching should not solely be thought of as an action of the upper extremity. The pitching motion and its biomechanical components can be divided into five phases; windup, early cocking, late cocking, acceleration, and follow-through.
Since much of the force for the pitch is created by the legs, the hip, knee, and ankle are worked quite a bit. The first motion a pitcher does is his windup. At the beginning of the windup, the pitcher’s left leg goes into extreme hip flexion and their weight is transferred back to the right leg. During this he slightly flexes the right knee to help balance himself. To slightly …show more content…
The transverse rotation of the trunk is the focal point of the trunk that adds the velocity to the pitch. During the first three phases of the pitch, the trunk stays pretty stable; the main muscles that stabilize the trunk are the erector spinae and the rectus abdominis. During the foot forward phase, the trunk is in between neutral 0˚ to 15˚ of trunk extension (sagittal plane). The muscles that contribute to trunk extension are the erector spinae and the quadratus lumborum. In trunk extension, the thoracolumbar spine contributes the most motion. The intervertebral foramen of the spine narrow. The supraspinous and interspinous ligaments shorten. The trunk extension during a pitch is a short arc motion. It is not until the late cocking phase when the trunk starts to rotate and flex (transverse and sagittal planes). Trunk rotation and flexion is caused by multiple muscles contracting. These muscles include the rectus abdominis and the iliopsoas to help flex the trunk. Flexion of the trunk during a pitch is a long arc motion. The external oblique of the right side causes contralateral rotation and the internal oblique of the left side to cause ipsilateral rotation. This is a synergistic contraction of the right and left side to perform the action. The transverse abdominis helps with abdominal compression for stability. During flexion, the spine’s intervertebral foramen opens up, and the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments become stretched. During rotation, the most motion comes from the thoracic

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