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Analisis Keputusan Apple Inc.

Disusun untuk Memenuhi Tugas Mata Kuliah Manajemen Stratejik

Disusun oleh:
Nisrina Adelia Roselenny (13/352558/EK/19611)

FAKULTAS EKONOMIKA DAN BISNIS
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
YOGYAKARTA
2015

Apple Inc. adalah salah satu raksasa di bidang teknologi yang produk-produknya sangat familiar penggunaannya dalam kehidupan kita sehari-hari. Awal kesuksesan Apple ditandai dengan munculnya produk iPod yang menimbulkan halo effect pada produk-produk Apple lainnya. Kini kita kenal iPhone, MacBook, ITunes, Apple Watch, iPad, dan lain-lain. Produk-produk Apple ini begitu menarik perhatian masyarakat karena elegansinya dan fitur-fiturnya yang juga memang menarik. Namun tidak kita pungkiri bahwa Apple sedang berhadapan dengan raksasa-raksasa lain di dunia teknologi. Untuk itu, saya akan mencoba membahas tentang keputusan-keputusan yang akan diambil oleh Apple. 1. Mengapa Apple membuka Apple Store sendiri dan tidak menggunakan distributor seperti rival lainnya?
Terkait dengan eksklusifitasnya, Apple memiliki store atau gerai sendiri yang diberi nama iBox. Gerai ini merupakan gerai yang dimiliki dan dikelola sendiri oleh Apple dalam melayani penjualan produk-produk Apple. Steve Jobs percaya bahwa gerai ini ada untuk mendekatkan hubungan Apple dengan konsumennya. Selain itu juga untuk memberikan kendali yang lebih besar dalam menyampaikan pesan Apple sebagai sebuah brand. Menurut pendapat saya, saya setuju dengan adanya Apple Store ini. Apabila kita meninjau dengan Porter’s Value Chain maka dapat kita ketahui, yang menjadi primary activity dari Apple adalah distribution, sales and marketing, serta service. Maka Apple Store adalah representasi yang tepat dalam mewujudkan aktivitas utama dalam value chain Apple. Selain itu, sesuai PESTLE Analysis yang berkaitan dengan sosial, salah satu keunggulan Apple adalah kemampuannya membidik masyarakat yang menginginkan kesan premium dengan ekslusifitasnya. Apple Store ini juga bisa menjadi sarana memperkuat kesan tersebut. Apple Store akan tampak seperti “studio” yang bisa dimanfaatkan para pengguna Apple untuk mengetahui lebih dalam mengenai produk-produknya. 2. Mengapa Apple memiliki service center nya sendiri?
Keputusan kedua terkait dengan keputusan Apple memiliki service center sendiri. Dengan analisa yang hampir sama dengan keputusan pertama, saya juga setuju dengan adanya service center yang dimiliki oleh Apple sendiri. Telah saya sebutkan sebelumnya bahwa salah satu aktivitas utama dalam value chain Apple adalah service. Sehingga keputusan kedua ini merupakan keputusan yang tepat untuk diambil.

3. Setujukah Anda dengan keputusan Apple untuk melakukan outsource manufacturing di China?
Apple memutuskan untuk mengoutsource proses produksinya di China. Dengan menggunakan PESTLE analysis, saya setuju dengan keputusan ini. Amerika Serikat sebagai negara asal Apple memang merupakan negara yang stabil namun Amerika Serikat memiliki peraturan dan regulasi yang rumit untuk perusahaan-perusahaan yang melakukan proses produksi disana. Sehingga keputusan Apple untuk mengoutsource proses produksi di China adalah keputusan yang tepat. Keputusan ini juga tepat dalam hal Apple bisa berkonsentrasi pada core business nya, dan lebih baik lagi mengembangkan hal yang telah menjadi core competency nya. Hal yang utama yang dikembangkan Apple adalah research and development, sehingga Apple tetap memusatkan kegiatan R&D di Amerika Serikat. Selain itu seperti pada keputusan nomor 1 dan 2, Apple juga berfokus pada kegiatan sales&marketing, service, dan, distribution yang membuatnya memiliki service center dan store sendiri.

4. Setujukah Anda dengan jeputusan Apple untuk menggunakan closed system maupun OS sendiri?
Apple memutuskan untuk membuat sistem operasinya sendiri dan merupakan sistem operasi yang tertutup. Jika dianalisis dari strateginya, maka hal yang dicoba dilakukan oleh Apple dengan membuat sistem operasi yang tertutup ini adalah menciptakan switching cost agar pengguna Apple tidak mudah berpindah ke produk lain. Produk-produk Apple akan sangat memudahkan penggunaannya apabila kita menggunakan berbagai produk Apple karena dengan sistem yang tertutup hanya untuk Apple, sistem ini terintegrasi antar sesama produk Apple. Jika dianalisa lewat PESTLE analysis, dalam lingkup law saat ini penghargaan akan hak kekayaan intelektual dan anti pembajakan disuarakan di mana-mana. Tren ini juga dapat diambil sebagai pendukung keputusan sistem tertutup ini.

5. Setujukah Anda dengan keputusan Apple untuk menggunakan hanya satu operator (kontrak) di tiap negara?
Kerjasama Apple di Amerika Serikat dengan hanya satu provider yaitu AT&T, didasari atas kebebasan yang cukup besar yang diberikan oleh AT&T kepada Apple. Dengan kondisi ini, Apple akan bisa memegang kendali yang cukup besar dalam memastikan kualitas yang dipastikan ke konsumennya. Seperti telah dibahas pada nomor 1 dan 2, bahwa dalam analisa Porter’s Value Chain Apple menjadikan distribution, sales and marketing, serta service sebagai aktivitas utamanya. Apabila satu provider yang bekerja sama dengan Apple memberikan Apple kebebasan untuk mengontrol kualitasnya maka saya setuju dengan keputusan ini karena sejalan dengan keputusan-keputusan lainnya. Selain itu, jumlah provider yang bekerja hanya satu juga untuk memudahkan proses negosiasi agar Apple bisa memiliki bargaining power yang tinggi untuk mencapai tujuannya.

6. Mengapa Apple memutuskan untuk berekspansi ke Eropa terlebih dahulu? Setujukah Anda dengan langkah Apple tersebut?
Keputusan untuk ekspansi ke Eropa, menurut saya juga merupakan keputusan yang tepat untuk diambil. Keadaaan perekonomian di Eropa cukup stabil, selain itu rata-rata pendapatan per kapita masyarakatnya juga cukup tinggi. Sehingga masyarakat di Eropa memiliki daya beli yang cukup kuat. Dengan PESTLE analysis di bidang ekonomi, Apple dapat menjadikan Eropa sebagai target ekspansinya. Seperti kita ketahui produk-produk Apple merupakan produk yang ditawarkan untuk masyarakat high-end sehingga bisa meraih porsi di pasar Eropa.
Untuk teknologi pendukung, Eropa juga tentunya sudah memiliki fasilitas yang cukup mendukung untuk perkembangan Apple di Eropa. Eropa sendiri juga memiliki pengaruh yang besar pada negara-negara di Asia. Pilihan Apple untuk ekspansi di Eropa setelah besar dan berkembang di Amerika Serikat merupakan keputusan yang tepat karena adanya kecenderungan masyarakat di negara-negara Asia mengikuti apa yang telah menjadi tren di Amerika Serikat dan Eropa.

7. Setujukah Anda bahwa Apple tidak akan bisa bertahan tanpa adanya Steve Jobs?
Saya tidak setuju dengan pernyataan bahwa Apple tidak akan bertahan tanpa adanya Steve Jobs. Dengan analisa framework VRIO, Apple memiliki sumberdaya internal dan kemampuan untuk mengolahnya sehingga mampu mempertahankan competitive advantage nya.

Dari framework VRIO di atas, dapat kita simpulkan bahwa Apple telah sampai pada sustained competitive advantage dengan sumberdaya internal dan kemampuannya mengolah sumber daya meskipun tanpa adanya Steve Jobs.

PESTLE Analysis – Apple Inc. Forces | Trend | Implications | Opportunity/Threat | | | Industry | Firm (Apple) | | Political | Amerika Serikat secara politis memiliki pengaruh yang sangat kuat, namun Amerika Serikat juga memiliki aturan-aturan yang cukup rumit dalam meregulasi manufacturing company | Membutuhkan usaha (berkaitan dengan birokrasi dan hukum) dan biaya yang besar untuk melakukan proses produksi di Amerika Serikat | Apple melakukan produksinya di China, sehingga hal ini memudahkan untuk Apple | Opportunity | Economy | Keadaan ekonomi dan pendapatan masyarakat Eropa cukup stabil | Memungkinkan banyaknya perusahaan untuk berkompetisi dalam suatu industri di Eropa | Apple dapat menjadikan Eropa sebagai target ekspansinya, seperti kita ketahui produk-produk Apple merupakan produk yang ditawarkan untuk masyarakat high-end sehingga bisa meraih porsi di pasar | Opportunity | Social | Kecenderungan masyarakat terutama di Asia untuk menggunakan barang-barang bermerek dan berkesan premium | Bagi perusahaan yang produknya cenderung dapat dimiliki semua segmen, masyarakat akan cenderung tidak memilihnya karena tidak memiliki kesan premium | Apple akan dipilih oleh masyarakat ini karena menawarkan produk yang terdiferensiasi, dengan harga lebih tinggi namun memang hanya untuk kalangan tertentu | Opportunity | Social | Kecenderungan masyarakat Asia mengikuti tren yang telah ada di Amerika Serikat dan Eropa | Produk yang berkembang di Amerika Serikat dan Eropa akan juga menjadi tren di Asia | Potensi bagi Apple apabila telah berkembang di Amerika dan berekspansi di Eropa untuk juga menjadi besar di Asia | Opportunity | Law | Maraknya seruan untuk melindungi hak kekayaan intelektual serta menghindari pembajakan | Apabila benar-benar ditegakkan dapat merugikan industri secara umum, karena umumnya masyarakat mengunduh konten-konten secara ilegal di internet | Apabila benar-benar ditegakkan justru sangat menguntungkan Apple karena semua produk Apple begitu tertutup terhadap konten yang ilegal | Opportunity |

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[ 1 ]. The halo effect is a term used in marketing to explain the bias shown by customers towards certain products because of a favorable experience with other products made by the same manufacturer or maker. Basically, the halo effect is driven by brand equity.

Read more: Halo Effect Definition | Investopedia http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/halo-effect.asp#ixzz3t4BHkCiv

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...Apple in the digital age from the iPod to the iPad Apple Inc. The Case Study 2000 - 2010 Foreward John Ashcroft Welcome to this Apple case study. I have always been something of a computer geek. My first computer was a Commodore Pet in 1978. It had 8k of RAM and a cassette player for storage. Programmed effectively, a two dimensional pencil sketch of a rocket would take off and zoom off screen. Beyond that and a few simple games, I don’t recall it did much at all. My first experience of Apple was the Apple II in the early 1980’s. The combination of Apple and a Visicalc spreadsheet, greatly enhanced financial and business plan modelling. Business models were more easily produced and what-if simulations were available at the click of a button. It was a great step up from the pencil and calculator. Seven years ago, I abandoned Microsoft and converted entirely to Apple. Apple Macs, MacBooks, MacBook Air, iPods, iTouch, the iPhone and the iPad, I had to try them all and never looked back This is the case study of Apple in the digital age. The great era of the iPod, the discovery of the digital hub and Apple’s move into the mainstream consumer market with the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. It has many great examples for enthusiasts of marketing, leadership, organization, financial analysis and strategic management. The story begins almost ten years ago. In 2001, Apple sales fell by a third and the company reported an operating loss of $350 million some 6% of sales. The company...

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