...The human eye is an incredibly complex organ, it acts like a camera to collect and focus light and changes this light into an electrical signals that the brain then reads to form images. Instead of using film, the eye has specialized components such as the retina that detects light and process it using many types of neurons. The eye is so complex that its origin has long been a hot topic of debate and is often used to defend a creationist point of view, they say the eye is too complex to have evolved instead it must has been designed. The eye is a system that cannot function in the absence of any of its components. Even Charles Darwin remarked in the origin of species that ‘it might seem absurd to think the eye formed by natural selection’. (Fernald. R.) He did however firmly believe that the eye did evolve in this way, despite the only the small amount of evidence at that time. This evidence is hard to come by since soft-tissue structures like the eye rarely ever fossilize. However the scientific community has made recent advancements in tracking the origin of the eye by studying the formation of eyes in developing embryos and comparing these different structures and genes across many species to construct when and where key traits arose. The study indicates that ‘the human eye took shape in less than 100 million years, evolving from a simple light senor to sophisticated optical organ.’ (Lamb. T) Humans have an unbroken linage going back for 4 billion years. Almost a billion...
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...3.BASICS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY I.Human Eye Structure Light enters the eye through the pupil then it is focused on the retina. The lens helps in focusing images from different distance. The iris controls the amount of light entering the eye, as the intensity of light increases iris closes when light intensity decreases iris opens. Conjunctiva is transparent white sheet for the outside world. The focusing of lens automatically is controlled by ciliary muscles in ciliary body. Choroids form the vascular layer of the eye. It supplies nutrition to the eye structures. Optic nerve transmits image formed on the retina to the brain. No other part in retina image is as bright as optic disc is and Optic disc is circular in shape. It also acts as the entry and exist point for nerves entering as well as leaving the retina to and from the brain. The oval shape object near to the centre of the retina is called macula. The space near the centre of the macula is occupied by fovea and it contains packed cone cells. The fovea is responsible for the most accurate vision because of high amount of light sensitive cells. Fig: Human Eye Structure...
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...Sight Beyond The Human Eye Our eyes are only the surface of our sight. If one searches deeper they have the ability to see things beyond their eyesight. It can travel into thoughts to make everything seem like it is an entirely different story. As you read the two poems constructed by Emily Dickinson you can see a hidden message within it. We grow accustomed to the dark has more meaning to it than one would see at first glimpse. Before I got my eye put out also displays a view that isn’t directly shown. We grow accustomed to the dark is a piece that describes how we tend to get used to the darkness. The message taken from this piece is that many of us struggle through tough times and we don’t like change so we are all stuck in the dark after tragedy. But many fail to see it’s a bright side which is why many fail to see the light. But once we see the light your life begins to become easier. When light is put away we grow accustomed to the dark which means once our happiness is stolen from...
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...Character Sketch MY FRIEND LIZ My friend Liz is the most amazing friend anybody could ask for. We’ve been through so much together, we’re basically like sisters. We met on the first day of school in sixth grade, both of us terrified by the massive size of the middle school. She had the locker right above mine. I told her I didn’t know anybody in our class and she said “You do now.” We’ve been friends ever since. Most boys think Liz is cute. She has long red hair, cascading over her shoulders. She laughs about everything and when she does, you see about a hundred white teeth – so bright, you almost need sunglasses. When she laughs, her eyes grow wide, glowing emerald green. Liz likes to dress kind of skater-ish, in camouflage pants, sweatshirts, and wristbands. But, she’s unpredictable, too. Sometimes she’ll wear overalls or a fancy dress. She must have three closets full of clothes, because she barely ever wears the same outfit twice. Liz is the most lively, animated character I’ve ever known. She’s always rushing around, trying to get the latest scoop on everybody. It’s like she’s in the FBI. Right before she shares important news, Liz tosses back her hair, takes a deep breath, and quickly looks side to side, to be sure the coast is clear. She never says anything mean about people, she just wants to know what’s going on. She always supports me in everything I want to do. Not many girls in our group of friends play sports, but when I told Liz I wanted to go out for basketball...
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...I. Introduction The human eye is one of the most important things to a person and thus has many forms and protection. Do you know that there is also physics in your eyes. The human eye is a complex anatomical device that remarkably demonstrates the architectural wonders of the human body. Like a camera, the eye is able to refract light and produce a focused image that can stimulate neural responses and enable the ability to see. The human eye is an adjustable lens system consisting out of two focussing elements and a light receptor sysytem. In this term paper, we will focus on the physics of sight. We will use our understanding of refraction and image formation to understand the means by which the human eye produces images of distant and nearby objects. Additionally, we will investigate some of the common vision problems that plague humans and the customary solutions to those problems. Each part of the eye plays a distinct part in enabling humans to see. In the body of my term paper, we will know the important parts of our eye. And how they are related with each other. We will also know the relation of the human eye with the camera. II. Body There are imporant parts of the eye, if they will be damaged, your eyesight will not function. The eye is essentially an opaque eyeball filled with a water-like fluid. These are the parts that can be located in our eyes: the cornea, the iris and pupil, the lens, the retina, the fovea centralis, and the optic nerve. In...
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...Several different neural structures in the brain play an important role in the ability to see and understand what is being seen. Before visual information enters the brain, it must first pass through the retina in the back of the eye, which contains special photoreceptor cells called rods and cones (Kalat, 152). Rods help to see in dim light conditions, while cones are active in bright conditions and are used to see color (Kalat, 152). There are specific types of cones for different colors, such as red and blue cones (Lin & Tsai, 2015). After light is processed by these photoreceptors, it travels to the bipolar neurons of the retina and then to special ganglion cells whose axons come together to create the optic nerve (Kalat, 149). The ganglion...
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...Gamel’s “The Elegant Eyeball” we see how the eye is structured, we see the complexity of it and we see how diseases can completely ruin this miraculous organ. In Gamel’s essay it is brought to our attention how the human being cherishes their eye sight; one would choose to tolerate pain in the hope that one may regain their eye sight; however, we are never shown why the human being cherishes sight so much. “(En) trance” by Chris Arthur shows the reader how this organ allows the mind to explore all different options. In this essay we see how the eyeball allows the human being to see things in a different perspective than their own and how others may perceive an image or a building based off of their own experiences and sight. We see the importance of the eyeball in regards to memory and we see its importance in the way that sight impacts people’s lives. Although “The Elegant Eyeball” by John Gamel explains the importance of the eyeball it is through “(En) trance” by Chris Arthur that we see the emotional and physical impact it has in one’s life. Throughout his essay Gamel explains how the eye works. He explains what a normal eye would possess opposed to an eye that acquired a disease, which would eventually obtain scaring. He explains the importance of the eye stating that, “Forty percent of the brain is devoted to vision, which provides us with more information than our other four senses combined” (Gamel, 39). The importance of the eye in regards to our other sense is great. In...
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...binary because i've always been curious as to what the varied combinations of 0 and 1 could produce. I chose density as figuring out how and why materials contain different amounts of mass is intriguing. I chose the speed of light, because i've always been curious to what that entailed in terms of actual velocity. Sports and statistics interested me because i've been an avid sports fan the entirety of my life. Statistics are basically the legitimate version of fortune telling. I chose colors because the different gamma wavelengths, and what the human eye can perceive fascinates me. I chose distance, rate and time to further help me calculate traveling at static and varied paces with stops in between. I hoped to gain more general knowledge from completeing these projects which i did. The two most interesting things from these thought projects were from the colors, which was green being the most distinguishable color to the human eye and the actuality of the speed of light. I believe my mind is now honed and further able to tackle further problem solving and mathmatical problems. The thought projects I have chosen were Decimal to binary, Density, Speed of Light, Sports and statistics and colors. I chose decimal to binary because i've always been curious as to what the varied combinations of 0 and 1 could produce. I chose density as figuring out how and why materials contain different amounts of mass is intriguing. I chose the speed of light, because i've always been curious...
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...LASIK Eye Surgery Abstract: The human eye is used to view objects but some individuals have trouble viewing objects clearly. Commonly the problem is known as a refractive error. Solutions to correct refractive error are glasses, contact lenses and LASIK eye surgery. Three common forms of refractive errors are myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. These are defect in the eye or in a lens caused by a deviation from spherical curvature. Myopia is the inability to see things that are far in distance, nearsightedness. Hyperopia is the error in which one cannot view things that are near clearly, farsightedness. Astigmatism is a condition in which someone’s eye cannot focus. The start of LASIK began in 1848 with several complications and uncertainty. Over the years LASIK has developed but many are still concerned due to some complications. Complications continue to lessen as more surgeries are performed but many individuals still have fear about the surgery. Introduction: The human eye is composed of the iris, pupil, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous, retina, fovea, and the optic nerve as seen in Figure 1. One sees an object from the reflection of light which bounces off an object into the eye. Light initially travels past a thin layer of tears which begins to bring focus to the eye. Then light passes through the cornea, which bends the light through aqueous humor to the pupil. The amount of light that is trying to pass through the pupil will cause the iris to do one of two things...
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...Body Systems Preparation 2 We learned human eyes are spherical organs. Six small muscles attach the eye to the socket. According to Chiras(2013) “The wall of the human eye consists of three layers. The outermost is a durable, fibrous layer, which consists of the white off the eye(sclera). In front, this layer is clear and forms the cornea. The cornea lets light into the interior of the eye. The middle layer consists of cells containing a large amount of a dark pigment, known as melanin. In front, the pigmented layer forms the iris, the colored portion of the eye visible through the cornea. Looking in a mirror; you can see a dark opening in the iris called the pupil. The pupil allows light passing through the cornea to enter the eye. The blackness you see through the pupil is the pigmented region, just mentioned, and the pigmented section of the retina, discussed shortly. The iris contains smooth muscle cells. These cells contract and relax to adjust the amount of light entering the eye. When it is dark, for example, the muscles relax, which allows the pupils to dilate so more light enters. In bright light, just the opposite occurs. The innermost layer of the eye is the retina. The retina consist of an outer, pigmented layer and an inner layer consisting of photoreceptors. The photoreceptors of the retina are highly modified nerve cells that detect light. Two types of photoreceptors are present in the retina; rods and cones. The rods, so named because of...
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...of a connection with the world. The path and nature of the development of our senses are important for several reasons. Understanding development helps the medical field intervene in problems to help people of all ages have more normal sensory systems. Understanding development also yields important insight into the basic operations of our sensory systems. Seeing how they change gives researchers peaks into the nature of their general operation. In perceptual development, many focus area does exist, but for the purpose of this paper, emphasis will be placed on discussing the significance of nature vs. nurture to perceptual development in infants, as well as discuss other sensation and perception concepts like visual abilities – acuity and eye movements. Nature vs. Nurture Nature and Nurture in perceptual development has been an important debate for a very long time. Some psychologists strongly believe that nature plays a more significant role in development than nurture, while other proponent of the significance of nurture in development thinks otherwise. Because this is an infant focused paper, most of the discussions will be about infants/new born. William James (1980) often thought...
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...increased the ability to recognize what is seen. (Anderson, 2010) Visual information processing gives us the ability to accurately and instantaneously processes what we see interpret it and store it for later recall. (Diamant, 2008) It helps us in surviving and making decisions based on prior experiences. It assists in the interaction with the environment and decision making in situations. The brain processes then and interprets the visual data in the visual cortex; it is the cognitive skill that receives information from our eyes and cooperatively works with the brain to process what we see into something we understand. In early visual information processing “light passes through the lens and vitreous humor and falls on the retina at the back of the eye.” (Anderson, 2010, p. 34) The retina contains light sensitive molecules called photoreceptor cells that structurally change when exposed to light; the image that is formed at this stage is not sharp. The eye contains two types of photo receptors called cones and rods. Cones interpret color vision and sharpening...
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...Business Research Applications Paper RES/320 Research is used in every profession. Whether it is used to take a consensus for interest in juice bar flavors, or to isolate the blood type required for a successful transfusion, it is how all necessary questions get the appropriate and most accurate answers. I work for an organization that provides medical care. Specifically, I work for an ophthalmic clinic and surgical center. Our physician specializes in ocular diseases and refractive correction. Ocular, meaning eyes, is our specialty. Research has been used in this business by almost every person, at all times. From the initial purchase of facilities, to the expansion of facilities, to the care, diagnosis, and treatment of the patients, research is a vital part of our sustainability. Research is a key factor aiding in the physicians ability to diagnose and treat patients. However, additional consideration may need to be taken into account when providing care. When my family first had the idea to start this business, we had no idea where to begin. It was important to do some market research of our own. My father, who would be the physician, had been practicing medicine for years. However, he was no more than a shareholder in the practices he was employed by. He had never started his own practice. However, he knew from experience what type of facility he wanted to work out of and what type of diagnostic equipment would be required. My mother, who would be the CEO, was using...
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...see this triangle of interaction taking place, in which Mary is looking and interacting with St.John, who in turn is kneeling before Baby Jesus with a grand expression on his face. The Baby Jesus is closing the webbed triangle by playfully pointing an outstretched finger in the direction of the Saint, serving as a form of subtle acknowledgement of his presence. This triangular dynamic of interaction proves to be very important to the piece as a whole. The triangle forms the “railroad tracks” for the intimate onlooker of the scene to follow as they gain an understanding of the Sheer level of significance of the event in this piece. Beginning at the center of the piece, Our eyes lead us to the awed St.John, who’s eyes in turn lead us to the central character of the piece, Baby Jesus. This tracing effect of the eyes adds to the notion of this significant event as we see the emotion and...
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...Roemhild, Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth eroemhild@umassd.edu, 508-991-0165 Absract: Depth perception in humans can be impeded by disturbing binocular vision. Disturbance (e.g. covering one of two eyes with an eye patch) should impede hand-eye coordination. This statement was tested on 19 human subjects under two experimental conditions: binocular vision and monocular vision. When tested for monocular vision, subjects were to cover their right eye with an eye patch and place as many paper clips, with first their right hand and then later their left hand, in an Erlenmeyer flask placed at arm distance on the lab bench within 30 seconds. The same procedure was followed under the binocular vision but this time the subjects did not have to cover their right eye.Table 1 summarizes all of the data collected from all of the subjects ( observed values). Table 2 shows the “expected values” of vision impedance on the human subjects’ depth perception. Tables 3 and 4 show a contingency table with observed, expected, and summation values. Figure 1 shows the mean number of paper clips placed through binocular and monocular vision on either hands. Monocular vision had a fewer number of successful attempts versus binocular vision. Binocular vision allows for proper depth perception, an important adaptations for organisms like humans, who need to ambulate bipedally, hunt, forage, go up stairs, avoid holes in the ground, the ability to see your environment with a...
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