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11.September

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Submitted By beyza
Words 2852
Pages 12
Emne: 11.september 2001
Navn: Beyza Karatas
Fag: Historie
Opgavetype: Dansk-historie opgave
Vejleder: Rene Jacobsen
Afleveringsdato: 13.06.14
Skole: Københavns private gymnasium 1.b

Indholdsfortegnelse:
Indledning…………………………………………………………………………………………s.3
Metode:……………………………………………………………………………………………s.3
Fatwa 1998:……………………………………………………………………………………….s.4
Address to a Joint Session of Congress following 9/11 attacks:………………………………….s.5
Verdensbilledet efter angrebet:……………………………………………………………………s.8
Konklusion:………………………………………………………………………………………..s.9
Litteraturliste:……………………………………………………………………………………...s.11

Indledning
Det var en helt almindelig morgen, men i formiddagen skete det som ændrede verdensbilledet, at to amerikanske fly fløj ind i World Trade Centers nord- og sydtårn af 19 arabiske terrorister som havde tilknytning til Al-Qaeda. Der dødede da 2400 uskyldige mennesker. Det var den blodigste og største terrorangreb i verdenshistorie. Det var den begivenhed som ændrede verdensbilledet og verdensbefolknings syn.
I denne opgave jeg vil først fokusere på at redegøre forholdet mellem Vesten og Mellemøsten, derefter vil jeg gerne bruge den retoriske analysemodel til at analysere taler både Osama bin Laden og Georg W. Bush. Efter 11.september har verdensbillede ændret sig og mediernes iscenesættelse af angrebet har også ændret verdensbefolknings syn, jeg vil også gerne komme ind på om USA har ændret deres holdning til Mellemøsten efter 11.september men det kommer jeg ind på, når jeg redegøre for hvordan verdensbilledet er ændret.
Jeg har valgt emnet 11.september 2001, da det er et meget interessant emne fordi der er mange holdninger om situationen og selv i dag er vi i tvivl om hvilke af delene er rigtigt. Da har været mange konflikter mellem USA og Mellemøsten og det har påvirket hele verden. Derfor er det et godt emne at analysere så man kan se forskellen mellem Vesten og Mellemøsten.

Metode
Jeg har valgt at fortage en retorisk analyse af mine primære kilder som er Osama bin ladens Fatwa i 1998 og Address to a Joint Session of Congress following 9/11 attacks som er Georg W. Bushs tale han holdte den 20. september 2001. Min sekundære kilder er 11.september, 102 minutter og ti år efter 11.september 2001, hvilke jeg har brugt til at samle informationer og baggrundsviden.

Hvad er baggrunden for terrorangrebet der fandt sted d. 9/11? Osama Bin Ladens Fatwa 1998
For at undersøge baggrunden for terrorangrebet der fandt sted, vil jeg tage udgangspunkt i Osama bin Ladens Fatwa, han gav i 1998. Osama bin Laden kommer ind på både religiøse og politiske motiver, han opfodre muslimer til hellig krig. We -- with Allah's help -- call on every Muslim who believes in Allah and wishes to be rewarded to comply with Allah's order to kill the Americans and plunder their money wherever and whenever they find it. Her siger han at det er en muslims pligt at deltage i hellig krig. Han nævner Guds navn i sin tale så det kan få en betydning for muslimer, han gøre det så de føler at det ikke er noget forkert men det er noget de gøre for Guds skyld, han bruge argumenter som Guds vilje, hvor han appeller til lytternes fornuft og logik. Han starter sin Fatwa med at fortælle om Gud, Koranen og profeten, han fortæller hvad det betyder for muslimer og hvad de siger om krigen. ``Praise be to Allah, who revealed the Book, controls the clouds, defeats factionalism, and says in His Book: "But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them, seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war)"; and peace be upon our Prophet, Muhammad Bin-'Abdallah, who said: I have been sent with the sword between my hands to ensure that no one but Allah is worshipped, Allah who put my livelihood under the shadow of my spear and who inflicts humiliation and scorn on those who disobey my orders.´´ Han siger også i sin tale at Gud har sagt at dem som ikke er med til krigen bliver straffet og der kommer andre ind i stedet dem og at Gud spørg om de heller vælger verden i stedet for ham selv?. ``Almighty Allah also says: "O ye who believe, what is the matter with you, that when ye are asked to go forth in the cause of Allah, ye cling so heavily to the earth! Do ye prefer the life of this world to the hereafter? But little is the comfort of this life, as compared with the hereafter. Unless ye go forth, He will punish you with a grievous penalty, and put others in your place; but Him ye would not harm in the least. For Allah hath power over all things."

De tre områder, forurettelse, der er omtalt i Osama bin Ladens tale er erklæring - Arabien, Irak og Jerusalem - vil være velkendt for iagttagere af det mellemøstlige afsnit. For muslimer, som i Vesten nogle gange er en tendens til at glemme, men dem fortrolige med islamisk historie og litteratur ved, det hellige land. For muslimer, ingen stykke jord når de er tilføjet til realm af islam nogensinde kan blive endeligt afkald på, men ingen sammenligner i betydning med Arabien og Irak… Third, if the Americans' aims behind these wars are religious and economic, the aim is also to serve the Jews' petty state and divert attention from its occupation of Jerusalem and murder of Muslims there. The best proof of this is their eagerness to destroy Iraq, the strongest neighboring Arab state, and their endeavor to fragment all the states of the region such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Sudan into paper statelets and through their disunion and weakness to guarantee Israel's survival and the continuation of the brutal crusade occupation of the Peninsula.

Osama bin ladens mål var at fordrive ikke-muslimer (især amerikaner) fra de muslimske lande og det gjorde han i sin Fatwa ved at sige at det er Guds ordner. Bin laden ville gerne have at alle amerikaner døde og var væk fra de muslimske lande. The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies -- civilians and military -- is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosque [Mecca] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance with the words of Almighty Allah, "and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together," and "fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah." Hvilke holdninger kommer til syne i Bushs tale ”Address to a Joint Session of Congress following 9/11 attacks”
20. september 2001 holdte Georg W. Bush en tale til nation, vedrørende de foregående terrorangreb 11.september 2001. Det er meget tydeligt i talen at den er til nationen, og til steder i verden som er imod terrorismen. Han siger i sin tale at det er vigtigere end nogensinde at samle nationen samt hjælpe hinanden i krisetiden.
Denne tale er meget vigtig i Bushs karriere, fordi han ved at han er nød til at stå frem som en leder. For at fange og inddrage lytterne bruger Bush en del retoriske virkemidler såsom ``we´´, ``us´´ og ``our´´ for at tydeliggøre at USA er fælles om det som er sket.

``Tonight we are a country awakened to danger and called to defend freedom.´´ Han gør det også tydeligt at der os og der er dem. Der er de gode som er amerikanerne og der er de onde såsom terroristerne. Man kan på ingen måde sammenligne de to, det viser også at Bush tager stærkt afstand til terroristerne. Han fortæller også om hvordan Taliban regimet fungerer og derefter kritisere han det uden at han siger noget kritik direkte. Når han taler om regimet virker han lidt ironisk og lidt jokende. ”A man can be jailed in Afghanistan if his beard is not long enough.”
Han siger også i sin tale at de er misundelige på deres velfungerende demokratiske land. Han siger at de er en stærk nation med en stærk befolkning. Så Al-Qaeda har skabt uro ved at vælge USA som mål. Bush siger også at det er misundelsen som der har skabt had mod USA. ``They hate what they see right here in this chamber -- a democratically elected government. Their leaders are self-appointed. They hate our freedoms -- our freedom of religion, our freedom of speech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other.´´ Han mener at det er USA som forbillede der er den perfekte billede for andre lande og det er derfor der er lagt had og derfor er USA udsat for terror.
Bush kommer til udtryk flere gange i sin tale at amerikanske folk er uforstående overfor sådan et voldsomt angreb. Americans are asking, why do they hate us?
Bush spiller enormt meget på folkets følelser, hvor han hele talen nævner tapre mænd der kæmpede på flyvene, pårørende eller folk der har haft en stor indflydelse og hjulpet meget til ved selve angrebene. Han personliggør situationen og derfor bliver det hele ekstra følsomt. Han får folk til at føle medlidenhed ved at bruge en af de mistede under angrebet. ”Passengers like an exceptional man named Todd Beamer.” Men samtidig får han også folk til at blive glade overfor at nogen gjorde noget og sådan får han følelserne frem i folk. ”We will not forget South Korean children gathering to pray outside our embassy in Seoul”. Folks følelser bliver helt sikkert påvirket af børn, så han nævner også de koreanske børn som bad foran den amerikanske ambassade i Seoul. Bush har været smart, ved at tage de koreanske børn med i talen, selvom det ikke var noget stort var det alligevel et godt træk af Bush for intet får følelserne frem i folk som børn.

Bush anvender også meget patos i sin tale, så han kan spille på folks følelser. Det er også meget nemmere at påvirke sårbare folk, og fordi hele befolkningen er så sårbare er det nemmere at påvirke dem. Han bruger bandwagon effekten til at påvirke befolkningen. Det er en simpel men effektiv effekt. Det går ud på at hvis alle gør det, så gør jeg det også. Det lidt ligesom domino effekt, hvis den ene hjælper med oprydning gør alle de andre også. Bush siger også i sin at man har mulighed for at hjælpe. ``Those who want to give can go to a central source of information, libertyunites.org, to find the names of groups providing direct help in New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.´´ Når det er Bush som siger det giver det et indtryk af at de også skal hjælpe til. Han spiller meget på deres følelser ved at sige at det synd for deres nation og de er nød til at gør noget ved det.
Han nævner flere gange i talen at andre lande står ved USA's side i kampen mod terrorismen og der bruger han bangwagon effekten igen. Han får folk til at tage stilling og vælge side ved at sige ”Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorist.” Mange vælger selvfølgelig at være sammen med USA, de gider ikke være det land som støtter terrorisme.
Bush siger også at det ikke er USA som der har valgt at gå i krig men tværtimod Al-Qaeda der har tvunget dem til det. Han får USA og befolkningen til at fremstå som uskyldige ofre, som er tvunget til at svare igen ved at bekrige Afghanistan. Når Bush bruge dette argument kan han samtidig godt virke troværdig fordi nationen er blevet svækket også er de nemmere at påvirke dem til at gå i krig mod Afghanistan.

Hvordan ændrede verdensbilledet sig efter angrebet? Og hvordan har mediernes iscenesættelse af angrebet ændret verdensbefolkningens syn på 9/11?
Verdensbilledet ændrede sig på afgørende vis. Enhver som havde beskæftiget sig med internationale relationer. Terrorangrebet mod tvillingtårnet fik den største betydning som enkeltstående begivenhed. Terror har aldrig ramt verden på den måde. Terrorangrebet der skete 11.september 2001, har ændret verdensbilledet, verden blev opdelt imellem amerikanerne og terroristerne. Angrebet som var en øjenåbner der afklarede begrebet terror og satte tingene i et helt nyt perspektiv. Nye lovgivninger var de første konsekvenser, men der er også konsekvenser for terrorangrebet i dag af krigen i Afghanistan. Mange uskyldige er blevet dræbt i krigen i Afghanistan, og det danner grundlag for spørgsmålet om det er det hele værd? Kampen mod terror vil fortsætte lige uanset hvad, om det ofrene værd eller ej. Efter den 11. september har verden fået et nyt syn på terror.
Medierne har en stor betydning i at verdensbefolkningens syn er ændret, nogle nyheder og nogle aviser er pyntet op af journalisten. Journalisterne kan ændre på mange ting, og sådan kan det husket hele livet. Bin Ladens Fatwa er på arabisk og for at vi kan forstå det oversætter de det også kan vi læse det i avisen. Men hvad nu hvis bin Laden ikke har sagt de ting, hvad nu hvis de er kommet med ekstra negative ting?
Medierne havde en stor betydning da terrorangrebet, hele verden så det hele ske over tv. Men medierne reagerede ikke på den rigtig meget, de fremfik racismen frem imod araber og andre lande i Mellemøsten. Racismen og ondskaben voksede mod personer af arabiske herkomst. Andre lande i Mellemøsten blev ofte forvekslede med araber og ofre for fremmedhad. Er alt det her sandt? Er det ikke noget andet bag det her? Hvorfor vælger Al-Qaeda lige præcis USA, når de er så stærke og har så meget magt? Er USA så uskyldig? Alt det her kører rundt i ens hoved, men det er så svært at finde svaret. Nu så ``tror´´ vi at det er Al-Qaeda som står bag i det hele.
USA har ændret deres holdning til Mellemøsten efter 11. september hvor 19 arabiske terrorister flyver ind i tvillingtårnet. USA's præsident som var Georg W. Bush den 11.september 2001, siger at det er fordi de misunder deres perfekte land. Men er det nu rigtigt? Er det hele Al-Qaedas skyld? Har USA slet ikke gjort dem ondt? Måske startede det hele derfor? Vi ved ikke helt hvem den rigtige skyldig er.

Konklusion
11.september 2001, kom den største terroraktion nogensinde i USA. World Trade Center blev ramt af kaprede fly. Omkring 2400 civile mistede livet under terroraktionen. Det var Georg W. Bushs opgave at samle op på tingene, hvilket han bl.a. gjorde i en af hans taler til nationen, han formåede at samle nationen og den vestlige verden, ved at argumentere for den kommende krig mod terror. Osama bin Laden holdte en Fatwa i 1998 med det formål at alle amerikanere skal dø, han bruge argumenter som Guds vilje, hvor han appeller til lytternes fornuft og logik. Effekterne af 11.september 2001 har været store, idet det er et historisk vendepunkt på mange måder. Angrebet som var en øjenåbner der afklarede begrebet terror og satte tingene i et helt nyt perspektiv. Men er vi helt klar over hvad der sker i hele verdenen?
Osama bin Laden argumenter i sin Fatwa med Guds vilje, han bruger meget appelformerne, hvor han rammer folks følelser, logik og fornuft. Han ved hvordan han skal argumentere med Guds navn og vilje. Han bruger de rigtige argumentationer.
Georg W. Bush overbeviser lytterne ved bruge appelformene rigtige. Fordi befolkningen er sårebare det tidspunkt han holder sin tale så han snakke til dem med medfølelse og det gør ham som en god leder i deres øjne, han vil jo gerne bekrige Afghanistan fordi de angreb dem. Han argumenter med medfølelse og der bruger han så patos, egos og logos. Han snakker med logik og fornuft og rammer deres følelser.
Det hele er så forvirrende at man ikke kan finde den rigtige skyldig. Måske er det en hel tredje der står bag i alt det her som er sket?

Litteraturliste:
Bøger:
* Andersen Erslev Lars, Crone Manni, Hansen Peter, Hemmingsen Ann-Sophie, Holm Ulla, -Hove Søren og Stockmarr Leila – ti år efter 11.september 2001: DIIS 2011. * Diwyer Jim & Flynn Kevin – 102 minutter: Aschehoug, 2005 * Redigeret af Grøndal- Fenger Malene – 11.september 2001: Aarhus universitetsforlag, 2011
Internetsider:
http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/Magtforhold_og_sammenspil/11._september http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911jointsessionspeech.htm http://www.faktalink.dk.bib153.bibbaser.dk/titelliste/sept/?searchterm=9.11 --------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Geografi_og_historie/Magtforhold_og_sammenspil/11._september
[ 2 ]. http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm
[ 3 ]. http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm
[ 4 ]. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911jointsessionspeech.htm
[ 5 ]. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911jointsessionspeech.htm
[ 6 ]. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911jointsessionspeech.htm
[ 7 ]. Dwye Jim & Flynn Kevin – 102 minutter: Aschehoug: 2005
[ 8 ]. Redigeret af Grøndal- Fenger Malene – 11.september 2001: Aarhus universitetsforlag, 2011
[ 9 ]. Andersen Erslev Lars, Crone Manni, Hansen Peter, Hemmingsen Ann-Sophie, Holm Ulla, -Hove Søren og Stockmarr Leila – ti år efter 11.september 2001: DIIS 2011.
[ 10 ]. http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm
[ 11 ]. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911jointsessionspeech.htm

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Airport Security Improvements Before and After the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack

...Running head: Airport Security Airport Security Improvements Before and After the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack Andrew Fuller South Carolina State University Abstract The purpose of this study is to research improvements that have been made since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack and study airport security before September 11. According to ABC News 4 much has changed in our country over the last seven years including airport security. Air travel has been greatly affected by 9/11. Security measures have caused an increase in passengers to face many more steps before boarding flights. In November 2001 The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was formed to secure airports both inside and out. Statement of the Problem or Objective Since the September 11 attacks security as a whole has undergone drastic changes in America. All aspects have been upgraded and reevaluated to take all the necessary precautions to either prevent another event as such or to be better prepared if it were to happen again. In the past airport security was pretty basic. You arrived at the airport got checked in and left. Now you have to carry everything in little bottles and take your shoes off and other accessories to pass through the metal detectors. According to Security Solutions the most improvements have been made on airplanes. Cockpits are bullet proof and pilots and their crews are secured from the rest of...

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September 11, 2001

...Grace D’Onofrio Professor Conti English 151 26 March 2012 The Day our Country Changed Forever “Who can tell me what eight times nine is?” Ms. B asked the room full of third graders. I was never one to participate in the classroom, so I just sat there in silence. My assigned seat was smack in the front, right next to the window. The only downside to having a window seat was being stuck in school for the entire day on really beautiful days like this one. The only thought going through my head was, “I can’t wait to go home and play outside!” My friend, Brianna, who sat right behind me, chuckled in my ear, “There’s chalk on Ms. B’s butt”. I giggled aloud by accident and received a stern look from my disapproving teacher. It was great day, especially because my mom had packed me an awesome lunch, a turkey and cheese sandwich with a juice box and a rice crispy treat, and I couldn’t wait to eat it. Out of nowhere, a voice crackled over the loud speaker, “Brittany Ciampi, Jamie Natale and Michael Hession – report to the principles office please. Your parents are here to pick you up.” Everyone started to murmur as Brittany, Jamie and Michael stood up. “That’s weird that three people got picked up this early in the day…” I said to myself. I turned to my friend Brianna and said, “Isn’t that weird?” She responded with a quick, “Yeah”. There was a terrible feeling in my stomach, I knew something was going on but I didn’t know what it was yet. Within ten minutes, many...

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Contemporary Immigration

...the functions and dysfunctions of immigration? Explain. I actually have a two-part answer for the contemporary immigration. If this was before September 11, 2001 then I believe that it would be because of the number of immigrants. The reason why I say this is because they may feel that the more immigrants that are let into the country, then the more will try to follow and maybe overflowed the US. Another reason could possibly be that they may not be comfortable surrounded by so many diverse immigrants and may actually get nervous. Or maybe they seem no stories on TV about different immigrants and may have some type of prejudice against them because of their culture or lifestyle. If this is after September 11 them I definitely believe it is because of their nationality. Since after September 11, 2001 people have been more on edge about diverse nationalities entering the US especially those from the Middle East. Before September 11, 2001 people were so awkward about a person wearing a turban, board the plane that they are on, after September 11, 2001 people are more observant of the surroundings especially when one there is a person what a turban on the plane or even just somebody who may look like they are not from the US or maybe a descendent of someone from the middle east. For example, globalization (Schaefer 2006, chapter14, pg 11) means global integration of financial markets and government policies. In some countries, this may be illegal or even forbidden due to laws of...

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...Corpuz, Maria Erika A. TC202 – BUSSFIN (September 11, 2015) 1. The external forces helped in a way that they are allowing to borrow or lending money to the company. They gave funds that were used in making the products that his company will sell. They are also the ones who helped Phillips to sell his products. 2. Aaron Phillips’ company became successful because he loves what he is doing. He is a hardworking person ever since he is still a child. He doesn’t let anything or anyone put him down or let him give up. Phillips’ is determined to make his company grow and become successful, and it happened. He made sure that his products will be known everywhere, by him doing marketing in any way they can. His dedication on becoming successful and having a great future made him what and where he is now. 3. The competencies that Phillips’ appear to possess that he is very good when it comes to handling a business. Aaron Phillips’ knows how to handle money and be responsible at a very young age. And he also very good in advertising his product and making it stand out. He knows how to handle his employees and to manage them. 4. The factors that were probably important in the decision to sell Kink BMX products abroad are that the products should have the best quality and that many people would buy their products when they will sell it in other countries. Corpuz, Maria Erika A. TC202 – BAFBANA (September 11, 2015) 8 Trends ...

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Consumer Behavior

...Effects of September 11 on Consumer Behavior The world has never been the same since September 11 2001. Even though some people claim consumer behavior was not affected by this tragic event. They say almost no measurable changes have affected consumerism, and that otherwise businesses run under their usual gains and losses. I believe that business has indeed seen effects from the September 11 event. Several types of businesses have benefited from the increase of fear this incident created in people. Businesses such as insurance companies, weapons retailers, as well as real estate agencies have been somehow impacted positively. I believe that the insurance companies have seen an increase in their sales, because they have sold probably a higher amount of insurance during these times. As mentioned also, people started to buy more weapons than what they did before for greater sense of security for their families. A lot of movement has also happened for real estate, since a lot of people have decided to leave larger urban areas towards more rural locations. Other types of businesses have not been so lucky, either taking heavy losses or having to close down permanently. One example is our local downtown business, which used to be booming with business but now it has declined Border crossing security has been greatly augmented. As a result people from across stop coming across as often so a lot of business have closed, I believe these got to show that business did become affected...

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Blade Runner

...the textual layout; the 50 gates. This circulates the idealisms of ‘Jewish Mysticism’ and creates a link to images of gates being unlocked. This unveils a truly compelling and unexpected insight. This is that, the past can hinder a blessing or curse as contrasted in the prologue: “The darkness or the light” symbolic for the juxtaposing outcomes. Such turbulent emotions are relevant in the memoir as history triggers memory but can encourage perhaps painful recollections. For example, Genia: “ruins, ruins” contemplating the atrocities of the Holocaust and “what I could have been if I had your life”. These unexpected and compelling insights of positive and negative portrayals of history and memory in terms of emotions are clear on the September 11 site. Memory giving history emotional context is represented in terms of hope from Lisa Lefler- a World Trade Center survivor “I have found one thing to help me get through day by day. I have been telling my story to anyone who wants to hear it.” Thus being optimistic in the most tragic times of humanity unlike Genia who wishes to hide. Conclusively supporting how Baker’s masterful work should definitely be part of your exhibition. When ‘Re-viewing the past’ it is critical to be observant of differing versions of the truth. Baker began his historical investigation being an authoritative figure following traditional methods of researching archival evidence. He is obsessed with his ‘fecks’ (parents) and begins his quest ignorant to...

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