...reconstruction in the south was a period of social reconstruction on a scale not previously seen in American history. The Reconstruction era occurred after the Civil War period, and lasted from 1864 to 1877. The Reconstruction period brought upon an era of Martial Law, a change of social consciousness towards slavery and the rights of African Americans, a New South with closer ties to the North. Emancipated Slaves, Northerners, and White Southerners all had different opinions towards the New South and the new found freedom of the emancipated slaves along with the various concepts of freedom. “We believe our present position is by no means so well understood among the loyal masses of the country, otherwise there would be no delay in granting us the express relief which the nature of the case demands...if duty ratified, can go no further; neither touch, nor can touch the slave codes of the various southern States, and the laws respecting free people of color consequent…are presumed to have lost none of their vitality, but exist as a convenient engine for our oppression…” (“Address from the Colored Citizens of Norfolk, Virginia, to the people of the United States” 407). Many freed slaves after the end of the Civil War still had the feelings of being oppressed by the new governments of the South, largely in regard towards the black codes. Many African Americans felt their new found freedoms were being largely ignored, especially by their Northern neighbors “The people of the North, owing to...
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...The Civil War was by far the most significant war that America had seen thus far. This war was the separation of our so far ‘United Country’, and had it gone the other way, who knows how our society would be like today. The fact is, the South was at a disadvantage right from the get-go, before the war even started. From then on, the south was hurt not only economically at the beginning of the war, but also with man power and many other complications to come. One being that most of the population living in the South at that time was made up of slaves. They were also far behind the North with industry, technology and transporting goods which was a huge setback because the North controlled goods coming from England and other countries. When Abraham Lincoln became president, he and the Republican Party had a long list of things they wanted to accomplish right away, which included the Homestead Act, and Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. The ongoing bickering and intense hatred between the North and South before the civil war was so distinct that you could cut the tension with a knife. In 1820, forty years before the Civil war, it was the beginning of a monster to come. As the country rapidly moved west into new territories, there had to be a decision made. Were the new territories going to be slave states or Free states? This argument was what fueled the fire for forty years to come. The Missouri Compromise was thought to be the ultimate fix to the slave issue. Any state about...
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...Elements of African American Identity The Pre slavery Era brought Africans from their homes and to the United States in 1619. The Africans were sold to white settlers in Virginia as servants who had the same legal status as white servants. Slavery took place over a span of 300 years, from the 16th century to the 19th century. Slavery practices varied by state or by region (Deep South versus border South). The experience of the slave may have differed depending on the plantation size, the number of slaves involved and the convictions of the individual slaveholder. Slavery in North America delivered the harshest form of social relations to ever exist. Slaves were considered property and not humans. The plight of the slave was doomed to extreme 12-15 hour working days and often deplorable living conditions. African American slaves were beaten, whipped and even murdered, but they kept the spirit to survive. History shows that slaves tried to revolt, always to the detriment of the participants. When the slaves saw that revolting would never work, they sought ways to escape. One such way of escape was the Underground Railroad. The Underground Railroad was an organized effort to assist slaves attempting to escape. The Railroad was believed to have been incorporated in 1804. The Railroad was operated in defiance to the Fugitive Slave Laws and white abolitionists assisted the slaves in their cause. By the middle of the 19th century, slavery had become a serious...
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...fantastic views, from the famed B&O railroad bridge to the homes and churches, so brilliant and perfect it appears they were painted, Harpers Ferry is most known for its history. In fact, from its humble beginnings involving George Washington to through the 1800’s, Harpers Ferry was a town crucial to the nation. John Brown’s raid on the town, Harpers Ferry’s famed Armory, and the battle that took place there were extremely significant leading up to and in the...
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...slaves was one of the consequences of the Civil War, the general ideas about freedom and liberty did not apply to African-Americans during the nineteenth century. I agree with this statement because although the Civil War eventually abolished slavery, the ideas, and meaning of freedom and liberty, were not necessarily universal. With the rising of the Abolitionist Movement many changes came to the United States. Slavery was banned in the North-West territories with the Ordinance of 1787 and by 1804 most of the Northern states passed laws that would eventually abolish slavery. In the South however, slavery not only remained legal, but it grew. But with the Southerner's fear of losing the anti-slavery battle they tried to reach compromises with the North. Both the North and the South figured that if slavery didn’t expand, it was doomed to extinction. So in the 1850’s issues on slavery sky rocketed. Many people in the South believed that liberty and economic independence was defined by ownership of land and slaves, and they saw the opportunity of maintaining that lifestyle gradually dwindle. When the Republicans continued to gain strength, the South fell deeper and deeper into debt. The South felt that if they remained in the Union, they would be restricted of freedom and liberty, which lead to the foundation of an independent South, and thus the idea of Southern Nationalism was born. The Election of 1860 was quite eccentric. Essentially there were two presidential campaigns. The Northern...
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...captain in the Mexican War, winning two citations. He resigned in 1854 after he was assigned boring duties at posts too far from his family. He started to drink heavily during this time. He lived for a while in St. Louis, Missouri with his wife, Julia Dent Grant and farmed a bit there. After a few other failed attempts at various aspirations, he moved to Galena, Illinois to run a store. The Civil War began soon after, which he volunteered for willingly. He became the colonel of the 21st Illinois Infantry and was soon promoted to brigadier general with the command of the District of Missouri. He won battles at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee, gaining him some fame. A surprise attack at the Battle of Shiloh kills many of his army and Lincoln is told to remove Grant from command, but he doesn’t. Grant’s army is strengthened by more troops from Major General Don Carlos Buell; together, they defeat the Confederates. Vicksburg was his greatest battle, due to strategy. He crossed the Mississippi to the Battle of Port Gibson. The Confederates were confused as to his plans, so Grant sends part of his army, led by General William T. Sherman to capture Jackson while he captured Vicksburg to sever the South’s Mississippi River, which brought supplies. Vicksburg was strong, however. Initial attacks failed, but eventually the Union laid siege to the city, leading Pemberton to surrender. This victory, and the one at Gettysburg, was the turning point of the war. Grant also broke the...
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... 2014 Expansion War and Sectional Crisis What ideas did the term Manifest Digest reflect? Did it cause historical events such as the new political supports for territorial expansion, or was it merely a description of events? * In 1845, John L. O’Sullivan coined the phrase Manifest Destiny; he felt that Americans had a right to develop the entire continent as they saw fit, which implied a sense of cultural and racial superiority. It was an idea that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent. This led to “Oregon fever” The Oregon country stretched along the Pacific coast from the border with Mexican California to the border with Russian Alaska and was claimed by both Great Britain and the United States. “Oregon fever” raged in 1843 as thousands, lured by reports of fine harbors, mild climate, and fertile soil, journeyed for months across the continent to the Willamette Valley. 250,000 Americans had braved the Oregon Trail by 1860; many died en route from disease and exposure, although relatively few died from Indian attacks. Some of those pioneers veered off and went down to California, namely Sacramento River. To promote California’s development, the Mexican government took over the California missions and liberated the 20,000 Indians who worked on them, many of whom intermarried with mestizos and worked as laborers and cowboys on large cattle ranches. The rise of cattle ranching created a new society and economy as agents from New England firms...
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...of the art form, poems were recited or sung. Even today, at clubs and coffeehouses around the world, aspiring artists approach microphones and recite their poetry to their audiences. Poetry, more than any other form of literature, is written for the ear rather than the eye. Put another way, by The Norton Anthology of Poetry, “A poem is a composition written for performance by the human voice.” (Ferguson, Salter, & Stallworthy, p. 2027) For this reason, the poet takes great care to craft his or her work so that it has the desired effect on the audience. In Thomas Wyatt’s 16th-century poem, “They Flee From Me,” the narrator is remembering something he has lost, and the form of the poem does an effective job of conveying the speaker’s sorrow at this loss. “With naked foot” At the beginning of the poem, it would be easy to infer that the narrator is referring to some sort of animal. “I have seen them gentle tame and meek/That now are wild and do not remember.” (Wyatt, p. 127) However, the term “naked foot” in the second line offers a clue that the narrator is speaking of a human being. He did not, after all, use an animal term like “hoof” or “paw.” The beings that used to visit the narrator’s chamber are likely human. “The anguish none can draw” The second stanza of the poem begins, “Hidden in the cap/Is the anguish none can draw.” Perhaps in an effort to make hanging as humane as possible, an executioner would slip a hood over the head of a doomed man, so that no one could...
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...of Italy and how were these overcome? Before the year of 1848, the Italian faced a lot of difficulties to urge the unification movement. Until, 1848, the situation had been changed and directly contributed to the unification movement. After 1815 Italy was once again a mere geographical expression. Austria was to control a large part of Italy directly, that is, Lombardy and Venetia, and indirectly through the restored Bourbon Kings in some minor Italian states. Italian unification was once again frustrated ever the Risorgimento was quickly in advance. The explosion of Austrian power in Italy was the main problem which discouraged an early unification of Italy. Moreover, the general political atmosphere in Europe did not allow new concessions to Italian balance when the powers were concerned with maintaining the balance of power and to prevent the setting of French hegemony in Europe again. So a united Italy in 1815 would only mean French domination of Italy, so the powers generally accepted the settlement even though the 1815 settlement ignored the moral principles which first French Revolution and the Romanticism had unleashed in Europe. Even liberal powers like Britain and the mother of Revolution, France did not dare to take the risk of a war which may be caused if Italy was united and this might invite foreign intervention in the young Italy. So foreign aid was generally unavailable in the first generation of the nineteenth century. Moreover, any war against Austria in...
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...Chapter Three Federalism: Forging a Nation Chapter Outline I. Federalism: National and State Sovereignty A. The Argument for Federalism 1. Protecting Liberty 2. Moderating the Power of Government 3. Strengthening the Union B. The Powers of the Nation 1. Enumerated Powers 2. Implied Powers C. The Powers of the States II. Federalism in Historical Perspective A. An Indestructible Union (1789–1865) 1. The Nationalist View: McCulloch v. Maryland 2. The States’ Rights View: The Dred Scott Decision B. Dual Federalism and Laissez-Faire Capitalism (1865–1937) 1. The Fourteenth Amendment and State Discretion 2. Judicial Protection of Business 3. National Authority Prevails C. Toward National Citizenship III. Federalism Today A. Interdependency and Intergovernmental Relations B. Government Revenues and Intergovernmental Relations 1. Fiscal Federalism 2. Categorical and Block Grants C. Devolution 1. The Republican Revolution 2. Devolution, Judicial Style IV. The Public’s...
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...their culture and food, along with their easily recognizable shape as a boot. They are passionate about many things, including their food. When McDonald's opened in 1986 in Rome, food purists outside the restaurant gave away free spaghetti to remind people of their culinary heritage. The richness of its past and the 'live-life-to-the-fullest' attitude combine to make Italy a must-see travel destination. II. RELEVANT HISTORY Evidence of civilization has been found on the Italian peninsula dating far into pre-history. Thousands of rock drawings discovered in the Alpine regions of Lombardy date from around 8,000 BC. There were sizable settlements throughout the Copper Age (37th to 15th century BC), the Bronze Age (15th to 8th century BC) and the Iron Age (8th to 5th century BC). In the north of Italy, the Etruscan culture took hold around 800BC, while Greeks settled in southern Italy from 700 to 600BC, namely in Apulia, Calabria and Sicily (then known as Magna Graecia). The Roman Empire (5th Century BC to 5th Century AD) The Roman Empire was one of the largest and most enduring in world history. The saying "All Roads Lead to Rome" alludes to this central hub of technology, literature, culture and architecture in the ancient world. The engineers of the Roman age created an unparalleled network of roads in ancient history. Approximately 50,000 miles of roads spread Roman civilization, influence and the mighty...
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...African American Studies Final Question Answers M5Q1 NOTES: 1. Which of the following best describes Henry David Thoreau's response to Brown's raid? |1.|Thoreau praises Brown and seeks to defend his memory against those who viewed him as a murderer or insane man| |2.|Thoreau is horrified by the violent methods Brown used, arguing that violence will turn many Americans who oppose the extension of slavery against the abolitionists| |3.|Thoreau argues that Brown should not be put to death as this would cause sectional strife and lead to a civil war| |4.|Thoreau is one of many abolitionists who plea for Brown's life to be saved| 3 points Question 2 1. Which of the following best summarizes the letters John Brown wrote to his family while in prison? |1.|Brown is very hopeful that his wife and remaining children will come visit him| |2.|Brown calls upon his sons to continue his work. Although he speaks in very vague terms, it is clear that he hopes they will launch another slave uprising so that his death will not be in vain| |3.|Brown is upset at the fact that some of his children are ashamed to be sons and daughters of the man who planed the raid at Harper's Ferry| |4.|Brown does not write any letters to his family members while in prison, a fact John Earle makes plain in his introduction| |5.|Brown is upbeat and speaks in mostly religious terms about how there is no need to grieve for their father| Question 3 1. Which of the following is TRUE regarding John...
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...the sense of Marx - the rest of the population, and “inclusive” institutions in which “many” people are included in the process of governing hence the exploitation process is either attenuated or absent. Needless to say Acemoglu and Robinson’s theory is more subtle than this simple summary. They argue that for any economic success political institutions must be sufficiently centralized to provide basic public services including justice, the enforcement of contracts, and education. Given that these functions are carried out, inclusive institutions enable innovative energies to emerge and lead to continuing growth as exemplified by the Industrial Revolution. Extractive institutions can also deliver growth but only when the economy is distant from the technological frontier. These extractive institutions will ultimately fail, however, when innovations and “creative destruction” are needed to push the frontier. Hence, while success may be possible for a while under extractive institutions...
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...with his piecemeal assault on and destruction of them. Mao also seems to have had in mind the idea that student youth could be mobilized to attack the evils in the establishment and purge China revisionism. It would be a form to manipulate mass movement, which his experience told him, was the engine of social change. (387) The Cultural Revolution, like the Hundred Flowers Campaign and the Great Leap Forward, turned out to be something he had not envisioned. Allowing for many variations, the purge rate among party officials was somewhere around 60 percent. It has been estimated that 400,000 people died as a result of maltreatment. (387) How the Cultural Revolution Unfolded From late 1965 to the summer of 1966, tensions rose between Mao’s group and the CCP establishment. To his support from the repoliticized PLA under Lin Biao Mao added, thorugh his wife Jiang Qing, a group of radical Shanghai intellectuals who later would form his Central Cultural Revolution Group. (389) In the second phase of the Cultural...
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...of Greasy Grass. There are many different reasons that this one battle was so famous. It is because it would be the last great battle that the Native Americans would win and it would be the last great battle that George Armstrong Custer would lose. Why did this battle even have to take place? The area where this battle took place was in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Exactly why were the Black Hills of South Dakota so important to the United States that they would violate the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 and sacrifice so many lives for? The principal antagonists were the Seventh Regiment of Cavalry of the United States Army which was under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, and a number of nomadic Indian tribes—Cheyenne, Sans Arcs, Miniconjoux Sioux, Oglala Sioux, Blackfeet, and Hunkpapa Sioux—under the general direction of Sioux Chief Sitting Bull, at least for the duration of the battle[i]. The United States Seventh Cavalry battle casualties amounted to 12 officers and 247 enlisted men. Sioux and allied tribe losses have never been accurately tabulated, but the estimates range from as little as 50 warriors up to 200 warriors. In many respects, the Battle of the Little Bighorn was a ‘last gasp’ of the Sioux and Cheyenne Indians, a final effort to prevent the large-scale white settlement of...
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