...participating in sports 3.1.1 Good for health 3.1.2 Social Benefits 3.2 Barriers to women’s participation in sport and physical activity 3.2.1 Shortage of time and child care 3.2.2 Cultural Barrier 3.2.3 Lack of money 4. Conclusion 5. Recommendations 6. References Barriers to women participation in Sports 1. Abstract It is clear that various factors have affected for declining number of female participant in sports. The sporting organizations have to consider about the situation and forward necessary steps for improvement of involvement of women in sports. The report investigates the reason behind declining number of women participant in sports; describes advantage and factors that affect women doing sports. The key findings are: Benefits: * Good health for women * Social Benefits Reason for not participating in sport * Culture * Responsibility 2. Introduction It has been a long time women are participating in sports despite of numerous barriers based on gender discrimination. However, men play a dominant role in sport till today. Women are frequently segregated involuntarily into different types of sports, events and competitions specifically targeted to women.(UN, 2007) Now-a-days, in Australia, the number of women participating in sport has continuous...
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...closed-bottom peach baskets that were nailed to the gymnasium wall. In 1892 Senda Berenson, also a physical education instructor, adapted Naismith's game for her female students. The sport was modified for women to accommodate social conventions regarding their participation in sport, giving rise to women's basketball. Variations of women's basketball arose across the United States and in England. At a physical training college in England, the rules of women's basketball were modified over several years to form an entirely new sport namely netball. She divided the playing court into thirds, each containing three players per team that could not leave their assigned zone. Players could not hold the ball for more than three seconds, dribble it more than three times, or snatch the ball from another player. The first codified rules of netball were published at the start of the twentieth century, and from there, the new sport spread throughout the British Empire. By 1895, women's basketball had spread across the United States, with variations of the rules emerging in different areas. The published rules for women's basketball first appeared in 1895, written by Clara Gregory Baer, who was working as a physical education instructor at Sophie Newcomb College in New Orleans during the 1890s. Baer introduced women's basketball to her female students at Sophie Newcomb...
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...The changing role of women in Australia has come about largely through waves of feminism. The first wave brought women the vote in federal and State elections. The colonies began to grant manhood suffrage halfway through the nineteenth century, however, women were not included in the begining. When Australia reached Federation in 1901, it was agreed that all women should be given the vote at a federal level since women from South Australia and Western Australia already had a State vote. In 1902 all women were given the vote in federal elections except for those who were Indigenous Australians, or of Asian, African or Pacific Islander descent. Despite the enfranchisement, no woman was elected to an Australian parliament until 1921. The first federal female parliamentarians were not elected until 1943. This is just one example of how enfranchisement fell short of truly improving the lives of Australian women or changing attitudes about them. Women were still seen as nurturers who had no other destiny than to marry and raise children. The few women who did work (excluding the wealthy who were involved in voluntary work) not only had to find paid work, but also had to carry the burden of all housework and child-rearing. The notion of what jobs a woman could do expanded during World War I, but women's role in public life was still very limited. Factors which brought about the women's movement Contrary to popular belief, women's groups and activists remained active throughout the...
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...and one of the more prominent ones is the issue of women in sport and whether they can compete with men in terms of generating the same amount of profit and producing equal entertainment. There are many different perspectives on the issue, some agreeing with, and some disagreeing with, the statement that, “women’s sport will never be able to compete with men’s sport. Sport isn’t for women, it’s for men.” Some of the issues that women in sport are faced with today are: gender stereotypes, leading to double standards, and also sexual exploitation. Sexism is defined as prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex (Merriam-webster, 2015). Women are subjected to sexism through gender stereotyping which can lead to certain job restrictions, unequal pay and inaccurate media portrayal. This also leads onto the issue of sexual exploitation. Women are much more likely to be portrayed in ways that show off their physical anatomy rather than show casing their athletic capabilities, like most men are portrayed. Women’s bodies, belonging to professional athletes, are exploited as a commodity and used as a way of making profit by portraying the women in a sexual manner rather than...
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...feminine stereotypes. The photograph from above came to me via my Facebook News Feed. Lee caught the moment when Australia tackles against Russia at the second day of the HSBC World Rugby Women’s Sevens in Sydney January 2018 (worldrugby.org, 2018). An overall of 16 teams from 16 different nations take place in such cup. Moreover, it is possible to follow the tournament through different social media accounts...
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...but did not truly become an organised sport until the early 19th century. AN ANCIENT DISCIPLINE Prehistoric man learnt to swim in order to cross rivers and lakes – we know this because cave paintings from the Stone Age depicting swimmers have been found in Egypt. Swimming was also referred to in Greek mythology. DAWN OF A SPORT Swimming was not widely practised until the early 19th century, when the National Swimming Society of Great Britain began to hold competitions. Most early swimmers used the breaststroke, or a form of it. DISCOVERING THE CRAWL Based on a stroke used by native South Americans, the first version of the crawl featured a scissor kick. In the late 1880s, an Englishman named Frederick Cavill travelled to the South Seas, where he saw the natives performing a crawl with a flutter kick. Cavill settled in Australia, where he taught the stroke that was to become the famous Australian crawl. OLYMPIC HISTORY Swimming has featured on the programme of all editions of the Games since 1896. The very first Olympic events were freestyle (crawl) or breaststroke. Backstroke was added in 1904. In the 1940s, breaststrokers discovered that they could go faster by bringing both arms forward over their heads. This practice was immediately forbidden in breaststroke, but gave birth to butterfly, whose first official appearance was at the 1956 Games in Melbourne. This style is now one of the four strokes used in competition. Women’s swimming became Olympic in 1912 at the...
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...Assignment #2 Group 5:Yufan Qi 42318734 Keyoung-ae Yoo 41442091 Siyun Xiong 42491223 Yidan Cao 42312264 Fei Xue 42498155 Wednesday 4 pm. LPT Introduction As a great market exporter, the strategies using in export different country’s market are totally different, even on the same product, in this assignment we will analyze the consumer behavior in Korean market and Australian market through different advertisements preference, reference groups, the nature of families, the family life circle, and the socialization of family members. Different advertisements perferences With the rapidly development of new information technology, the competition between companies became more and more intense, great companies use genius ideas in their advertisements aim to capture more audiences to purchase their products and small companies use advertisements to promote their products to enable them survive in the high competition while there were already hundreds of ‘substitutes’ in the market nowadays. As all companies use advertisements, the situation in Korean advertisement industries and Australian advertisement industries are totally different when sometimes objective, factual appeals are more effective in persuading a target audience, and sometimes emotional appeals are more effective. (Schiffman,2011), however ,in Korea advertisers never put fear appeal into their ads ,even the product will destroy people’s health like cigarettes or alcohols and they do not like...
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...the years following World War I sport had " its first million-dollar prizefights, and the adulation of sports heroes rose to the point almost of national hysteria". As World War I came to a close, however, the " Golden People" were anything but. The horrible devastation of the war and its terrible new weapons had shattered the idealistic notions of the Progressive reformers. The decade of the 1920s was termed the "Golden Age of Sports", and the media's creation of sport heroes during this time provided a stabilizing influence in a rapidly changing American culture. Sports stars were lionized as All-American types who exemplified American cultural values. The Four Horsemen of Notre Dame represented the American ideology of spirit, teamwork, and assimilation of diverse groups within society. Babe Ruth, the most famous of all the athletic heroes, symbolized the American dream, the land of opportunity and meritocracy, where one could succeed despite humble origins. The depiction of such heroes presented a more homogenous culture and solidified an American cultural identity, but it also masked social tensions inherent in the United States in the aftermath of World War I and during the Great Depression and World War II The media's role in constructing a popular culture- The new communication medium of radio became commonplace in the 1920s and contributed to the publicizing of athletic heroes, as announcers dramatized and sensationalized sports events for remote audiences. While...
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...Swimming was started by Italian neanderthals over 100,000 years ago. They did it to get shells at the bottom of the ocean that they then turned into tools. The bones in the ears of these people started to change since they were in the water. However, 77,000 years ago there was an ice age that eliminated swimming at that time in northern Europe. Jumping ahead in history in 1827, swimming became a sport with the first indoor swimming pool being built just a year later. While it was not very popular when it first started, it started to get more popular. Now there are lots of different strokes that people can do like breaststroke, backstroke, freestyle, butterfly, elementary backstroke, combat sidestroke, sidestroke, and trudgen. While some of these strokes are not used competitively, they are all used for some specific purpose or sport. It was...
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...Role of Women in WW2 The role of women changed dramatically during and after World War 2 (WW2). Initially women would do the housework and look after the children. During the war, women did not only have to take care of the house, they slowly started becoming popular in the working industry. After the war, women were able to have more power and were considered more than just a pretty face. Topic sentence: Before the war, women had very little freedom, power and job opportunities. Explanation: Women were the leaders of the house. They would cook, clean, wash and wipe whilst looking after children. Some of them had feminine jobs, like tailoring, where they would work and try to earn money in order to support their husbands or if their husbands were unable to work. Before the war, it was generally thought that a MAN was the main bread winner and provider for their families. Ladies were very limited with their social interactions as well. They were occasional allowed get-togethers along-side their husbands. Evidence: Women were devoted to their husbands and if you weren’t married then you were supposed to be devoted to their father. Meaning that you were born to cook, clean, wash, wipe and bear children. Link: But with so many men away at war, this idealistic view began to change. Women were allowed to work and were expected to be an active member of the workforce. Topic sentence: The rise of women and their path to change during WW2. Explanation: When all the men where off...
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...Eddie serves as a role model for the younger players. Softball varies into many leagues and age groups. Like I am sixteen and I've been playing softball since I was 5. In my age group today we use a 16-inch softball. The offensive style of a 12-inch softball has attracted more younger players. Dave Kahler, a member of Tailgators 16-inch team, has played both over the last 20 years, including 16-inch the last decade. Hall of Famer Azinger says “ our region is pretty widespread. It hasn't had the exposure.” The sport is trying to avoid a similar fate as fast-pitch softball, which was a top game decades ago and now is all but dead in Cedar Rapids. Azinger has seen the game’s landscape change, performing as one of the top players when 16 inch thrived in the top 1970’s and 80’s. The sport that originated in chicago thrives in Cedar Rapids, but it faces a decrease in popularity. The Amatur Softball Association 16-inch men’s slow-pitch District III tournament concluded one saturday at Kirkwood Softball Complex, and those involved are hoping to rejuvenate the recreational...
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...Bharatbook.com has this special report, which sources information for This Key Note Market Report examines the UK clothing retailing market, which comprises of women’s, men’s and children’s clothes, as well as clothing accessories. This Key Note Market Report examines the UK clothing retailing market, which comprises of women’s, men’s and children’s clothes, as well as clothing accessories. Consumer spending on clothing increased by 12.5% between 2006 and 2010, which was slightly below the rate at which overall consumer expenditure increased (12.9%). In 2010, it was estimated that the clothing retailing market was worth £41.9bn, which was the highest value seen over the review period. Key Note believes that supermarkets have increased their share of the clothing market, now accounting for around 25% of the total market. Supermarket retailers have witnessed a large increase in sales since the recession, as consumers became more cautious about unnecessary spending, and turn to cheaper alternatives available in the supermarkets. There has also been a decline in specialist companies operating within the clothing retailing industry, with figures from National Statistics indicating that, in 2010, there were 11,800 shops, compared to 12,700 in 2009; this represents a 7.1% decrease over the course of that year. This phenomenon is visible in many UK cities, where an increase in empty high-street shops is apparent. Many independent shops were forced to exit the market after the recession...
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...rate of 1.0% in 2010-11 (Lohan, 2011). However uncertainty surrounding the global economy suggests that consumers are expected to save 0.3% of their income (Lohan, 2011). Strong job security and an improved local financial outlook should support consumer confidence for the years ahead, reflecting this new climate, industry revenue is expected to grow over the next five years at an annualised rate of 1.7% to reach $13.4 billion in 2015-2016 (Lohan, 2011). 2.1.2 Market segmentation 2.1.2.1 Demographic Segmentation 2.1.2.1.1 Geographic distribution of revenue The geographic distribution of retail industry revenue correlates closely to the population distribution of Australia. With 77.6% of the country’s population distributed throughout the eastern seaboard states of Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria they are expected to account for 81% of...
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...Ronda Rousey vowed to return after her stunning loss to Holly Holm during the UFC 193 in Melbourne, Australia last Saturday. UFC bantamweight champion Ronda Rousey finally broke her silence after Holly Holm shockingly defeated her in the second round of UFC 193 on Saturday. Rousey was hospitalized overnight after she sustained a deep lip cut which needed plastic surgery, according to The Washington Post. Rousey was immediately whisked to the hospital after she lost her UFC women’s bantamweight title to Holm. Because of her injury, she was unable to give post-match interviews, CBS Sports reports. It was previously thought that Rousey had a concussion and a broken jaw after her fight with Holm, but UFC President Dana White denied the speculations. On Sunday, the injured UFC fighter took to Instagram to thank her fans for their support and reassure them about her health....
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...carvings feature teams with sticks and a projectile, hurling dates to before 1272 BC in Ireland, and there is a depiction from c.600 BC in Ancient Greece where the game may have been called kerētízein or kerhtízein (κερητίζειν) because it was played with a horn or horn-like stick(kéras, κέρας)[4] In Inner Mongolia, the Daur people have been playing beikou, a game similar to modern field hockey, for about 1,000 years.[5] Most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation concerning sports and games. Similar to Edward's proclamation was the Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527, which banned certain types of ball games, including hockey. ...at no tyme to use ne occupye the horlinge of the litill balle with hockie stickes or staves, nor use no hande ball to play withoute walles, but only greate foote balle[6] By the 19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to differentiate and coalesce into the individual sports defined today. Organizations dedicated to the codification of rules and regulations began to form, and national and international bodies sprung up to manage domestic and international competition. Ice hockey also evolved during this period as a derivative of field hockey adapted to the icy conditions of Canada and the northern United States. Subtypes Field hockey game at Melbourne University.Field hockeyMain article: Field hockey Field hockey is played on...
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