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Conclusion Generale

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Il est d’usage de voir les loyers augmenter puisque à chaque relocation le bailleur rehaussait ces loyers suivant un index publié tous les ans.
Ainsi en 2012 les loyers ont progressé de 2,2%.
Ceci est d’autant plus alarmant que d’après l’INSEE la hausse des prix à la consommation à augmenté de 2%. Ce qui veut dire que les loyers ont augmenté de 0,2 % en plus de la progression normal des prix.
Cette hausse des loyers s’explique de par un marché inquiet et un marché qui ne peut pas subvenir à la demande selon une offre locative insuffisante.
Toutefois nous remarquons une baisse dans la progression des loyers fin 2012 qui débouchera sur un recule de 0,8% au début 2013.
Cette chute des loyers en 2013 provient de la baisse du pouvoir d’achat des français et surtout de la hausse du chômage.

A titre d’exemple cette baisse est de 1,8% en Ile de France contre seulement 0,5% en province. Quoi qu’il en soit les loyers baissent ou progresse plus lentement que l’inflation.
Et c’est en effet une bonne chose puisque cela peut aussi permettre aux quartiles les moins aisés d’avoir un taux d’effort sur les prix amoindri pour avoir accès à la location et augmenter la mobilité locative française qui ne fait que chuter et qui conforte cette crise de l’immobilier locatif.
Il faut savoir que le niveau des loyers est liés aux revenus d’activité des salariés et selon L’INSEE en 2009, les revenus des salariés en Ile de France étaient deux fois supérieure au reste du territoire.

En effet la mobilité dite résidentielle est de 27% en 2012 ce qui signifie que 27% des locataires changent d’appartement. Ce taux est tout à fait honorable, toutefois en 2013 il s’établi à hauteur de 26%.
Ceci explique le recule de l’activité du marché, surtout en 2012 passage de 30% à 27% de mobilité, d’où la chute dans les ratios financiers de nos sociétés que nous abordons plus tard dans ce dossier.
Le taux de la mobilité traduit aussi l’aspect compliqué de l’accès à la location privé des ménages.

Pour illustrer cette chute de la mobilité nous avons récupéré ces données, le taux de mobilité a chuté de 15 000 unités ce qui correspond à une perte de 1 400 000 baux.

Si 15 000 unités n’évoquent pas « grand chose », le fait de perdre 1 400 000 baux est juste ahurissant.

De plus il y a des disparités dans la mobilité nationale.
Elle est de 31 à 32% à l’ouest alors que celle de Paris est seulement de 17,6%. Ce qui n’est pas sans nous affoler puisque les deux sociétés que nous avons sélectionné sont situées à Paris.

Nous parlions d’une offre ne pouvant couvrir la totalité de la demande précédemment, c’est d’autant plus vrai que le ralentissement de l’activité n’a pas eu un bon impact sur l’entretien des logements.

En 2012 l’entretien des logements est passé à 27% et se ressaisi en 2013 à hauteur de 31,1%. On sent qu’il y a une fracture en 2012, une réelle et sérieuse baisse de l’activité et cela ne semble pas seulement provenir de ce simple marché, mais cela semble être l’aspect général d’un marché économique national en grande difficulté.
Si ces chiffres évoquent un malaise du marché, ils illustrent aussi une cause pour laquelle l’offre ne peut pas en partie répondre à la demande puisqu’il y a bel-et-bien une dégradation de la qualité du parc locatif.

C’est pour cela que l’Etat décide d’intervenir en faveur du marché en crise

Agissement de l’Etat face à un marché locatif en crise :

Cela fait dix ans que le marché locatif est en crise.
Pour y remédier le gouvernement a récemment pris des mesures.
Au nombre de deux, elles visent à encadrer l’évolution des loyers dans les zones sous tensions, c’est à dire les zones autres que Paris où les loyers sont sujets à de forte hausse.
Une autre mesure vise à inciter à l’investissement de par des dispositifs fiscaux avantageux pour permettre à l’offre de répondre à une demande qui lui est supérieure.

La première mesure est un nouveau décret du 1er aout 2012 sur l’article 17 de la loi 1989 (loi qui régie le domaine locatif privée), qui élargit l’encadrement des loyers non plus à Paris comme nous le disions précédemment mais à certaines zones de province.

Pour en visualiser son impact il faut s’intéresser au taux d’effort des locataires. (Taux d’effort étant le pourcentage de l’impact des loyers sur leurs revenus).
En 2010 il était de 33,6% en général soit 3% de plus qu’en 2006 selon une étude de l’INSEE.
Toujours en 2010 26% des ménages de la région parisienne dépensait 44% de leur budget dans le logement contre seulement 11,5% dans les commune de moins de 100 milles habitants.
Ceci s’explique par une forte hausse des loyers à Paris et en Ile de France surtout. Et ce décalage semble normal puisque les revenus en Ile de France sont deux fois supérieurs à ceux de la province.

La hausse des loyers ne permet donc plus un rendement optimum locatif et c’est d’ailleurs pour cela qu’il y a un tel engouement à la propriété depuis 2006.
De plus la crise que nous traversons a poussé les ménages à croire en la pierre comme valeur sûr, plus qu’en la monnaie elle même.

En d’autre terme avec ce nouveau décret les bailleurs ne pourront pas augmenter les loyers d’un montant supérieur à la hausse de l’Indice de Référence des Loyers.

Ce n’est pas la seule mesure prise par l’Etat, comme nous l’avions dit il y a un deuxième dispositif qui est mis en place pour réguler le marché locatif et aussi lui transfuser une dose de vitamine C.

La Loi Duflot.

La Loi Duflot vise à développer l’offre pour endiguer cette crise du marché locatif privé.
Elle va contrôler le taux d’effort des locataires en instaurant des plafonds de loyers plus bas.

De plus la loi Duflot prévoit une certaine transparence de la part des agences immobilière sur le montant de leurs rémunérations.
En effet il était d’usage que lors d’une relocation ou location les frais de gestions étaient divisés en deux pour le locataire et le bailleur. Hors il s’avère que le locataire aujourd’hui ne pourra plus être pris dans l’équation et le bailleur n’acceptera certainement pas de voir ses frais de gestion augmentés.

Conclusion :
Suivant les données que nous avons mis en avant dans cette étude, nous pouvons avancer que, même si le marché locatif est en crise, il reste tout de même un espoir.
En effet les dispositifs mis en place par l’Etat vont assurément aider les locataires. Même si leurs effets sont à première vue contre les agences immobilières qui pratiquaient un abus, il s’avère que ces dispositifs vont jouer en leur faveur.
Les agences immobilières vont perdre 50% de leur chiffre d’affaires en gestion locative.
Toutefois, avec les moyens mis en place par l’Etat, le quartile le moins aisé va pouvoir avoir accès à la location en zone tendue soit, Paris. Ce qui va assurément leur rapporter de nouveaux clients.
Il faudra donc regarder d’un œil attentif ce qui va se passer sur le marché car des opportunités pourrait naitre.

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