...and employee involvement on organizational innovation. Using a sample of 182 large Canadian organizations, we found a three-way interaction between level of employee involvement, variation in involvement, and racioethnic diversity on innovation. In organizations with high levels of employee involvement, high variation in involvement was associated with higher involvement levels among racioethnic minorities, resulting in a stronger association between diversity and innovation. Furthermore, the association between White employee involvement and innovation was significantly more positive under the condition of high involvement among racioethnic minority group members. Thus, ensuring high levels of involvement among members of historically marginalized racioethnic groups enhances the innovation effects of employee empowerment systems. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Keywords: gender and racioethnic diversity, diversity management, employee involvement level, employee involvement variation, organizational innovation Introduction The two research streams of employee involvement and diversity management have a number of heretofore unacknowledged commonalities. Both areas seek to improve the impact of human capital on business outcomes by developing and utilizing...
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...laid out two divergent forms of bullying, as well as the importance of peer relationships to these forms of bullying. While most educators seem to address and be aware of socially-marginalized bullying, many turn a blind eye to a perhaps more sinister and damaging form of bullying—that of the socially connected bully. As referred to in the article as “hidden in plain sight”, socially connected bullies are less likely to be noticed due to their popularity and ability to adapt in many social situations. This type of bully generally has strong inter-relational skills and typically is a class leader. Others students either wish to emulate him/her or are scared to stand up to such a student. Educators often do not recognize such students as bullies and fail to view any confrontations with other students as a typical power struggle or rite of passage typical in childhood and adolescence. Socially marginalized bullies are often easy to recognize as they frequently have various other behavioral, social, and educational problems. Often times, poor self-esteem and an inability to exist in the mainstream social environment cause the behavior of this type of bully. Unlike socially connected bullying that typically uses verbally aggressive behavior and manipulation to control others, socially marginalized bullies tend to use physically aggressive behavior and violence to control others. This type of bullying often crosses gender lines as this type of bully seeks to prey on a physically...
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...discrimination, prejudice, or racism, every society is in some way marginalized. Where individuals grow up and learn their morals is often where they are most judged for their differences. This can be especially significant when it comes to how one thinks of himself. If the person is treated poorly and is discriminated against, they often become a victim in their society. It can be seen in William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice that Shylock is the true victim. Shylock is truly victimized when he is mistreated, stolen from, and denied justice. The first demonstration of Shylock as a victim is when he is continuously spit on by Antonio. For example, in the play, Shylock states “Fair Sir, you spat on me Wednesday last; /.../ Another time you call’d me a dog” (1.3.122-124). and Antonio replies “I am as like to call thee so again,/ To spit on thee again, to spurn thee too” (1.3.126-127). In this quote it is proven how poorly Shylock is treated by the Christians for nothing more than the religion he practices. This is significant because it demonstrates how a marginalized society affects the lives of those who are different. When judgment is socially acceptable it causes many to be neglected respect, equal treatment, and the feeling of worth and love. The consequences of this neglect can be the victim isolating himself, seeking revenge, or even committing suicide, which affects the whole society dramatically. In a marginalized society like Venice Shylock is easily targeted and discriminated...
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...worth of taxes from the tobacco industry, while revenue from cigarette manufacturers amounted to approximately Php31 billion. How much does life cost? For each life lost to tobacco use, the tobacco industry earned Php353,881.28. Is it worth it? This does not even account for the annual health costs and productivity losses from tobacco-related deaths and diseases that range from Php148 billion to Php314 billion. No monetary equivalent can also be juxtaposed to the hours of painful treatment just to manage the diseases, nor the time and energy a family member spends to care for the loved one. More so, these numbers do not even reflect the pain of losing someone you love. But for decision-makers, these exact figures and immeasurable realities are not compelling enough to pass the necessary measures to reduce tobacco use. Instead, the most marginalized and the poorest sectors are pitted against each other to rationalize inaction - tobacco victims versus farmers, workers against children and youth. Life versus livelihood. The battle of the sectors has been the easiest tactic to muddle the discourse on amendments to excise taxation. What we fail to remember is that all of these sectors - farmers, urban poor, youth, children, and workers are the tobacco victims. They are the ones selling their produce at a lower cost because of the monopoly, the ones earning below minimum wage or, worse, hired contractually, and they are also the primary consumers-replacement smokers-turned-patients...
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...temporary relief, when in reality; life is full of suffering, an affliction. It seems that in religion, when man puts more of himself to God, he loses a part of himself, and when he puts himself into God, he detaches from the reality of life. But here, Marx does not mean that religion drugs the people so as to dull their minds, rather it gives comfort and consoles people who are facing difficulties and suffering. The realization of pain and suffering is shown among the marginalized people. Those among the lower margins of human classes are waiting to be saved. Marx is saying that through class struggle, it is where human consciousness is determined. For the marginalized, he struggles materially to find the meaning and purpose of his life. The marginalized struggles to find meaning in his life but poorly does so because he is objectified by labor. Man is defined by the material conditions of his life and man is a slave of things. The capitalists who have the power over the marginalized emphasizes their sufferings. They can do so because they hold and maintain the status quo...
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...minority representations yield what many have called " the burden of representation". Since there are so few who have the means and access to the "apparatus of representation", they are often burdened with the responsibility of "speaking" for their whole group. Furthermore, as Kobena Mercer and bell hooks explore in their respective essays about black gay men and black females, the perspectives amongst the subaltern are not uniform and universal. The problem with the "burden of representation" is to determine who is the voice of the subaltern and how to infuse it in with mainstream culture. In their essays, Mercer and hooks explore the perspective of gay black men and women, respectively, as spectators whose view has been shaped by their marginalized status and provide a context to tackle the problem of representation. Mercer and hooks use aesthetic and spectatorial strategies, such as oppositional gaze, in their attempt to provide these oft ignored spectators with an empowering perspective that will enable them to transform the film experience. ------------------------------------------------- The ‘gaze’, as described by hooks, is a powerful mechanism among blacks, who have long been discouraged from the act of looking, a tradition passed down from slavery. The television provided blacks with a means to look at white people from the safety of their home. In her essay “The Oppositional Gaze”, bell hooks...
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...Imagine moving to a new country that has a different culture and different language that you are not familiar with. It’s going to be pretty hard to do normal everyday tasks like ordering food from a restaurant or even saying hi to someone because you don't know about the country's social cues and mannerisms and they don't understand yours. People will judge you before they even get to know you because you are not like them. This is what it feels like to live in America with Autism. Autism Spectrum Disorder or ASD is a complex brain development disorder. ASD has varying degrees of severity and many sub groups, including Asperger's syndrome. Most people with ASD are born with the disorder and can be diagnosed as early 2 years old, although symptoms...
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...Literature has often been used as a medium in which the author can bring to light the plight of people who are ostracized or marginalized for any number of reasons. From segregation and racial discrimination to inequality between Genders and the oppression of women, literature has the ability to reach out and usurp the perspective of the reader and provide them with a whole new one to shine a light on what life may be like being subjected to such experiences of “Otherness”. Both The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood and Green Grass, Running Water by Thomas King are both books which bring to the fore the plights of two different groups of people: Women and the domination and subjugation of the gender is the basis for The Handmaid’s Tale, while Green Grass, Running Water identifies the attempt of Native Americans to hold onto their culture in the face of a society that disregards their ancestry and subsequently find themselves marginalized, and both books show how each of these groups attempt to speak out and resist despite the odds against them. The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood is a book that explores the oppression and subjugation of women at the hands of a totalitarian regime...
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...music corrupting the minds of the country’s youth” because it is seen as socially deviant. Because both countries are similar in that they share a large community of marginalized and oppressed people, they are then considered the “lost generation” as a whole, however this does not “recognize their agency as social and political actors and their ingenuity in creating opportunities for themselves.” These depictions also do not give American youth and Tanzanian youth the respect and applaud for “moving public opinions beyond representations of youth as a marginal age group” (76). Rap offer both groups of youth to educate others while gaining “confidence and self-reliance” about oppressive social issues that detrimentally affect the lives of these people and their families, as well as the ability to communicate their “concerns” in both context, as it speaks for those who lack the power to, or the...
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...Despite the existence of these strong legal provisions, Dalit and Adivasi populations have found it virtually impossible to access their rights through the legal system. In this context, the Dalit and Adivasi Rights Initiative provides legal aid and rightsawareness to members of Dalit and Adivasi communities and uses the law to ensure that the violation of Dalit and Adivasi rights are addressed through the legal system. WHAT WE DO This initiative works with the affected communities to set up legal aid centers in order to increase access to justice for Dalit and Adivasi populations. A crucial element of our work is creating awareness amongst these marginalized communities about their fundamental human rights through training programmes and publications in vernacular languages on Dalit/Adivasi rights and the law. Another significant component of this initiative is building a network of Dalit/Adivasi lawyers, while simultaneously sensitizing the judiciary to the needs and issues of populations marginalized by caste and tribal status. For this purpose, we organize 1012 training programmes annually, in different parts of the country, which function as a forum for discussion, consultation, and sensitization. This Initiative also files individual cases as well as public interest litigations in order to bring litigation on Dalit and Adivasi issues into the mainstream. We provide legal expertise in crisis situations by ...
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...THE EFFECTS OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN KENYA: A SURVEY OF MERU COUNTY A Research Project Submitted to the School of Human Resource Development in Partial Fulfillment for the Award of the Degree of Executive Master Of Business Administration of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology JULY 2013 CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1 Background information Several studies show that access to microfinance contributes to poverty reduction, particularly for women participants, and to overall poverty reduction at the village level. It also contributes to women empowerment, including higher levels of mobility, political participation and decision making. According to the State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign 2001 Report, 14.2 million of the world’s poorest women now have access to financial services through specialized microfinance institutions (MFIs), banks, NGOs, and other nonbank financial institutions. These women account nearly 74 percent of the 19.3 million of the world’s poorest people now being served by microfinance institutions. Most of these women have access to credit to invest in businesses that they own and operate themselves. Microfinance programs have been deemed to have the potential to transform power relations and empower the poor—both men and women. As a consequence, microfinance has become a central component of many donor agencies’ and national...
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...discrimination. In India, they are deprived of basic human rights including access to education. Their status is much miserable because of the nation’s inherent poverty coupled with inequality. UNDP’s Human Development Report Points out to the trends. In the age of globalisation it is likely that poverty and inequality shall grow further and women may suffer more stringently as it has happened in Phillipines. So it is high time to plan for strategic intervention to ensure opportunities in favour of the most marginalized, especially the girl child, so that she gets appropriate knowledge and skill to live in this world of competition governed by market and earns a dignified livelihood and leads a qualitative life. Contrary to the popular belief that social prejudices stand in the way of girl child’s access and completion of education, research studies have found that poor economic condition of parents is a stronger cause, and an inappropriate curriculum for the marginalized child is even the strongest of all. Creating better opportunities for the disadvantaged girl child would require not only reconstruction of curriculum, but also state’s commitment for adequate investment to provide for free and...
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...Business Groups and the Big Push: Meiji Japan’s Mass Privatization and Subsequent Growth Assignment: Summarize the main points. How convincing do you find the paper? This paper discusses how and by whom a so-called “Big Push” should be operated. A big push is a flood of state-controlled investment across all sectors, sparking off industry (micro level) and economic (macro level) growth. It argues that a state-run big push is likely to fail and instead, pyramidal business groups can coordinate such a big push overall and more efficient. Japan is chosen as the example of such a business-coordinated big push success. The authors argue that nowadays we know that intensive state intervention leads to political rent-seeking, whereas investments go into productive projects which can accelerate economic growth and progress, opposite to rent-seeking. It is therefore likely that an elite will try to take advantage of, or influence governmental decisions and investments. The main argument for a state-run big push is the issue of hold-up problems: In order to develop complementary industries, investors need to be certain of the demand from complementary industries when they’ve built their industry. Sometimes even subsidizing one with the help of the other is needed. Since that seems normally not to be the case, state-run intervention is called for. That explanation was the state-of-the-art-model to coordinate a big push. Japan undertook the following and ended up – as already mentioned...
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...Realize that empowerment has its limitations. • Watch for mixed messages. • Involve employees in decision-making. • Be prepared for increased variation. Employee empowerment is good because of job satisfaction, motivation, productivity, creativity and innovation. Whilst it increases the efficiency in employees. Employees when empowered become more entrepreneurial and start taking more risks. Greater the risk, greater are the chances to succeed. As with the positivity there exist negativity, similarly there are many disadvantages of empowerment. • Egotism / arrogance • Security • Risks • Industrial democracy Therefore the best executives are one who has the sense enough to pick good men to do what he wants done, and self-restraint enough to keep from meddling with them while they do it. WHAT’S BEHIND THE ‘E’ WORD: MYYTHS ABOUT THE EMPOWERMENT AND WHY YOU NEED IT The dictionary defines empowerment as giving authority or power to others. Quality in organization means delivering the right services to the clients efficiently and responsively. Therefore, it seems that people spend more time splitting hairs about what should be empowered and what that means than they spend getting their work...
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...What should be the role of Corporate Sector in addressing issues of marginalized children given that Corporate have a mandate to run profitable business? In general, the term ‘marginalization’ describes the overt actions or tendencies of human societies, where people who they perceive to undesirable or without useful function, are excluded, i.e., marginalized. These people, who are marginalized, from a GROUP or COMMUNITY for their protection and integration and are known as ‘marginalized groups’. This limits their opportunities and means for survival. Peter Leonard defines marginality as, “being outside the mainstream of productive activity and/or social reproductive activity”. Usually a minority group has the following characteristics: 1) It suffers from discrimination and subordination. 2) They have physical and/or cultural traits that set them apart, and which are disapproved of, by a dominant group. 3) They share a sense of collective identity and common burdens. 4) They have shared social rules about who belongs, and who does not. 5) They have a tendency to marry within the group. Thus, marginalization is a complex as well as shifting phenomenon linked to social status. Problems faced by Marginalized Children are: Child mortality and morbidity are caused and compounded by poverty, their sex and caste position in society. All these have consequences on their nutrition intake, access to healthcare, environment and education. Poverty has a direct...
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