...Christopher G. Worley and Edward E. Lawler III Designing Organizations That Are Built to Change Please note that gray areas reflect artwork that has been intentionally removed. The substantive content of the article appears as originally published. REPRINT NUMBER 48107 IN CONTEXT Designing Organizations That Are Built to Change As the pace of globalization and social change quickens, executives are correctly calling for greater agilit y, flexibilit y and innovation from their companies. Largely ignored in these pleas, however, is the simple fact that organizations have been designed to seek sustainable competitive advantages and stability. Indeed, buried deep in the managerial psyche, and bolstered by decades of theory and practice, is the assumption that stability is not only desirable and effective but also attainable. In their classic book The Social Psychology of Organizations, Daniel Katz and Robert L. Kahn note, “One can define the core problem of any social system as reducing the variability and instability of human actions to uniform and dependable patterns.” The popularity of process improvement efforts, from total quality management to Six Sigma programs, provides ample evidence of the consuming desire for stability and predictability in today’s organizations. In fact, those are the very qualities rewarded by the financial markets. It is not surprising, then, that most large-scale change efforts fail to meet their expectations. A major problem is that many of...
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...Do you ever pause your day, even for just a minute, to look around and realize the dramatic changes of what was, and what has become? Many people go about their time on this earth without grasping the concept of the great evolution that has taken place. From a time when the world was filled with only the greatest of forests and water as far as the eyes could see, to an era of transportation phenomenon, architectural growth and modernized living, it has become an understatement to solely say “things have changed.” Among all these extravagant developments comes the marvel of the bridge. It's safe to say that even centuries ago, the early humans must have created bridges from the simple material they found surrounding them in their all natural environment. Whether it was a 3 by 10 foot log they had so carefully placed across the water way, or piles of smaller wood, closely intertwined and lined by the strongest of branches, the primal people had found a way to gather and hunt across streams and rivers. As the years and population had increased, so had the development and appearance of the bridge. Because of great urbanization and city growth, there was a high demand for a solution to travel in a quicker and more efficient way. One of the cities that rapidly boomed was Chicago, now the third most populous city in the United States. This growth mostly had to do with the rail road and the Chicago River. Because Chicago was fortunate enough to have a natural waterway entwined in the...
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...similarities between their architecture and today’s. While there are many civilizations throughout time that have excelled at this, the Greeks and Americans are two that are ones that seem to be most similar to one another. In Athens, Greece, there is a building called the Erectheum. This building was built between 421 & 405 BC. The Erectheum was a famous building in Greece; the Greeks would build their temples strictly as religious places. This was a massive monument, but it wasn’t built to accommodate a lot of people, just images of the God or Goddess that was being worshipped. This architecture was built during the Athenian Empire and its cultural influences can be seen in this building. The Erectheum had a very complex design and a lot of things came into play as it was being constructed. The rocky and uneven soil had to be taken into consideration when building this temple. This was a massive building, as it had six long columns, two porches, and six huge caryatids. Caryatids are huge women that were used in place of columns to support the weight of the roof. The Erectheum was made of beautiful white marble, which made the building elegant. This building was said to have been built in the area where Poseidon and Athena fought for dominance of Athens, Greece. There were different areas in this building that were joined by flights of stairs. The windows were the same shape and...
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...In the wake of Hurricane Sandy, New York City asked The Nature Conservancy to prepare a conceptual study on how a mix of natural and built defenses could be implemented in a dense urban area. Now, the results of that study, Integrating Natural Infrastructure into Urban Coastal Resilience, are in. What is the Integrating Natural Infrastructure into Urban Coastal Resilience Case Study all about? The Nature Conservancy prepared the report by request from the New York City Special Initiative for Rebuilding to evaluate the role of nature and natural infrastructure in protecting coastal communities in New York City from some of the impacts of climate change. The community of Howard Beach, Queens, an area that was hard hit during Hurricane Sandy, was selected as a representative neighborhood for conceptually addressing the use of natural systems as part of a resilience strategy in the face of a changing climate and future storm events. Why was Howard Beach picked for the study? Howard Beach is low-lying and very flat, leaving it vulnerable to storm events and flooding. The 10-foot storm surge that flooded Howard Beach during Sandy left it under water and caused significant damage. Given its profile and how badly it was impacted by Hurricane Sandy, Howard Beach was a good model of a vulnerable coastal community that could be applied to other New York City and national communities. Although Howard Beach was used in the analysis, the study methodology is applicable to coastal communities...
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...Pratt Truss Bridge Research Paper The Pratt Truss bridge was a very unique bridge. This particular truss bridge happens to have been an all wooden truss bridge when it was first built in 1844. This truss bridge has very unique features. This truss bridge is very popular and was yet the most important truss bridge because of it's amazing transformation. This bridge is up to hundreds of feet off the ground. The Pratt Truss Bridge was made was by Thomas and Caleb Pratt in 1844. It was a popular railway truss bridge because it had very long spans. It became popular for railway bridges because it was able to have long spans. The Pratt Truss Bridge Environmental factors have affected this specific tremendously. This Pratt truss bridge was all wooden until the Environmental area of this bridge weakened it. So, this bridge has to go from being all wooden to all copper to make. It's always windy and rains and that's what made the wood break down. Since the break down many workers improved it by changing it to all copper metal. The conditions were mainly natural disasters. The natural disasters included rainstorms and tornados. So therefore this bridge has been through a lot because of the change of all wood to all metal. The Pratt Pennsylvania Truss Bridge was made by Caleb and Thomas...
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...strength to the English people. William made sure that castles were built all over England in major towns. The first castles were built very quickly and were very simple, but during the reign of William and throughout the rest of the Middle Ages (1066-1500) the design of castles changed. In this essay I will talk about how much castles changed during the Middle Ages and the reasons for this. Motte & Bailey Castles (1066 – 1078) The first castles to be built in England by the Normans were called Motte & Bailey castles. They had: • The Keep – a wooden tower used when under attack and for soldiers to keep lookout. • A Motte - a large mound of earth that the Keep was built on. • A Bailey – a large yard that sat next to the Motte, attached to the Motte by a wooden bridge. • A Palisade – a wooden fence all around the Bailey with a ditch around the outside. • Wooden gateway - the entrance to the castle with a wooden bridge over the ditch. Norman soldiers lived in wooden buildings in the Bailey. Motte & Bailey castles were made of earth and wood, which was easy to find, and they could be built really quickly, in 7-21 days. The height of the wooden tower on top of the Motte meant that the Norman soldiers could see what was going on around the castle and see enemies coming. The castles were built near big towns so that the Norman soldiers could move quickly and stop enemies up to 30 miles away. William built over 60 Motte & Bailey castles during the early years of his reign...
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...2012 Visionary and Enduring Companies Jerry Porras’ video about leadership and vision was thought provoking. The last few years of my college education; I’ve learned that there are many different philosophies, theories and leadership models or styles that you should follow to be a great leader. So I thought that this was another motivational speech that would rally your thoughts and give you the drive or foresight to be the best leader. Instead he made me think and I answered the simple basic questions he posed. When Porras talked about leadership, he asked simple questions, as a leader where do you see yourself or the world in the future, and how does it affect the way you lead? Porras’ co-wrote a book called “Built to Last” which studied the fundamental differences about visionary companies and how they differ from other companies. A visionary company is a company that had or has a significant impact on the world. It is also a company that is widely admired by its peers and that it has a long track record of success. It also has multiple generations of leaders, product growth and a successful industry cycle. An enduring company is defined as a company that is thriving and doing well for at least a period of ten years. Porras talked about companies who in the beginning where small, then grew to medium and continued to grow. These companies had to endure the pain of ups and downs and turbulent times but in the long run they remained viable....
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...Valery Marinov, Manufacturing Technology Cutting Forcess 71 5.3 CUTTING FORCES Introduction Cutting is a process of extensive stresses and plastic deformations. The high compressive and frictional contact stresses on the tool face result in a substantial cutting force F. chip tool F` cut F workpiece Total cutting force F and reaction force F` in orthogonal cutting Knowledge of the cutting forces is essential for the following reasons: v v v v proper design of the cutting tools proper design of the fixtures used to hold the workpiece and cutting tool calculation of the machine tool power selection of the cutting conditions to avoid an excessive distortion of the workpiece Cutting force components In orthogonal cutting, the total cutting force F is conveniently resolved into two components in the horizontal and vertical direction, which can be directly measured using a force measuring device called a dynamometer. If the force and force components are plotted at the tool point instead of at their actual points of application along the shear plane and tool face, we obtain a convenient and compact diagram. chip tool cut F FC FD workpiece Total cutting force F is conveniently resolved into horizontal component FC and vertical component FD The two force components act against the tool: Cutting force FC : this force is in the direction of primary motion. The cutting force constitutes about 70~80 % of the total force F and is used...
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...the architecture of the early Greek Theaters. However, through archeological finds and years of studying the people, the plays, and the architecture of the time, we are able to make many conclusions about these early structures. Greek Theaters are classified into three categories: The early Athenian Theaters, Hellenistic Theaters, and Graeco-Roman Theaters. Like most new inventions or creations, the initial theaters built by the Athenians were very simple. In the fifth century B.C., it became popular to build theaters on the slope of a large hill, or an acropolis, the most famous, being in Athens. These early theaters could be divided into three parts. The theater consisted of the theatron (or auditorium), the orchestra, and the skene (or scene building) (Betancourt). The Greeks would eventually perfect a technique that would fit as many spectators into the theatron as possible. At first the spectators sat on the ground until wooden bleachers were installed. After it was discovered that the wooden bleachers were prone to collapsing, permanent stone seating was built. The architects created concentric tiers of seats that followed the circular shape of the orchestra and hugged the rising ground of a hillside, following the natural contours of the land. Usually, theatrons were symmetrical; however, there do remain examples of irregularly shaped theatrons. A horizontal passage called the diazoma separated the theatron into halves, thus allowing audience members to more easily get to...
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...The Government of India’s (GOI) new consolidated foreign direct investment (FDI) policy circular effective from 1 October 2011 has de-classified instruments with options from being FDI investments and introduced other significant changes, such as increasing FDI caps in FM Radio and changes in single-brand retail trading norms. “Only equity shares, fully, compulsorily and mandatorily convertible debentures and fully, compulsorily and mandatorily convertible preference shares, with no in-built options of any type, would qualify as eligible instruments for FDI. Equity instruments issued/transferred to nonresidents having in-built options or supported by options sold by third parties would lose their equity character and such instruments would have to comply with the extant ECB guidelines,” stated clause 3.3.2.1 reflecting the revised FDI policy stance of the government. “The key is to note that shares with in-built options issued/transferred to non-residents or shares supported by options issued/transferred to non-residents will not be recognized as FDI and such instruments would have to comply with the ECB guidelines.” “In other words, equity shares, fully and compulsory convertible preference shares, fully and compulsory convertible with no in-built options issued to non-residents will be eligible as foreign direct investment.” The revised guidelines, which have now been formally included in the regulatory framework, had earlier been adopted by the Reserve Bank of India which...
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...itself. It is not only expressive of culture but actively participates in shaping it. Architecture is society’s most public and visible art; through it we profess our most cherished values, patterns and skills. As a discipline architecture has its roots both in art and science. It demands the love of precision, geometry, and order as well as a passion for mystery, wonder, and the unknown. Good architects are deeply concerned about society and culture. They are critical thinkers, with a reflective sense of history and a visionary, though grounded, attitude toward the future. They not only mirror the attitudes of society, but contribute to its direction. The study of architecture involves an exploration of diverse disciplines that influence the built environment. Architectural education is, by necessity, the most comprehensive course of university studies. It not only prepares students for a future in the profession of architecture but provides an extraordinary foundation for a multitude of interdisciplinary and related design fields. Students learn not only to handle the conflicting demands of function, aesthetics, technology and economy, but are trained in a variety of means of expression including writing, model-making, drawing, photography, video, digital media, and verbal presentations. If you aspire to be a professional with a social mission, if you appreciate the value of science and technology and are simultaneously intrigued by the revelations offered by works of art, then architecture...
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...the architecture of the early Greek Theaters. However, through archeological finds and years of studying the people, the plays, and the architecture of the time, we are able to make many conclusions about these early structures. Greek Theaters are classified into three categories: The early Athenian Theaters, Hellenistic Theaters, and Graeco-Roman Theaters. Like most new inventions or creations, the initial theaters built by the Athenians were very simple. In the fifth century B.C., it became popular to build theaters on the slope of a large hill, or an acropolis, the most famous, being in Athens. These early theaters could be divided into three parts. The theater consisted of the theatron (or auditorium), the orchestra, and the skene (or scene building) (Betancourt). The Greeks would eventually perfect a technique that would fit as many spectators into the theatron as possible. At first the spectators sat on the ground until wooden bleachers were installed. After it was discovered that the wooden bleachers were prone to collapsing, permanent stone seating was built. The architects created concentric tiers of seats that followed the circular shape of the orchestra and hugged the rising ground of a hillside, following the natural contours of the land. Usually, theatrons were symmetrical; however, there do remain examples of irregularly shaped theatrons. A horizontal passage called the diazoma separated the theatron into halves, thus allowing audience members to more easily get to...
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...interest to make money for their company. The main focal company in this debate is SunCal, while Disney is considered a company, they are looked at as a stakeholder because stakeholder refers to a person or group that is affected by an organization’s decision or operations (Lawrence & Weber 2011), while at the current time (with no housing being built yet) Disney is merely a nonmarket stakeholders. This of course could change if housing is built and Disney and Suncal, now operating inside of the resort area, are conducting business with each other. Do to the fact that no houses were built all parties involved are considered nonmarket stakeholders to SunCal. These nonmarket stakeholders are Disney employees who stand to gain from the subsidized lower income housing. The city of Anaheim, who’s choice to change the zoning of the resort area to allow for personal family dwellings or can choose to deny the request. As well as other companies in the resort area who would lose building space as a result of the housing development. All of these current nonmarket stakeholders could change to market stakeholders if this housing track is built. A market stakeholder differs from a nonmarket stakeholder in that the market stakeholder is not just affected by the company’s actions, but are engaged in economic trade with a company (Lawrence & Weber 2011). I think that it should be pointed out that Disney was not...
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...New Zealanders have a love affair with their houses. Saving a deposit for your first home is a common life priority. The mortgage payments and running expenses that follows consume a significant amount of household resources. However, as families evolve and grow, their living requirements also change, for example, a spare room may be needed to accommodate study or home business, or an older child or national tax system for home ownership many New Zealander acquire additional rental properties. These are often seen as an effective retirement fund and a physical symbol of wealth and comfort. Additionally, with our love of the outdoors and a mainstay of New Zealand culture being the summary vacation to the beach, mountain, lakes, or rivers, we invariably require accommodation in these often very remote areas. Introduction In an age of increasing climate change there is a need to consider the sustainability and environment al impacts of our housing and accommodation choices. The greening of the built environment is a result of greater public awareness, information and understanding of how the buildings we live, work and play in affect the natural environment, our bank balances and our health. But what to do we really mean when we say a product is green? It is a broad term that people are instantly drawn to but can only vaguely define. It is often linked to other words such as ‘sustainable’, ‘environmental’, ‘carbon footprint’, ‘ecological’, ‘carbon neutral’, biodegradable’,...
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...| PROF. JAISON MATHEWS | 3/10/15 | SUNDARESH NATARAJAN 4234175 | | 1. Where should the plants be located and what degree of flexibility should be built into each? What capacity should each plant have? The plants should be located in every regional market they serve, preferably in non-seismic zone. In case a region has more than 2 plants, they should be built in geographically and climatically opposite places. Flexibility of these plants should be guided by Toyota’s global complementation strategy that allows plants to serve markets that are prospering when local market weakens. Capacity of each plant should be guided by the demand in the regional market they serve with the flexibility to serve additional demand from other export markets 2. Should plants be able to produce for all markets or only specific contingency markets? All plants should be able to produce the common parts required across all markets. This would ensure a plant’s ability to satisfy local demand as well as demand from other markets. 3. How should markets be allocated to plants and how frequently should this allocation be revised? Plants should cater the markets they are built in. This would basically reduce the logistics cost and also help company respond better to sudden changes in demand. Apart from the regional markets, each plant should have the ability to manufacture common plants. Additionally, each plant should complement atleast one more...
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