...ABSA 2006 Position Paper on the Use of Ultraviolet Lights in Biological Safety Cabinets Jyl Burgener Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review information available on the use, risks and benefits of using Ultraviolet (UV) lights in Biological Safety Cabinets (BSC) and set forth a position based on the risk and benefits. Background Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a form of nonionizing radiation and behaves in accordance with the laws and principles of geometric optics. Electromagnetic radiation can be described as a “wave” that consists of an electric field and a magnetic field. Electromagnetic radiation is usually characterized by wavelength and frequency or photon energy. The term wavelength refers to a distance in a line of advance of a wave from any point to a like point on the next wave; it corresponds to the distance traveled by the wave during one cycle. A wavelength is usually measured in angstroms or nanometers (nm). The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) has divided the UV spectrum into three wavelength bands, primarily due to biological effects. The 315-400 nm wavelength band is designated as UV-A. 280-315 nm is designated as UV-B, and 100-280 nm as UV-C. Wavelengths below 180 nm are of little practical biological significance since the atmosphere readily absorbs them. Sources of UV-A are used for dentistry and tanning, UVB is used for fade testing and photocuring of plastics, and UV-C (100-280 nm) is used...
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...Lab Report 3: Effect of UV Light on Microbial Growth Kristin Holmes – April 2, 2013 PURPOSE: The purpose of this lab is to determine the effects of ultraviolet light on microbial growth and the effectiveness of the repair mechanisms of light repair and dark repair on UV damage. INTRODUCTION: Can Ultraviolet (UV) light be a viable form of sterilization and/or disinfection? This lab experiment will look to examine and answer that question. UV light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that is invisible to the human eye. It has a short wavelength and is considered high energy which allows it to pass through some materials. The biological effects are potentially devastating based on the length of exposure and the length of the wavelength exposed to. The reason UV light can be so detrimental is due to its effect on DNA and the mutations that can occur because of exposure. The absorbance of UV photons causes the formation of pyrimidine dimers; these in turn create challenges to DNA replication. While DNA repair mechanisms can remove these dimers, with increased exposure and/or repeated exposure as well as incomplete repair, DNA replication is not always exact. (Aishwariya) UV radiation is typically placed into one of three categories. UV-A radiation is the longest wavelength and has the least damaging effect. UV-B radiation is medium length and UV-C is the shortest wavelength. (Aishwariya) UV-A radiation can have long term effects; however the most damage, on the cellular level...
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...PREVENT EYE DAMAGE Protect Yourself from UV Radiation M ost Americans understand the link between ultraviolet (UV) radiation and skin cancer. Many are less aware of the connection between UV radiation and eye damage. With increased levels of UV radiation reaching the Earth’s surface, largely due to stratospheric ozone layer depletion, it is important to take the necessary precautions to protect your eyes. Potential Effects of UV Radiation on Eyes UV radiation, whether from natural sunlight or artificial UV rays, can damage the eye, affecting surface tissues and internal structures, such as the cornea and lens. Long-term exposure to UV radiation can lead to cataracts, skin cancer around the eyelids, and other eye disorders. In the short term, excessive exposure to UV radiation from daily activities, including reflections off of snow, pavement, and other surfaces, can burn the front surface of the eye, similar to a sunburn on the skin. The cumulative effects of spending long hours in the sun without adequate eye protection can increase the likelihood of developing the following eye disorders: ® Cataract: A clouding of the eye’s lens that can blur vision. ® Snow Blindness (Photokeratitis): A temporary but painful burn to the cornea caused by a day at the beach without sunglasses; reflections off of snow, water, or concrete; or exposure to artificial light sources such as tanning beds. ® Pterygium: An abnormal, but usually non-cancerous, growth in the corner of the eye...
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...tobacco and radiation can cause cancer by damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cells. DNA is the source of life which is stored inside the nucleus of every cell that makes up a living organism. To be able to fit inside a 10-micrometer average size cell, 10-meter long DNA has to be packed into a complex structure which is known as chromatin. Nucleosome is DNA wrapping around histone octamers and chromatin is form when nucleosomes in a nucleus compact together (Yu et al. 2011). At the chromatin level, it compacts to protect DNA from stresses after a short period of time (Interview with Dr. Michael Bergel 2015; unreferenced, see “Acknowledgements”). DNA fails to repair or kill itself (apoptosis) after being damaged which will causes DNA mutation. DNA mutation in a certain gene can make cells grow “out of control”. In human cells, the process of repairing DNA damage which occurs within chromatin is called Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER). Increasing age will decrease DNA ability to repair itself; this explains why a majority of cancer patients appear to be older adults. Ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation) is the main cause of skin cancer. Chromatin in skin cells after UV irradiation are found to...
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...Ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface has increased significantly over the last 20 years from increased ozone depletion. UV radiation is a component of sunlight that is divided into three parts: UVA (320-400nm), UV-B (280-320nm) and UVC (less than 280nm) [25]. Wavelength determines the transmission of UV radiation through the Earth’s atmosphere. UVC is completely absorbed by the atmospheric gases; UV-B radiation is absorbed by ozone layer and only a small amount reaches the Earth’s surface while UVA radiation is hardly absorbed. The decreased UV-B-filtering capacity of the ozone layer due to pollutants like chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), methylbromide and halons has increased the amount of solar UV-B radiation that plant life is exposed to [2]. A thorough understanding of the UV-B radiation levels is especially important in agriculture as its effects on crop species is essential to design crops that can produce food and other raw materials for the increasing world population. Increased UV-B exposure has the potential to damage DNA, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disrupt cellular process in many plant species [10]. Specifically, the primary deleterious effects of increased UV-B occur on the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus and the reduction of photosynthetic genes. Damage to the thylakoid membrane and destruction of chlorophyll (Fig. 6) along with the decrease in the amount of photosynthesis are also attributed to over exposure of UV-B [9]Moreover...
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...I. Science fair question How does temperature affect the rate at which ultraviolet beads lose their color? II. Background Research Did you know that most of the ultraviolet light produced by the Sun is blocked by the atmosphere, but some light does still reach Earth? Ultra violet light can be detected using electronic devices. Important terms that will be discussed in this paper are ultraviolet light, photochromism, chemical reactions, and absolute zero. Ultraviolet radiation is defined as Ultraviolet radiation is emitted by the sun and some of its absorbed by the sun and some of it is absorbed by the o-zone in the atmosphere. Too much exposure to ultraviolet light can be can lead to sunburn, skin cancer, or cataracts (The American Heritage...
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...plastic glazing panel to accommodate thermal movement. Similarly, any clearance holes for fixing screws must be drilled oversize; slightly larger than the diameter of the screw shank. To minimise the risk of environmental stress cracking, flat sheets of plastic glazing material should be installed completely flat; they should not be forced to take up a curvature by the use of mechanical fastenings. When the design calls for curved glazing panels, these should be prefabricated to order and properly tempered by a specialist supplier to ensure installation with no resulting stresses. As many varieties of organic window exist, it is recommended to ensure that the specific grade selected is suitable for use with Sikaflex®-295 UV. Please note that the extruded type of organic glazing (XT) exhibits a higher tendency to environmental stress...
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...1. Discuss spread of communicable diseases and the environment’s mediating role. More people are at risk of communicable diseases than at any other time on history. Communicable diseases are worldwide problem requiring worldwide attention. Communicable diseases can weaken the strength of a nation's resources. In developing nations this poses an even greater threat. Diseases are threatening the economic stability of many developing nations. 50,000 people die everyday from infectious disease. Global development strategies are needed to reduce communicable diseases. In the future, communicable diseases are likely to grow in the United States. For the United States cannot ensure safety for its citizens without noting other diseases in the world. If the United States investigates other outbreaks, they can learn how to best prevent and treat diseases prior to them coming to the country. Numerous agencies are involved in efforts to fight communicable diseases. Just recently, a task force that was chaired by a number of agencies (CDC, FDA, NIH) developed a blueprint for agencies to develop programs to fight disease. United States agencies are also providing advice and support to the WHO, NGOs, banks and foundations. There are numerous ways to combat these diseases. Improved education and awareness of the disease is essential in preventing it. NGOs can provide training in these areas. Another way of prevention is improved living conditions. Poor sanitation, overcrowding and malnutrition...
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...Section 1 Biological Safety Chapter 3 Standard Laboratory Practice and Technique STANDARD LABORATORY PRACTICE AND TECHNIQUE Biohazard Warning Signage A sign incorporating the universal biohazard symbol must be posted at the entrance to the laboratory when infectious agents are present. Biosafety Level 1: The sign may include the name of the agent (s) in use, and the name and phone number of the laboratory supervisor or other responsible personnel. Biosafety Level 2: Posted information must include the name of the agent (s), laboratory’s biosafety level, supervisor’s name (or other responsible personnel), telephone number, and required procedures for entering and exiting the laboratory. Biosafety Level 3: Posted information must include the name of the agent (s), laboratory’s biosafety level, supervisor’s name (or other responsible personnel), telephone number(s), and required procedures for entering and exiting the laboratory. Personal Protective Equipment Once a biological hazard has been identified, the supervisor and employee must agree on the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to be worn as the primary barrier of protection. PPE may include, but is not limited to face protection, lab coats and gowns, respirators, and shoe-covers/booties. Supervisory personnel are responsible for the initial demonstration and periodic follow-up of proper use. Appropriate PPE should be donned before handling potentially hazardous biological materials and removed immediately and...
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...Richards October 15, 2014 Abstract Skin cancer is a term used to describe cancer in skin tissues. The skin is made of several layers. Skin cancer is classified according to the layer it develops in. Skin cancer is classified according to the layer it develops in. Skin cancer is a disease that can affect any one. Skin cancer includes many types that can be classified as severe or superficial. Consequently, treatments of skin cancer depend on the degree of severity a person has. In the following paper, I will shed lights on the types of skin cancer such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Skin cancer is an abnormal growth of skin cells that usually develops on skin exposed to the sun. Skin cancer can be found in the early stage, which can usually be cured if treated before the spread. Skin cancer begins where we can see it, such as on the face or arms. Some signs may include, growing bumps, changing mole and/or a dry and scaly rough patch. In this paper, I will explain the three major types of skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is abnormal, uncontrolled growths that arise in the skin’s basal cells, which line the deepest layer of the epidermis. BCC’s usually appears and look like open sores, red patches, or scars. According to (skincancer.org) “An estimated 2.8 million cases of BCC diagnosed in the United States each year.” Nearly all basal cell carcinoma appear on the body...
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...releases radiation, which is electromagnetic waves of infrared (IR) to ultraviolet rays (UV). The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from longer wavelengths (IR) to shorter wavelengths (UV). Ultraviolet rays are closer to the shorter wavelengths, and can go through layers of skin and harm our bodies. The two types of ultraviolet rays are UVA and UVB. UVA are long wavelengths that go through the many layers of the skin, and may cause cancer. UVB are shorter wavelengths, and do not go through the multiple layers of the skin, but can also cause skin cancer. Sunscreen helps protect the skin from these harmful rays. The higher SPF (Sun Protection Factor) of the sunscreen, the better protected your skin will be. The prediction is one of the beads with the sunscreen will work better than the other because of the SPF number. The higher the SPF sunscreen, the better it will work. It will block the ultraviolet rays from the Sun from going through multiple layers of your skin. Sunscreen only protects us from UVB rays The independent variable is the Ultraviolet Light and the dependent variable is the different sunscreen. The control is the beads without sunscreen. The constants is the amount of sunscreen or sunlight. The materials that were used is the sunscreen, Ultraviolet beads, sunlight, and the Sun. Procedure: The experimenter got three UV beads, and put different sunscreens on each bead. Then, they put the beads outside for five minutes on a piece of paper, and labeled...
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...Unit 2 Research Paper 1: Global Warming During the last fifty years, two environmental issues have received significant attention: global warming and the hole in the ozone layer. As scientists have investigated these two environmental phenomena some have made some effort to show that these two effects are somehow related. In this research paper I will further elaborate on their relationship. Ozone high in the atmosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun, thereby protecting living organisms below from this dangerous radiation. The term ‘ozone hole’ refers to recent depletion of this protective layer over Earth's Polar Regions. People, plants, and animals living under the ozone hole are harmed by the solar radiation now reaching the Earth's surface—where it causes health problems from eye damage to skin cancer. In the 1980s, scientists discovered that the ozone layer was thinning in the lower stratosphere, with particularly dramatic ozone loss known as the ozone hole in the Antarctic springtime. This is caused by increasing concentrations of ozone-depleting chemicals in the stratosphere that come from spray cans and refrigerants. These long-lived chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs (chemical compounds with chlorine and/or fluorine attached to carbon) remain in the atmosphere for decades to over a century depending on the CFC. At the poles CFCs attach to ice particles. When the sun comes out again in the polar spring, the ice particles melt, releasing the ozone-depleting molecules...
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...© IDOSI Publications, 2010 Phytochemical Studies and in vitro Cytotoxicity Screening of Piper betle Leaf (PBL) Extract 1 Sundeep Chaurasia, 2G.T. Kulkarni and 1L.N. Shetty 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58 Bypass Road, Baghpat Crossing, MEERUT 250 005 UP, India 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, KATHOG 177 101 The. Dehra, Dist. Kangra, HP, India Abstract: Piper betle leaves (Family: Piperaceae) have been used in Chinese and Indian folk medicine for centuries and recently been proposed to be used as a chemopreventive agent because of its anti-oxidant activity. In the present paper, Piper betle leaves were standardized for stomatal index, vein islet and vein termination numbers, palisade ratio, UV fluorescence and different ash values. The Piper betle leaves are earlier reported to possess anticancer potential. Hence, the aqueous extract of the leaves was subjected to cytotoxicity studies on Hep-2 cell line using MTT and SRB assays. The mean CTC50 was found to be 96.25 µg/mL, which proved the potent cytotoxicity and hence, the probable anticancer property of the selected extract. Key words: Betel Leaf Anticancer Phytochemical characterization and its leaves, with a strong pungent and aromatic flavour, are widely consumed as a mouth freshener [4]. The leaves are credited with wound healing, digestive and pancreatic lipase stimulant activities in the traditional medicine [5]...
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...25 November 2013 Did Life Begin from Space? Introduction How did life begin on Earth? That question has intrigued humanity for millennia. In this paper I will investigate only one fairly recent theory about the origins of life on Earth: That life came from space. This theory is referred to as the “panspermia” theory because it presumes that life may be seeded from space throughout many worlds and many solar systems. By implication, the panspermia theory supposes that life should be common wherever there are physical conditions that are capable of supporting life. This report addresses the possibility that life may have originated in space rather than on Earth, and considers the evidence in support of the various theories about how that may have happened, if it did. Such theories are called “panspermia” theories from the Greek for “all seeds”—the seeds of life existing everywhere in space. One of the critical issues in any discussion of life from beyond the Earth is how we define life at all. In most scientific circles, the modern definition of life has become “life as we currently recognize it” rather than “any possible type of life imaginable.” Yet even the definition of what we declare to be recognizable is constantly updated as we discover life here on Earth that survives in extreme conditions of heat, radiation, extreme acids, unusual chemistries (sulfur-based), and even inside rocks buried deep underground. The bottom line condition for life “as we know it” seems...
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...that for centuries the human body has used continuing adaptation to protect humans in different ways such as disease and protection from the sun. Scientists have made considerable progress in explaining variation in human skin color, along with many other features of biological and genetic diversity. Diversities of skin color are a result of natural selection. Over periods of time, adaptation has allowed the favored types to survive by natural selection. In addition, the color of one’s skin goes well beyond the surface as a result of geographic distribution. With years of struggle against nature behind us, human bodies have acclimated to their surroundings and allow us to continue living in all corners of the world. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the adaptations and variations of skin color. To achieve this I will begin by explaining adaptations such as climate and disease that reflect human biological diversity. It will also include how cultures around the world make an impact. After this criterion has been...
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