...Harm is only relevant in medical and biological research Select one: True False Studies that look at what has happened is what type of research Select one: a. Descriptive b. Scientific c. Alternative d. Explanatory Secondary data should be avoided: Select one: a. Where its reliability is questionable b. As the project will not then be your own research c. At all times d. Unless its original use exactly mirrors the current research project Confidentiality is compromised in a focus group as the participants will see and speak to each other. Thus, there is no requirement to keep the information obtained confidential. Select one: True False At the end of a quantitative study, a researcher simply lists the data obtained from the questionnaire and calculates percentage for each type of response. To get more meaningful statistics the next step should be? Select one: a. Echelons to the left by right marker b. Format columns of fours by outlier (wrong) c. Cross-tabulations by classification variable d. Percentages by classification variable AMI [a major New Zealand insurance company] employs a team of "data miners" whose specialist job it is to hunt for new business opportunities within the firm's extensive customer and industry database. This is an example of what research paradigm? Select one: a. Deductive Logic b. Extrapolation Logic c. Experimental Logic d. Instrumental Logic e. Inductive Logic Which of the following is/are [a]...
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...applied to modern life. Allegory of the Cave also presents the difference of being closed minded versus being open minded. It shows the advantages gained to those who are open minded. It also presents the disadvantages and how ignorant one sounds when one is closed minded. Plato's Allegory of the Cave takes place in a dark cave. There are prisoners in shackles with something in place to keep their heads from turning. They are basically forced to only look in one direction. Behind the prisoners there is a fire and a runway where showmen can place items such as vases. The fire casts shadows on the walls the prisoners are facing and they play a game. They begin to guess what the shadows are and those who get the most right are considered to be the smartest people of the group. These prisoners know nothing but what is casted in front of them. To these prisoners, they are not shadows of objects but real objects themselves as they have no reality. Out of the group, one prisoner is freed and allowed to venture. He begins to look at the fire, the statues, and treys to comprehend everything. After direct sunlight to his eyes he is pained and confused. In that moment, being released might have seemed like the worst thing possible to that prisoner. Being utterly confused is frustrating and the pain of turning his head and staring at direct sunlight is a lot to handle. The prisoner makes the connection of the fire and the objects cast a shadow and that the shadow is not reality. The escaped...
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...Evaluating Electronic Information Information is only good as the source. Anyone, anywhere, can put anything on the internet. The information might be true; it may also not be tru. How can we determine if the information that is given to us by these soures is legitimate? Developing the ability to evaluate information critically on the internet is important today because many people rely and depend on electronic sources of information in so many areas of their lives. Every people doesn’t want to be steered wrong in many areas so we must carefully asssess the wealth of information available. Nowadays, Internet publications and web site content can claim the same legal protection as books, newspapers and etc., that are protected by the law. For most part, infoemation on internet is easily copied which causes other resources in having copyright rules. But as a person, we must give credit to the information giver. Most of the students do this to share that the information they have searched were true so they cite the resources to give proper merit to the one that given you the informationthat is not truly your original thought. Most importantly, the ease of obtaining information from the intenet and of the publishing information on it can contribute other problems. Internet hoaxes, urban legends, and false information continue to increase because opf the internet. Using the internet introduces legal and ethical issues also such as plagiarism which is copying information from another...
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...some people tend to have a very strong opinion on a subject that they are not well informed of, but when they are provided with the accurate information they deny it and oppose what is true with their original beliefs that are generally incorrect. Paragraph Summary: In Joe Keohane’s essay, “How facts backfire”, he starts his argument by asserting that scientists have identified people having a habit of not changing their beliefs when given facts. A study done at the University of Michigan, states that people strengthen their beliefs when confronted with facts that may contradict their beliefs. Keohane asserts that some people have their mind set strong on how they take in information and therefore create a strong opinion on the information with the beliefs they already have. When someone is given accurate facts that are against their judgment, they may automatically reject the information because they refuse to accept that they may be wrong. The consequence to having false information can lead to, when it comes to voting, people letting their personal opinions interfere with what they vote for and not vote based on what is good for everyone....
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...don’t want to live in a socialist country, so we can’t reform health care. • Begging the Question: Using circular reasoning to prove a conclusion. This is done in the news a lot and this type of fallacy goes unnoticed. The error is that the claim is false so the conclusion is false and people will notice this. 4. All teenagers text while they drive; therefore, we should raise the driving age to 21. • Hasty generalization: Using a part to make an inaccurate claim about a whole. This is wrong because if any part of the claim is wrong it will make the whole argument wrong. 5. If we don’t all drive hybrid cars, the world will end in the next decade because of environmental damage. • Slippery slope: Suggesting that one event will automatically lead to a chain of other events. This is wrong because the claim that the world will end isn’t supported be any evidence and is far fetched. 6. Senator Range has been seen entering a strip club; therefore, his economic reforms are not plausible. • Ad Hominem: It attacks the character of the arguer rather than the argument and is an error because you should focus on the argument. This is done especially in politics when they want to discredit a person instead of their work or what they are saying in their...
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... It can be false or true. But in case you don’t know. Truth is the quality or state of being true. If someone tell you a rumor that has not been proven true then it is one’s false opinion. An opinion can be proven true or it can remain false. But my opinion is how i word my stories to make it sound true. No matter what happens to one’s thoughts and opinion is just a matter of perspective and how it can impact a person. In a paper that i wrote, truth is a matter of perspective and how one’s opinion or mind and how it can be illustrated on a person thoughts and self inflict on there mind. 2. My definition of truth is how i feel on the matter of fact and reality. Meaning that fact is just someone...
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...Torture Produces False Confessions When it comes to the topic of whether torture is an effective means to gain information from terrorist, some of us readily agree that the use of harsh interrogation techniques and torture can lead to false confessions. Where this agreement usually ends is on the question of civilian safety and consequential terrorism attacks. Whereas some are convinced that these techniques are helpful, others maintain that confessions obtained while torturing an individual results in unreliable information. I disagree with the use of torture as an effective means to gain information from terrorist because of false information that will be given in order to stop the pain, thus, not helping in the defeat of an imminent attack and because there are other methods. In the perspective of war, torture has been justified as a means to extract information from the enemy in the cases where millions of lives are at stake or there are hostages involved. It is at this point where division is found in the debate of where torture is a good or bad, effective or wrong, and lastly necessary or corrupting. According to Webster dictionary, torture is defined as the action or practice of inflicting severe pain on someone as a punishment or to...
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...Bowling for Columbine – Documentary or Fiction? In the text bowling for Columbine – documentary or fiction? David T. Hardy argues that the film is deceptive. 1: On what ground does he base this claim? David T Hardy uses a lot of facts. By using fact substantiate David T. Hardy his arguments. David T. Hardy means Bowling for columbine is fiction even though it has won an Oscar for the best documentary. “Michael Moore's "Bowling for Columbine" won the Oscar for best documentary. Unfortunately, it is not a documentary; by the Academy's own definition He means Bowling for Columbine makes its points by misleading the viewer and the statements the film is made which are false. “The point is not that Bowling is biased. No, the point is that Bowling is deliberately, seriously, and consistently deceptive.” David T. Hardy mean that Bowling for Columbine is deliberately and seriously but he also mean that the documentary differently are deceptive. To deceptive someone is to give someone the wrong perceptions by tricking them or give them false information. Hardy means Michael Moore differently give us wrong information. This argues Hardy by telling us that Michael Moore for example have changed in Heston’s statements. Michael Moore has taken audio of seven, from five different parts of the speech. Actually is one section giving in different speech. It is first after the weeping victims, Moore using the quoted “I have only five words for you…. Cold dead hands” David T. Hardy...
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...Concepts an overview What is logic? • Logic is the science of reasoning, • which is to say: the academic discipline that investigates reasoning. What is reasoning? • reasoning is inferring (deducing) • to infer is to draw conclusions (output) from a premise or set of premises (input). An Example of Reasoning You see smoke And you infer That there is fire (input) (deduce) (output) Another example of Reasoning You count 19 people in a group; which originally had 20 people in it; and you infer that someone is missing (input) (input) (deduce) (output) The Basic Idea Logic evaluates reasoning in terms of arguments. What is an argument? • The word “argument” can mean many different things depending on the context. • But for the purposes of logic, the term “argument” means something very specific: What is an argument? • an argument is a collection of statements, one of which is designated as the conclusion, and the remainder of which are designated as the premises. • Important note: premises are always intended to provide support or evidence for the conclusion, but they don't always succeed. (It’s still an argument either way.) What is a statement? • A statement is a declarative sentence, • i.e., a sentence that is capable of being true or false. • For example: The door is closed. • Other kinds of sentence are not capable of being true or false: • Interrogative sentences are inquiries for information: Is the door closed? • ...
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...CHAPTER 1 & 2 1. (Points: 10.0) The people who suggested the wrong solutions in the examples in chapter 1 of the textbook were all ... 1. looking for the easy options. 2. incompetent and unprofessional. 3. lazy people. 4. competent, hard-working professionals. 2. (Points: 10.0) A vision is the ability to see the way things ought to be or will be in the future. True False 3. (Points: 10.0) Finding and solving the real problem is important to minimise lost time, money, and effort. True False 4. (Points: 10.0) Exercising our problem-solving skills frequently will make us better able to ... 1. achieve our goal of choosing the best career. 2. achieve our goal of impressing our bosses. 3. achieve our goal of choosing the best solution. 4. achieve our goal of finding multiple solutions. 5. (Points: 10.0) The textbook lists 7 habits of highly effective people. To 'Synergize' means to ... 1. Aggressively seek new ideas and innovations. 2. Continually review and prioritise your goals. 3. Identify the key issues and results that would constitute a fully acceptable solution to all. 4. Help bring out the best in everyone else. 6. (Points: 10.0) There are things that can be done to guarantee that mistakes will never happen. True False 7. (Points: 10.0) Paradigm pioneers are continually ... 1. searching for ways to impress stakeholders. 2. looking for opportunities to do less...
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...function of advertisements is to make consumers want the products and services advertised. They tell consumers what to eat, how to dress, where to travel, where to shop, how to look, how to feel better, and in other respects as well. In trying to change consumer behaviour, all advertisements aim to increase the volume of sales of their respective products and services. Since they affect consumer behaviour profoundly, consumers who are not careful will be tempted to buy and try out products which come with all sorts of claims. How advertisements influence consumers? Some advertisements are useful, for example, those that tell consumers about new goods and services or those that provide useful information about the things advertised. The main purpose of advertisements however, is to sell to consumers. While advertisements can be helpful, they can also be misleading and confusing. Certain advertisements mislead by not tell consumers much about the product or service. In a few cases, advertisements are deceptive. Others try and make the consumer buy things they do not really need or want. Many advertisements play with your feelings, rather than give useful factual information. For example, advertisements try to convince women that products and services can enhance their looks and make them slim and beautiful, in addition to making them fair and youthful. False and misleading advertisements According to our law, an advertisement is an ‘invitation to do business’ rather...
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...sell you my automobile. I agree to tutor your child. Whatever your agreement might be, I agree to cater your daughter’s wedding. ---That’s contract law. It’s specific between identified parties. * A contract is an agreement between two or more individual identified parties. * Tort law is where in essence I enter into an obligation, a contract if you will with society. 例： I will act with reasonable care. I will not pollute the water of your town. I will not spread false information about you as harmful and wrong and damage your reputation. I will drive my car in a reasonable manner. If I am preparing a meal, I will take all the reasonable steps necessary to make sure that the meal is prepared in accordance with all health and safe regulations. If I operate a store, I will use all reasonable means that I have available at my disposal to make sure that the aisle ways are safe. * A tort is a “Civil Wrong”. --- That’s how we define a tort. * As opposed to a crime, which is a wrong and illegal act that we as a society have prohibited. * All crimes are codified. Any act that we are going to punish by sending someone to jail, that act can be looked up in the form of the code. There should be no ambiguity. There are elements that we can read and be aware of in advance. So we know that the bright line between that which is permitted...
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...obstruction of justice and lying to investigators. She was sentenced to five months of prison, five months of house arrest, and two years of probation. ImClone case was showing unethical and socially irresponsible behavior by business executives. They are in positions of power that allow them to do damage to others. This paper will evaluate the case above thoroughly, start from the prosecution’s arguments, the defense’s arguments. Analysis will be made using four ethical theories; Rights, Justice, Utilitarianism, and Profit Maximization. Prosecution’s Arguments Five counts have been filed against Stewart. The indictment against Stewart begins with a conspiracy count andalleges that Stewart and Bacanovic conspired to obstruct justice, make false statements, and commit perjury. Prosecution states that Stewart lied to investigators during their investigation, declaring herself innocent of...
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...is not in human nature to choose to act in a way what one believes to be harmful, instead of a way that is good. He claimed that all wrong, or evil, is only done out of ignorance and not from the intention to do evil. This view appears controversial because people are known to occasionally commit deeds that are apparently evil either out of self-interest or acting on impulse, against their better judgment. It is at this point that we come to an important clarification. Socrates did not state that doing wrong to others is ever right, but that the motivation for such actions determines the character of the will involve. Socrates maintained that people are never motivated to bring harm to themselves. Since Socrates believed that wrongdoing always harmed the wrongdoer, he saw all wrongdoing as a mistake in judgment or an expression of ignorance. This is especially true in cases where a life full of wrongdoing never physically harms the wrongdoer. Socrates believed that the most pitiable of humans were those who lived under the delusion that their wrongdoing benefited them. Socrates saw no conflict between self-interest and morality. On the contrary, he saw virtue as the greatest benefit and maintained that immoral actions actually harmed the agent and could therefore only be committed out of ignorance and misunderstanding of what the greatest benefit is. The aim of this essay is to demonstrate how it is possible that nobody does wrong knowingly. Also, objections to this argument will...
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...Decision making and Thinking is a part of our lives like breathing, people don’t stop to analyze why they use this process. People may think that thinking and decision making is a simple process, there are many styles of thinking for every issue people come across in their daily lives. The four different styles of critical thinking are creative, logical, scientific, and persuasive. The different styles of thinking are fit to the different issues and they require thought and analysis to find the best fit. The thinking styles each have a different effect on the issue, so one will need to think about this as another variable. People use the thinking styles to remember, and perceive information, and also solve problems. In this paper we will discuss the four types of Thinking and Decision making and give workplace examples for each. Scientific Thinking The style of scientific thinking has changed the world. In the field of medicine, scientists have been successful in finding cures for diseases, developing new drugs that can extend life, and treatments that can improve the quality of life have been invented through this important style of thinking. The four major steps in the scientific thinking process are observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and verification (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007). Scientific Thinking Decision Making Process Observation = Identify the problem Hypothesis...
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