...Research on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean Read the following articles in GGR: pp.151-230 These readings review the status of research in women's and gender studies in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean After I read the articles, I see women from Latin America and the Caribbean are facing similar issue with women from Asia and Africa. Sure that women’s right has come a long way and women role have change from only working in the houses or farms to working outside of the house support their families’ financial, but still they are suffer from gender inequality, poverty, and violence. Women are often treated as subordination to men in many ways like in economic or social life and when they want to work they are disadvantaged by childcare and housework responsibilities. To me, it seems like Latin America and the Caribbean special in Puerto Rico and Cuba have made more progress in women’s right than in Africa or Asia. Violence against women is still a serious problem in Latin America and the Caribbean. High rate of women have been a victim of sexual, physical, or psychological violence by partners just because they are women and seen as the weaker sex, even though there is law to protect women but usually get overlook especially in cases of domestic violence. I am also agree with Marta Nunez Sarmiento that there are more studies on women than men and in gender studies we should look on men perspective too. Cuban women have gained women equal in economic...
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...Cervical Cancer Caused by Human Papillomavirus Infection in Latin America: A Focus on Populations in Rural Honduras Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer affecting women worldwide, but is the most common cause of cancer death in women in developing countries, disproportionally representing 80% of the cervical cancer deaths in women throughout the world (Ferrera et al., 1997; Perkins et al., 2011). More specifically, in 2008, statistics recorded over 80,000 women in Latin America and the Caribbean were diagnosed with cervical cancer, and nearly 36,000 died from the disease (PAHO et al., 2012). This accounts for over 16% (incidence) and over 13% (mortality) of the world’s public health burden due to cervical cancer. These numbers indicate that incidence of cervical cancer in Latin America is among the highest in the world, along with Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia (Arrossi et al., 2003). Cervical cancer mortality has remained consistently high in Latin America despite significant health care spending increases due to poor quality services, as well as, limited population coverage, specifically in rural areas (Perkins et al., 2009). Most importantly; however, is that cervical cancer is the most prevalent cause of cancer in women in Honduras and the leading cause of cancer death for Honduran women (Ferrera et al., 1997; Garrett et al., 2013) It is critical to note that many epidemiological studies show that the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is detected...
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...Femicide, Femicide is defined as the violent killing of women based on gender. It is not clear how many femicides happen worldwide because in most countries homicides are not separated by gender, That makes it difficult to really count how many femicides actually occur. Femicides in Latin America are especially high. A survey taken in 2016 by Small Arms Survey showed that out the twenty five countries with the highest femicide rates, fourteen of them are countries in Latin America (Take five: Fighting femicide in Latin America, 2017) Ni Una Mas or not one more is a phrase that has been a commonly used term for the violent killings of women in Latin America. In Mexico, especially, reports of these killings date back as early as 1990s in the...
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...Pressure on the Mestiza/Indigenous Women of Colonial Latin America Colonial times in Latin America were tough for both mestizas/indigenous and Spanish women. Latin America’s status of indigenous women changed in terms of their positions in the hierarchy of society, labor roles, and their marriage responsibilities and their own freedoms. The Spanish women began to impose several changes in order to accustom the indigenous women to their level in order to make the “New Spain” a reality. During early conquest, mestiza women, especially those of noble classes were accustomed to be married off as soon as their fathers had an idea of who they wanted to be allied with and to move up in hierarchy. As Susan Socolow said, “Indeed, chiefs offered their sisters and daughters to Spanish conquistadors, continuing the pre-Columbian pattern of using women to appease the powerful and ally with them.” Reigning Spanish conquistadors or other tribal leaders sought to establish alliances, so women were in other words seen as objects to benefit them. Spanish women at the time of colonization were rare, but for instance, Juan Jaramillo was one of the early conquistadors who married. As said, “Her father, don Leonel de Cervantes was a comendador of the Order of Santiago…” The few rare Spanish women available during the colonization state tended to be noble daughters of comendadors, who were married off quickly to other rising nobles, which is similar to how mestiza women were given off, but different...
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...POVERTY AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS AND WHITES IN LATIN 2 AMERICA AND THE UNITED STATES Abstract This article reports the relationship between the United States immigrant and African- American families presented by Daniel Patrick Moynihan in his 1965 report to President Lyndon Johnson remains the most popular folk model for explaining success, failure and mutual aid in “poverty.” The Moynihan model is an enduring part of popular discourses on race, intensified by contemporary immigrant successes narratives. The participant observation research among homeless African-American families and Latin American families had participated in a small business creation in New York City which happened more than three years ago. When kinship norms are typically American, it is said that certain immigrant family forms are more suited to mutual aid crisis. The African- American family is misused as being dysfunctional. It gives an overview of the demographic of “poverty” and how these demographics have changed since 1979. It also considers trends that have emerged over the last few decades and reconsiders the successes and failures of past public policy. It also identifies the growing feminization of poverty and the growing Latino population as the primary challenges currently facing public makers...
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...Although Latin America has faced many social, political, and economic issues within the last three centuries, inequality remains one of the most important, historical, and omnipresent aspects of the region’s culture. As Europeans took over Latin America during the time of colonization, they implemented many elitist social structures that have held strong and are evident today (Harris). Income inequality is the most visible and greatest disparity that the region faces; yet inequality between gender, ethnicities, and education remain strong and significant problems with a necessity for improvement. Inequality of wealth and disparity of power and influence are Latin American’s greatest curses and are at the root of many of the developmental, social, criminal, and political problems that continue to plague the region (De Ferranti). Since inequality has pervaded into every feature of Latin American society, it is important to measure inequality accurately in order to obstruct the causes of the discrimination and prevent new ones from beginning. The Gini Coefficient is an effective way that people indicate the inequality of a country by measuring a frequency distribution of income or wealth. Using the "Gini Index" of inequality in the distribution of income and consumption, the researchers found that Latin America and the Caribbean, from the 1970s through the 1990s, measured nearly 10 points more unequal than Asia, 17.5 points more unequal than the 30 countries in the Organization...
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...HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS | LATIN AMERICA | | Sherry | 6/20/2013 | There are several factors that are responsible for the rise of the vernacular language. The French were the first do their literacy work in the vernacular language. Vernacular language spread throughout Europe by the 14th century. | Historical Foundations- Latin America For many years the Latin language was dominating the western world. It had a very large impact on the medieval way of life. The ones that lived the farthest away began going through the changes first. There were a lot of people that chose to use their vernacular language rather than Latin. The English had several vernaculars at this time. Depending on which social class you were in, was the vernacular language that you used. Germany started using the vernacular language as early as the eighth century. The vernacular language was being used in most of Europe by the fourteenth century. They weren’t worried so much about the grammar and spelling though, they were just concerned that the people with different languages would be able to read and to understand a very common language and communicate with each other. There was a big impact on the cultures due to the vernacular languages. The Latin language seemed to be disappearing, but with three possible outcomes. They thought that fewer people would be literate and hold power over the ones that couldn’t use it. They were thinking that maybe everyone needed to learn the Latin language, even though...
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...“All objects, all phases of culture are alive. They have voices. They speak of their history and interrelatedness. And they are all talking at once! Camille Paglia The history and the effects of vernacular language on culture in Latin America can date back to the twelfth century where vernacular language was used for means of religious inquiry, social class identification, and formerly, Latin was the most used language wherever a Roman empire had ruled. Previously in Latin America, Catholicism was practiced. Latin America has many influences from other cultures. For example: Latin America adopted European Colonial culture where it used its literature, painting, music, and language. Immigration practices, slave use from Africa including but not limited to dance and religion. Latin America has based most of its culture upon another. Latin American practice many religions but most of the population consisted of high class individuals who practiced the Christian religion. Christianity dominated during medieval times. At one point, Christian faith affected everyone in Western Europe. To seek answers, Latin’s used to read Latin classics, analyzed Roman law, and works of church fathers. Furthermore, Latin America has a high taste in literature with literary works such as “The Song of Roland “and Chretien de Troyesis. Poets and authors of this time viewed themselves and conductors of knowledge. Vernacular language was of great use in these works but nor for the reason that became...
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...originated from South America in the early 1950s when Marxism was the most popular theory among the poor. It was a response to the ill-treatment and poverty facing the ordinary people. It dealt with the issue of distribution of wealth among people in order to upgrade the economic status in life. This movement had strong Romanian Catholic roots bolstered in Colombia in 1968 at a conference where, the bishops proposed a merger between the Karl Marx teachings with those of Jesus Christ. Liberation theology support was immense but various critiques across the religious framework (Novak, 1991). This movement arose in catholic and protestant churches and it has three main expressions as discussed herein. Black Liberation Theology Black liberation theology strongly focuses on the African American community. This theory got formulated in 1969 by the Nation Committee of Black Church men as a civil rights movement. The key goal is to make Christianity real for the black people. The offshoot of this movement was in South America during the liberation of African American people from all kinds of injustices and bondage especially in the social, political and economical focus. Coined by James Cone in 1970, the movement focused on promoting communism and Marxism by incorporating religious interpretation. This theory focused on issues relating to deliverance from injustices which was not the core principle of the Gospel. However, it is significant that African Americas needed freedom from unfair...
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...from Central and South America. The author Jimenez Francisco, an immigrant from Mexico, came with his family to the United States in the 1940’s. In an article written about him, Deanna Day writes “When Francisco was four years old, his family immigrated to California for more economic and educational opportunities” (Day). The causes of immigration, both legal and illegal, to the United States from Central and South America are first, high crime rates secondly, poverty in those regions, and thirdly, higher quality of life in the United States. First, a cause for immigration to the United States is because of high crime rates. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Central America is tied with Southern Africa as the world’s most violent region (UNODC, 12). In two countries, Mexico and Venezuela, the homicide rate on a three year average has been rising (36). A large part of the violence in this reason is due to gang activity. In 2012, the homicide rate of El Salvador went down by forty percent after a truce between two gangs in the country (45). People do not want to live in a country where they feel unsafe on a regular basis. These conditions are some of the reasons why people immigrate to the United States. Secondly, poverty is also a large concern in these areas. One out of five Latin Americans live in chronic poverty, according to the World Bank study on poverty in Latin America, "Left Behind: Chronic Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean" (Vakis...
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...el augue de otra nueva y se convirtió en la madre simbólica del Nuevo group étnico” que shapes Mexico today. The role of La Malinche in the construction of present day Mexico is both revered and condemned. Historically, the consensus was that the traitorous alliance between Malinche and the Spanish conquerors was unforgivable. Recently, however, many have attempted to rewrite the unjust reputation of la “Eva Mexicana.” The song “La Maldición De La Malinche” by Amparo Ochoa and the poem, “La Malinche” by Carmen Tafolla are prototypes that demonstrate the two disputing perceptions of the impact of la Malinche on Mexico today. III.) The song “La Maldición De La Malinche” presents an overview of the European colonization in the Americas and the subjection of the indigenous people. The attitude of the...
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...the gross domestic product of these countries is threated by the violence. Because of the power of these Transnational Organized Crime groups in Latin America, the borders between the United States and Mexico are more dangerous. These groups create border crossings that can be employed by other criminal groups and terrorist group’s illegal crossing into America. Brazil, for example, has become a major spot for human trafficking trade. With Transnational Organized Crime groups from around the world kidnapping people and sending them around the world for prostitution. Groups from Russia and Japan have the biggest impact by far in Brazil. A major player in the world of Transnational Organized Crime in Latin America is the Sinaloa drug cartel. “The White House Office of Drug Control Policy estimates that Americans spend $100 billion on illegal drugs each year, and the RAND Corporation says that about $6.5 billion of that reaches Mexican cartels. With an estimated 60% market share, Sinaloa cartel is raking in approximately $3 billion per year.” (Matthews, 2014). With the Sinaloa having that much stake in the illegal drug trade they will be willing to do nearly anything to keep up their illegal smuggling activities at any cost. This group pose’s a significant threat to the borders of America as well as many others operating in Latin...
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...In this article, author Peter Singer argues some of his view on abortion. He states that abortion helps those in underdeveloped countries. In countries of Africa and Latin America, women and men are not as educated on sex as some American countries. This leads to 32 abortions per 1,000 women in Latin America and 29 in Africa. This is comparable to only 11 in the United States (Singer). He states that abortion is a hot topic in the United States, however, in the underdeveloped countries it seems to be an after thought. He also uses this opportunity to point out flaws in the pro-life argument against abortion. Singer addresses the fact that most pro-life people believe a human life starts at conception. He claims that a mere Homo sapiens life should not be entitled to the same rights that a living, breathing woman is entitled to. He wraps up his argument in saying pro-life people would spend all day picketing at an abortion clinic but turn a blind eye to slaughterhouses....
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...1995 and 2003, the abortion rate (the number of abortions per 1,000 women of childbearing age—i.e., those aged 15–44) for the world overall dropped from 35 to 29. It remained virtually unchanged, at 28, in 2008. • Nearly half of all abortions worldwide are unsafe, and nearly all unsafe abortions (98%) occur in developing countries. In the developing world, 56% of all abortions are unsafe, compared with just 6% in the developed world. • The proportion of abortions worldwide that take place in the developing world increased between 1995 and 2008 from 78% to 86%, in part because the proportion of all women who live in the developing world increased during this period. • Since 2003, the number of abortions fell by 600,000 in the developed world but increased by 2.8 million in the developing world. In 2008, six million abortions were performed in developed countries and 38 million in developing countries, a disparity that largely reflects population distribution. • A woman’s likelihood of having an abortion is slightly elevated if she lives in a developing region. In 2008, there were 29 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44 years in developing countries, compared with 24 per 1,000 in the developed world. REGIONAL INCIDENCE AND TRENDS • The overall abortion rate in Africa, where the vast majority of abortions are illegal and unsafe, showed no decline between 2003 and 2008, holding at 29 abortions per 1,000 women of childbearing age. • The Southern Africa subregion, dominated by South...
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...Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria” is about the racist stereotypes that she has encountered in her life. Cofer is known for the publishing of three collections of poetry, four essay collections, four novels, and short story collections. Cofer is currently “Regents’ and Franklin Professor of English and Creative Writing at the University of Georgia” (230). In this essay Cofer often experiences being stereotyped based off her beauty and ethnic background. Cofer is a beautiful Hispanic woman “who so obviously belongs to Rita Moreno’s gene pool” (231), as she stated in the beginning of the essay. Cofer begins the essay by relating an experience where a drunk man started singing "Maria”, from "Westside Story” (231) to her, while she is on a bus trip to London from Oxford. Cofer tries to keep her cool even though everyone around her finds it entertaining. Cofer states “I managed my version of an English smile: no show of teeth, no extreme contortions of facial muscles. . .” (231). At this moment, Cofer is aggravated by the actions of the drunk man but tries to keep her composure. Cofer feels that just because she is beautiful that does not...
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