...Esteban Salazar Professor Lucker HSCS-3302 April 11, 2016 Kidney stones Kidney stones have plagued men throughout recorded history; the problem has even been “diagnosed” in Egyptian mummies that date back some 7,000 years1. At present, kidney stones have sent most three million Americans to the doctor each year, including 500,000 trips to emergency rooms1. Men are more likely to form stones than women at the ages of 20-50, with a peak of 30, but the ones that are in higher risk are those who already suffered from a stone and have a 50 % chance of forming more stones later in life1. Caucasian males are affected more commonly than African-American males, although African-American males have a higher incidence of associated infection with kidney stones whereas females of all races have been noted to have a higher incidence of hydronephrosis2. There are causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures and treatments, and preventions strategies for kidney stones. Causes of Kidney stones Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are commonly composed of calcium (75%), struvite (15%), uric acid (6%) and cysteine (2%)2. Kidney stones are prevalent in hot climates, and it effects about 10% of people over their lifetime3. Kidney stones arise in the kidney when urine becomes supersaturated with a salt that is capable of forming solid crystals2. Although the urine may look like a simple fluid, it’s actually a complex liquid that contains hundreds of chemicals and minerals1...
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...people go to emergency rooms for kidney stone problems. It is thought that one in ten people will have a kidney stone at some time in their lives. The number of people in the United States with kidney stones has been increasing over the past 30 years. In the late 1970s, less than 4% of the population had kidney stones; by the early 1990s, more than 5%. The rates are continuing to increase. The peak age for stones is between 20 years and 50 years. White Americans are more prone to develop kidney stones than African Americans, and men are much more likely to develop stones than women. Other disease like high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, chronic diarrhea, or kidney cyst might increase the risk of stones. Diabetes increases the risk of developing kidney stones, especially in younger women. Only about 25% of kidney stones occur in people with a family history of stones (Finkelstein, 2006). A kidney stone is a solid mass made up of tiny crystal. One or more stones can be in the kidney or ureter at the same time. Kidney stones can form when urine contains too much of certain substances. These substances can create small crystals that become stones (Cameron, 2007). The biggest risk factor for kidney stones is dehydration. Kidney stone are common. A person who has had kidney stones often gets them again in the future. Some types of stones tend to run in families. Certain kinds of stones can occur with bowel disease, ileal bypass for obesity, or renal...
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...Urolithiasis: Renal Stones DEFINITION * Nephrolithiasis refers to renal stone disease; urolithiasis refers to the presence of stones in the urinary system. Stones, or calculi, are formed in the urinary tract from the kidney to bladder by the crystallization of substances excreted in the urine 1. Urinary calculi are stones in urinary tract * a. Nephrolithiasis: stones form in kidneys * b. Urolithiasis: stones form in urinary tract outside kidneys 2. Highest incidence in * 3. Males more often affected than females (4:1) * 4. Most common in young and middle adults B. Risk factors * 1. Majority of stones are idiopathic (no demonstrable cause) * 2. Prior personal or family history of urinary calculi * 3. Dehydration: increased urine concentration * 4. Immobility * 5. Excess dietary intake of calcium, oxalate, protein * 6. Gout, hyperparathyroidism, urinary stasis, repeated UTI infection ETIOLOGY * METABOLIC * LIFESTYLE * GENETIC FACTORS * DRUGS * OTHERS RISK FACTORS * IMMOBILITY * SEDENTARY LIFE STYLE * DEHYDRATION * METABOLIC DISTURBANCES * HISTORY OF RENAL CALCULI RISK FACTORS * HIGH MINERAL CONTENT IN DRINKING WATER * DIETARY INTAKE * UTI & H/O FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION * PROLONGED INDWELLING CATHETERISATION * NEUROGENIC BLADDER Development and location of calculi within the urinary tract Pathophysiology 1. Factors leading to lithiasis include...
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...D: 00147829 | 1/15/2016 | This assignment is being submitted January 15, 2016 for Dr. Leyland Lucas’s ENTR.664 Entrepreneurship course being offered in Winter 2016 | 1. Discuss the process that Sarah Foster and her partners have gone through to bring to market their medical device. How might they have avoided some of the pitfalls they have encountered? Even though Sarah Foster and her partner have done an awesome job in coming up with a great product it is however important to get advice and guidance from a professionals in that field in the case we find Sarah and her partner virtually stumbled upon the idea from testing and when they found out that the product could do more in the sense that the baskets could hold the kidney stones rather than just ease urine passage. The importance of involving experts in the project will give them a specialized point of view; provide wealth of experience from past tests and in a sense cut out errors that can cause broader complications in humans testing and ensure that it’s fit for use in the market. Another benefit proper endorsement which will enable Sarah foster can have a product that is endorsed by the national association of urologists or general doctors thereby enabling the product gets greater publicity or increased acceptance. In products testing and problem resolution Sarah and her partner only conducted tests on pigs believing that the pig’s excretory system will function like the excretory system of a human being...
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...Gout Gout is painful swelling that can occur in some of your joints. Gout is a type of arthritis. This condition is caused by having too much uric acid in your body. Uric acid is a chemical that forms when your body breaks down substances called purines. Purines are important for building body proteins. When your body has too much uric acid, it can form sharp crystals that build up inside your joints. This causes pain and swelling. Gout attacks can happen quickly and be very painful (acute gout). Over time, the attacks can affect more joints and become more frequent (chronic gout). Gout can also cause uric acid to build up under your skin and inside your kidneys. CAUSES Gout is caused by too much uric acid in your blood. This can occur...
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...The Functions of Kidneys Kidneys perform many functions essential to the bodies functioning. The strain that is put on kidneys opens them up to many problems that can occur. Childhood sicknesses can result in failure of the kidneys to perform dialysis in later years of a person's life. Also, excessive minerals in the blood stream can cause kidney stones, which are very painful. Kidneys perform the basic functions of removing water and waste from the bloodstream, this process is called dialysis. After removing the water and waste from the bloodstream, it excretes them through the urine. The kidney's jobs never ends, whenever you take a drink of water or take a bite of food it will pass through the kidneys and the kidneys will filter out the unneeded particles in the bloodstream ("Body's own filter material replaces kidneys," 171). Childhood sicknesses can scar the kidneys. These scars can slowly deteriorate the kidneys until they cannot function correctly. There is no way anyone can repair the scarring of the kidneys, and it is just a matter of time before they cease to function. Lee Foster, an editor for Reader's Digest, had a childhood sickness and his kidneys eventually scarred over. He now has no use of his kidneys. He has dialysis three times a week for five hours. Before he went on dialysis he was very anemic and could not take twenty steps without resting (Lee, 99). Excessive minerals in the bloodstream can also cause problems. One of these problems that it...
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...Causes for stones in kidney and how to treat the kidney stones - The cause of kidney stone and its cure Kidney stones / kidney stones are very painful if they are not properly treated at the right time. It can also damage your system. Kidney stone is formed by calcium oxalate compound, which is considered to be stored in the mineral's kidney. The function of kidney is to remove impurity from the blood as urine. In the problem of kidney stones, molted minerales, which are present in urine, together form a big stone in the kidney, which does not come out easily by urine and hence the blockage is generated. When a kidney stone / kidney stone is produced then the person does not know that they suffer when the blockage is generated. Extraction...
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...CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE Helen T. Ocdol, MD, FPCP, FPSN Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a dreaded condition . CKD includes a continuum of kidney dysfunction from mild kidney damage to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Chronic renal disease is interchangeably used for CKD but to be unifom in usage, we will use the term Chronic Kidney Disease or CKD. In the U.S., there are 20 million adults who have chronic disease and over 400,000 persons have ESRD and require dialytic or transplantation therapy. In the Philippines, annually we have about 6,ooo patients started on dialysis most of which are caused by diabetis mellitus. Complications of this condition have also made this the 9th cause of death in our country. This is how important this disease entity has become over the last decade. Each of us has 2 kidneys, one on each side of our flanks. Chronic kidney disease is a permanent damage to both kidneys that persists for at least 3 months. If the kidney damage is temporary and has occurred less than 3 months, this is referred to as acute kidney or renal failure. Acuteness does not refer to the severity of the condition, but to a recent and temporary event, therefore, almost always reversible. Chronicity implies long-term event that is permanent and irreversible. This is probably why most patients fear to hear that they have kidney disease and would need dialysis. CKD has five (5) stages based on the kidney function as estimated by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).The best overall...
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...onset. i. ___________ and protein may stay in the urine for months. j. Teach S/S of_________________________. • Malaise, headache, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, decreased output, weight gain. B. Nephrotic Syndrome: 1. Pathophysiology: It’s an inflammatory response in the ________________→ big holes form so protein starts leaking out in the urine (what do we call this? ______________)→ Now the client is hypoalbuminemic (low albumin in the blood)→ without albumin you can’t hold on to fluid in the vascular space→ so where does all the fluid in the vascular space go? ___________________→ Now the client is edematous→ since all the fluid is going out into the tissue what has happened to the circulating blood volume?________→ The kidneys sense this decreased volume and they want to help replace it→ The renin-angiotensin system kicks...
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...Long-term Impact of Lifestyle on Kidneys -- Not Just the Heart Alex R. Chang, MD Authors and Disclosures Posted: 05/17/2011 * Print This * Share | | Hi. This is Dr. Alex Chang from Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Nephrology. I'm here at the National Kidney Foundation meeting presenting Lifestyle Behaviors and Incident Chronic Kidney Disease.[1] The premise for our study was that, as everybody knows, the obesity rates in America have gone up drastically. Nearly one-third of adults in the United States are obese. Nearly one-sixth of children are obese. These increasing rates of obesity are also paralleled by increasing rates of hypertension and diabetes as well. It seems logical that these increasing rates will also affect kidney disease. Our study was designed to look at young adults aged 18 to 30 years, from the CARDIA [Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults] study.[2] The CARDIA study is a longitudinal study. It started in 1985-1986, looking at young adults who were free of diseases. Essentially, they have had up to 25 years of follow-up at this point. In this cohort, we decided to look at lifestyle behaviors and the risk for incident chronic kidney disease. The lifestyle behaviors that we examined were smoking, obesity, diet, and physical activity. We created a diet score using methods similar to those that other researchers have used based on the DASH [Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension] diet. This diet was used in the...
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...Chronic kidney diseaseFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Chronic kidney disease Classification and external resources Uremic frost on the forehead and scalp of a young man who presented with complaints of chronic anorexia and fatigue with blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels of approximately 100 and 50 mg/dL respectively. ICD-10 N18 ICD-9 585.9 585.1-585.5 403 DiseasesDB 11288 MedlinePlus 000471 eMedicine article/238798 MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease (CRD), is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such as cardiovascular disease, anemia or pericarditis.[1] It is differentiated from acute kidney disease in that the reduction in kidney function must be present for over 3 months. Chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for creatinine. Higher levels of creatinine indicate a lower glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys to excrete...
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...failure. Renal failure is also known as kidney failure. Your kidneys provide many vital life sustaining functions and when they fail there could be many reasons for this from disease to damage. Depending on the severity of your renal failure your options may or may not be limited. Treatment options consist of Dialysis or kidney transplant. Renal failure is a reduction or total cessation of the glomerular filtration. Your kidneys provide many vital functions for your body to sustain life. Kidneys are responsible for filtering out the waste products from the body. You create waste from the food and drink that is indigested. Kidneys are also responsible for maintaining the water-salt balance in your system which in turn helps maintain blood pressure. They also help maintain the acid base balance in your body. Kidneys produce Erythropoietin, a hormone that travels to the red bone marrow, where it stimulates the production of red blood cells. Your kidneys also activate the vitamin D that is synthesized by your skin via the sun or ingested when we eat certain foods. The kidneys transforms vitamin D into a form that we can use called calcitriol. Calcitriol promotes the absorption and use calcium and phosphorus by the body. (J.G. & B.M. ch16) When your kidneys fail they are then referred to as renal failure. Renal failure can happen for many reasons. Renal failure can be acute, meaning immediate or happening over the next couple of days. Kidney failure can also be chronic meaning...
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...she had very little urine output. Answer questions 1-8 below. In each scenario, the patient is experiencing renal failure. 1. What is happening to Ms. Jones’s kidneys, and why is it causing the observed symptom? when a person produces less than 500 milliliters of urine in 24 hours, this defines decreased urine output (Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 2007). Ischemia, hemorrhage, poisons, and severe kidney disease may cause renal failure. 2. What other symptoms and signs might occur? Lethargy, weakness, shortness of breath, and generalized swelling may occur. Acute Renal failure: sudden drop in urine production, headache, gastrointestinal distress, and odor of ammonia on breath. Chronic renal failure: longstanding kidney disease such as chronic glomerulonephritis, hypertension, or diabetic nephropathy. 3. What is causing Ms. Jones’s kidney disease? The causes can be “from dehydration due to vomiting, diarrhea, or fever, with a lack of adequate fluid intake, severe infection leading to shock, drugs like anticholinergics, methotrexate, and diuretics” (Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 2007). Chronic renal failure: poorly controlled diabetes, poorly controlled high blood pressure, and chronic glomerulonephritis. Damages directly to the kidney itself include sepsis, medications toxic to the kidney like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, naproxen), antibiotics (gentamicin, tobramycin), and lithium, Rhabdomyolysis, Multiple Myeloma, and acute glomerulonephritis...
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...leukocytes precipitate at the bottom of the container; they cannot detect if the sample is not mixed. Another limitation is that excess urine extracted can cause spillage of the pads thus the reagents of the adjacent pads mixes with the distorting colors (Thomas, Javier, & Espina. 2006, p.60). The pad could also be disrupted causing a false positive. The advantage of the sol-gel biosensor is that it can easily detect non polar molecules that can cause kidney failure and that do not respond to most measurement devices; other methods take a long time to discover the kidney failure at the time when it has already advanced causing permanent to the kidney. These sensors are also specific as the immobilized system used in them. Another benefit that comes from using a smart urinary sensor is that it can be used repetitively; unlike enzymes used in a urine strip which have a short life span. By researching on this device, we will able to find a faster and more effective way of detecting kidney failure and be able to treat the disease. They have a continuous monitoring process to have an...
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...10 Symptoms of Kidney Disease x What are you doing to manage your kidney disease? Click here to answer Many people who have chronic kidney disease don't know it because the early signs can be very subtle. It can take many years to go from chronic kidney disease (CKD) to kidney failure. Most people with CKDlive out their lives without ever reaching kidney failure. People with stage 3 CKD have about an 80% chance of never having their kidneys fail. At any stage of kidney disease, knowledge is power. Knowing the symptoms of kidney disease can help you get the treatment you need to feel your best. If you or someone you know has one or more of the following symptoms of CKD, or you worry about kidney problems, see a doctor for blood and urine tests. Remember,many of the symptoms can be caused by other health problems. The only way to know the cause of YOUR symptoms is to see your doctor. Symptom 1: Changes in Urination Kidneys make urine, so when the kidneys are failing, the urine may change. How? * You may have to get up at night to urinate. * Urine may be foamy or bubbly. * You may urinate more often, or in greater amounts than usual, with pale urine. * You may urinate less often, or in smaller amounts than usual, with dark-colored urine. * Your urine may contain blood. * You may feel pressure or have difficulty urinating. What patients said: "When you go to use the restroom, you couldn't get it all out. And it would still feel just like tightness...
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