...being planned and implemented under a federal structure whereby both the Centre and the State share the responsibility and the resources. One amongst them is the Education, which was not always a shared responsibility rather was a State subject where the Centre played only the role of advisor. When India got independence in 1947, the literacy rates at that time were very low, with only 27% male and 9% female population as literates (Census of India, 1951). The reason for this was the education system followed by...
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...Foreign Study The standpoint theory focuses on how an individual's location within a culture shapes what the individual experiences, knows, feels, does, and understands social life as a whole (Wood, 2009). This theory can be used to enrich our understanding of why people communicate in different ways and it empowers the viewpoints of the marginalized (CommunicationStudies.com, 2011). The major contribution of standpoint theory is that it can be used to show how our different social locations (e.g. according to gender) provide the possibility of having different standpoints (Wood, 2009) which then affects how individuals develop particular perspectives, identities, skills, and understandings as a result of their standpoint within society. Plan’s (2011) research into gender expectations demonstrates that in many settings boys and men are encouraged to be ‘tough’, are put under pressure to be heads of households and often face institutionalized violence, much at the hands of other men through choice of profession. The...
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...This first chapter is concerned not with philosophical questions about the appropriate nature or extent of these ‘rights’. In countries where primary and junior secondary schooling is not yet universal, private returns to education are highest at primary level and tend to decline at secondary and higher levels. Where girls have less access to schooling than boys, this pattern of returns implies that closing the gender gap in school enrolments will provide higher returns than would expansion policies that left the existing gender gap unchanged. Those who hold power dominate the society in the same way that a colonist, tribe or sect does. It is a group of people from the society who shares common interests. Common interests arise from the existence of a group of people bound together by blood relationship, belief, culture, locality or standard of living. They emerge from similar factors leading to similar results, i.e. they emerge because blood relationships, belief, standard of living, culture, nepotism, discrimination of all sorts create a common outlook to achieve a common...
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...Gender and Education Week 5 ETH/316 In week five, as a group we discussed gender discrimination and how it related to schooling in different countries compared to America. Everyone in America can have an equal chance at receiving a higher education, in other countries that may not be the case. In Ethiopia, for example, according to UNICEF, the age of enrolling primary school girls are 8 and are lower than that of boys. Six to ten school girls are enrolled in school. Eight to ten of boys are far ahead with enrollment into primary school. More than half of Ethioian schools need water and latrines. That impact is substantial. Because of the poor conditions of living, girls in this country are involuntarily denied schooling. We likewise talked about according to global rights bunch Humanium, instruction remains a blocked off ideal for a large number of youngsters far and wide. More than 72 million kids of essential training age are not in school. To exacerbate matters, 759 million mature people are ignorant and don't have the cognizance to enhance both their living conditions and those of their youngsters. In sub-Saharan Africa, in excess of 12 million young girls are at danger of never getting an instruction. In Yemen, more than 80 percent of young girls who will never have the chance to head off to class. Even additionally disturbing, certain nations, for example, Afghanistan or Somalia attempt to diminish the crevice between young girls and young boys with respect...
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...DISCRIMINATION AGAINST ON GIRL CHILD AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN FUTURE. Kongala. Rama.Rao. Research Scholar. Department of Sociology & Social Work, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510. Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is precondition for meeting the challenges of reducing the poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance Koffi Annan Introduction Indian culture is centuries old. In Vedic Age Indian Women enjoyed a high status in the home as well as outside. After the Vedic Period women status decreased step by step, due to social economical, ad political changes of the later centuries. Women lost their position in education, and other fields. Consequently evil customs such as purdha, Sati, child Marriage, polygamy, ad enforced widowhood crept in and the women’s status in the home and outside. Different social reformers has played key role for women upliftment. Sex Ratio Sex ratio, defined as the number of females per thousand males is an important social indicator to measure the extent of prevailing equality between males and females in a society at a given point of time. The sex ratio in the country had always remained unfavourable of females....
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...where children spend a lot of time growing up and developing their self image and view of the world. This environment contributes in shaping what they think of themselves and others. According to Aina & Cameron (2011) in their article concerning how gender biases affects children's development, states that " while unintentional, a teacher's inherent biases can perpetuate unfair stereotyping and may be manifested in discriminatory classroom practices." African American boys are one of the groups of minorities at the disadvantage of being mis-labeled in the educational system and this is resulting in over-representation in special education....
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...Making sense of Gender and ICTs in Education: Exploring theoretical explanations for complex findings. Cheryl Brown and Laura Czerniewicz University of Cape Town Abstract This paper examines findings from two surveys of 10110 university students conducted in South Africa in 2004 and 2007. We report on the differences between male and females students access to and use of ICTs for learning. In particular we note that whilst equal opportunities do largely exist for both genders, there are subtle differences in terms of female students practical access and sense of personal agency. Findings about use are complicated with male students using ICTs more frequently particularly in the sciences disciplines and for activities such as information seeking and communication (in contrast to research elsewhere). In order to try and better understand our findings we explore four different theoretical perspectives namely; Bourdieu’s notion of habitus; Feminist Standpoint Theory; Critical Information Systems Theory; and Expectations States Theory. We then suggest using Bourdieu’s notion of habitus as we believe it offers us the most flexibility whilst enabling a gender focus to be maintained,. Introduction Research findings about gender differences and ICT access and use are complex and contradictory. While only a decade ago researchers were united about gender difference with regards to ICT access and use, recent discussions about gender divides are less emphatic, but more varied...
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...International Capstone: Barriers to Higher Education – Gender Issue * Gender Issue in Higher Education – Russia Perspective * Increasing Level of Female Participation in Higher Education Over the last 10 years of economic reforms, the educational system, including higher education, has changed a great deal. The number of students at higher educational establishments rose by almost 40%, mainly because of the increase in women students. In 1992-2000, the number of male students rose by 327,000 or 25%, while the number of female students, by 763,000 or 50%. * Lack of Gender Awareness In access to education gender discrimination is less apparent than in other fields. 77% of women and 82% of men noted equal access to education in general, though 20% thought that women have fewer opportunities to receive education. In addition, the lack of gender awareness among decision makers in the higher education field is another problem. In Russia, there are no women ministers of education or heads of higher education departments. Thus, discrimination is more likely to develop when cross-group interactions are low, according to the contact theory. However, this clear underrepresentation of women at senior levels in both academic and administrative hierarchies is not perceived as an issue. * Gender Related Profession Discrimination Despite of the number, the fact that it is in the predominantly "female" professions where fees were introduced, while the traditionally...
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...JOB VACANCY IN COMMUNICATIONS TEAM The British High Commission (BHC) Accra has a vacancy for an LE2 Communications Officer. This is a key position, working with all parts of UK government in Accra to promote the UK Government’s engagement with Ghana and to help build internal BHC cohesion through a joined-up communications effort and by managing internal communications. The Communications Officer will work closely with all Heads of Section, reporting to the 2nd Secretary Political and Public Affairs and Deputy High Commissioner. The main elements of the job include Designing and delivering a communications strategy that helps to deliver HMG objectives in Ghana and the region, including public advocacy campaigns Writing, commissioning and editing content on HMG and British Council activity for use in a range of media Providing content for the gov.uk website Building relationships with and engaging media and Ghana government publicity machinery Acting as the BHC’s official spokesperson and first point of contact for media enquiries Overseeing all communications tools (eg media releases, web-sites, publications, twitter, facebook etc) and managing the BHC photographer role Daily monitoring of Ghanaian media outlets for content of interest to the UK Supporting the internal communication of FCO and wider UK Government corporate messages Managing relevant projects to develop Ghanaian media capacity The skills/attributes of the successful applicant will include Prioritising...
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...Significant Relationship between the Students’ Gender and their Opinion on the Addition of Sex Education in Basic Education Curriculum of Secondary Schools A Research Paper Submitted to the Teacher in Advanced Statistics Jose Panganiban National High School Jose Panganiban Camarines Norte In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Subject by: Angel Rose E. Manulid Mary Jane Castillo Jea Camille Abarca John Paul Panol March 23, 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have my sincere thanks to all the people who have contributed and helped me to work on this research study. This research would not have been possible unless my fellow group members did not helped me on gathering data or conducting a face-to-face survey on the students of Jose Panganiban National High School. I would also like to thank the students that had been asked and interviewed about our research and for those who gratefully answered our questions in a good manner. The preparation of this important document would not have been possible without the support, hard work and endless efforts of my classmates and my valuable friends to help me to finish this study and also to the work of the other group that became the basis of the format of this research paper. I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to my favorite and statistics teacher, Mrs. Marife Osorio, in spite of making our heads bleed and break through every 2:30 on the afternoon from Monday to Friday, for teaching us and...
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...Education and Gender Equality within Millennium Development Goals: KSA & China Name: Institution: Course: Date: Declaration I hereby declare that this is my work and nothing has been plagiarized. Every aspect of this work has been appropriately referenced using the APA referencing format. Executive Summary Table of Contents Contents of the report with page numbers, list of tables, and list of figures. Introduction to the Research Topic Education and gender equality are critical components of societal progress and development. They reflect basic rights that require no economic justification. This notion is reflected in the inclusion of gender related developmental and propagative objectives in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Yet it is also a case that education and gender equality has broad and positive implications for economic as well as social development to any nation. A significant decline in child illiteracy and maternal mortality remains somewhat elusive and thus the Millennium Developmental Goals initiative that has been deemed to reduce child illiteracy and promote gender equality coupled with the establishment of women empowerment within all regions of the world is poised with inconsistent progress rates within some certain countries. To deliver such Millennium Development goals and MDG3 and its supporting targets which promotes specifically gender equality and empowers women, it will be critical to elevate...
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...Tea has a rich culture in Pakistan from the decades and part of our daily lives. People love its aroma, color and especially the most important is taste. Tea is becoming social day by day as it is offered to guests as a minimum. Results were compared with the previous researches and questionnaires were given to students who were also from other provinces than Punjab. So, mostly respondents think that tea is easily affordable and accessible. Consumption of tea increases as population increases day by day. Introduction Tea is a beverage that with a huge diverse aroma and taste, commonly prepared by pouring hot and boiling water over curd leaves of tea plant. Different regions throughout the country have their own different flavors and varieties, giving Pakistani tea culture a diverse blend like doodh chai patti in Punjab and masalah chai in Karachi. In present day tea is consumed in morning, at lunch time in office hours and evening time at home with snacks like biscuits and cakes. Tea is going to become a social symbol day by day. It is served at both professional and social gatherings. Tea is a part of a culture in a sense that it is offered to guests as a minimum. Tea is symbolically a drink that has been used by upper, middle and lower classes and commonly available everywhere easily in Pakistan. Tea is a symbolic representation in Pakistan. There are several different occasions...
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...Outline & Assess the view that gender differences in education achievement are caused by factors outside school (50m) Gender and educational attainment focuses mainly on how males and females perform differently in different subjects and their tendency to study different subjects. In recent years, females are attaining more than males while males are underachieving. This may be caused by factors outside school. Outside factors has caused girls to outperforming boys is due to girls attitudes towards education as the female expectations have changed. Many women are now looking beyond the housewife role. This is supported by Sue Sharpe discovered that girls priorities had changed from marriage to having a good job. This is because there has been a genderquake, Wilkinson argues that females have improved their educational performance due to fundamental changes in attitudes towards female role in society. Therefore there is a more positive attitude towards education for women and they use this as a means of improving chances at work. This shows how outside school factors influence differences in achievement as Francis and Skelton’s studies can show that many girls are acquiring for jobs that require degree level qualifications therefore girls strive to work harder at home to ensure they do well in order to achieve a well-paid job. However, Jackson argues that its not only boys who are failing, girls are too as there are many ladettes who disrupt lessons to make themselves feel...
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...Essay: Evaluate the role of education in society. Consider issue of gender in your response. Also, consider how such factors may impact on a person’s life chances. This essay will examine the role of education in society and an analysis of inequality in relation to Gender. It will discuss briefly education and examine the different theoretical approaches to education followed by an analysis of inequality using information on statistics of inequality in British education in relation to gender and attainment. This essay will Identify and evaluate key policy developments in education provision designed to bridge the gap of gender inequality in British education. The role of education in society has been among the major issues in contemporary sociological and political debate. According to Iannelli and Paterson (2005) education is a major factor that helps determine the jobs and social class positions of individuals in society. As an institution of sociology, education plays a dominant role in transmitting prevalent ideologies of society by providing pupils with the curriculum and hidden curriculum as well as the skills that will prepare them physically, mentally and socially for their life chances (Clark 2005). Educational institutions play a very important role in reducing social inequalities. Over the last century British schools experienced very important changes and moved from a selective system to a comprehensive one in the 1960s and 70s. Much research has shown that the...
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...Gender Role Analysis The roles of gender in today’s society vary according to history, one’s personal biases, environment, and society’s input in education, government, and the workplace. History has shown that gender roles have made great strides of accomplishments in roles that were once very similar in each area of life; particularly the role of females in that they were considered to be the property of men and played the role of the helpmeet, which was a biblical term that was taken to what is considered extreme in today’s U.S. culture. Through various social movements throughout history gender roles have changed greatly. Those changes that were affected by such social movements caused great opportunities and advancement for women and minorities in education, government, and the workplace. Social Movements From the beginning of this nation women did not have the same rights as men and were considered to be more of a second class citizen. In the early years of this nation, women along with minorities were considered the property of men. Women were not permitted to be educated in most cases, did not count as a citizen, could not vote, could not own anything, could not enter into contracts, obtain credit, work without her father or husband’s permission and could not even receive a paycheck in her own name. Social movements have made great impacts on gender roles in society throughout history. From social movements in the beginning of this nations’ history such as...
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