...Apa itu LINUS Apa Itu LINUS ? 11. LATAR BELAKANG 1. Y.A.B Menteri Pelajaran, Tan Sri Dato’ Haji Muhyiddin bin Mohd. Yassin telah membentangkan Bidang Keberhasilan Utama [National Key Result Areas (NKRA’s)] Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia pada bulan Ogos 2009. 2. Sektor Dasar dan Pembangunan Pendidikan, Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (KPM) telah diamanahkan untuk mengawas, melaksana danmenyelaras Ministry Key Performance Indicator(NKPI) 3.2 KPM iaitu semua murid yang tiada masalah pembelajaran berupaya menguasai kemahiran membaca, menulis dan mengira selepas mengikuti pendidikan tiga tahun di peringkat rendah pada akhir tahun 2012. 3. Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum (BPK) pula dipertanggungjawabkan untuk menerajui projek ini dengan kerjasama semua bahagian dalam KPM. Sehubungan dengan itu, satu program alternatif telah dirangka untuk murid Tahun 1, 2 dan 3 (Tahap I) yang belum menguasai kemahiran asas literasi dan numerasi. Projek ini dinamai Program Literasi dan Numerasi (LINUS) yang merupakan penambahbaikan daripada program Kelas Intervensi Awal Membaca dan Menulis (KIA2M) untuk murid Tahun 1 yang dilaksanakan mulai tahun 2006. 4. Murid berkeperluan khas yang meliputi murid bermasalah pembelajaran, masalah pendengaran, masalah pertuturan, masalah penglihatan, masalah kepelbagaian deria, masalah fizikal, dan terencat akal, kurikulum yang khusus telah dibina. RASIONAL 5. Asas literasi dan numerasi merupakan kemahiran yang diperlukan...
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...Introduction to UNIX and Linux UNIX was developed at Bell Laboratories by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in 1969 and it was created on a minicomputer called the PDP-7. (Muse) Computer aided design, manufacturing control systems, laboratory simulations, even the Internet its self, all began life with and because of UNIX systems. (unix.org) The reason for building UNIX was to create a simple interactive operating system, called “Multics” (Multiplexed Information and Computing System). (Kioskea.net) UNIX went through growing pains through the years, but in 1991, Linus Torvalds, commenced Linux development and the distro Solaris 1.0 debuts. (unix.org) Torvalds writes “Sadly, a kernel” (which is what Linux is and has always been) “by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system you need a shell, compliers, a library, etc.” (Moody, pg 44) “Linus Torvalds had a kernel but no programs of his own, Richard Stallman and GNU had programs but no working kernel.” (linux.org) GNU is a recursive acronym that means GNU is Not Unix. UNIX/Linux can literally be used anywhere. While completing my AAS, my final project was to build a Samba server, which I needed a Linux distro to make happen, and I went with Ubuntu. Samba is the standard Windows interoperability suite of programs for Linux and UNIX. (Samba.org) Basically, Samba makes file transfer between a Linux/Unix server, and a Windows server, seamless. To Windows, Samba looks just like another Windows server so it allowes easy file...
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...Chapter 1 Exercise 1 Free software is software which is not charged for; as such you can share it with whoever you want, as many times as you want. You can also install it on as many of your home computers as you wish. Chapter 1 Exercise 4 GNU a group dedicated to creating an operating system compatible with the Unix software system. Linux is based off the original Unix operating software. Unix provided the kernel, while Linux provided the interface that people used in place of another operating system like windows or apples own software. Linus Torvalds developed the Linux kernel, and Richard Stallman created the GNU Project Chapter 2 Exercise 1 Depending on the installation being done, Fedora/RHEL either overwrites all the files on the hard drive, or updates the software that has new versions Chapter 3 Exercise 1 A live system is where you have a linux running on top of another operating system like windows. The advantages are that none of the changes you make are kept, as it doesn’t write to the hard drive Chapter 3 Exercise 4 I honestly could not find the answer to this question Chapter 3 Exercise 8 Disk Druid is a GUI program that allows users to add, delete or modify partitions on a hard disk Chapter 11 Exercise 1 Single user mode is where only the system console is enabled, you can run programs from the console, so long as they are not graphical programs (Text only). Multi user Mode is where you have a graphical interface to use. Chapter 11 Exercise 3 SU...
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...I actually have four ways in which change can impact my leadership at work, and they all derive from quotes that were in the clip. (1) “You get the best efforts from others not by lighting a fire beneath them, but by building a fire within” – Bob Nelson. In other words, I could be a better leader by being a team player with my employees and not just being their boss. This also relates to #9 above, stand with the team, not above them. Another quote which this relates to is “The measure of a truly great man is the courtesy with which he treats lesser men” – Anonymous. So instead of being a “bossy boss” and have the state of mind that I am above my employees, I should treat them like equals. I should let them know that I am there to help them achieve their goals; not just to tell them what to do and how to do it. (2) “It’s easier for companies to come up with new ideas than to let go of old ones” – Peter Drucker. This is inevitable for change. If I see a different, better way of doing things around the office, I need to implement that change. Even though I might step on a few toes (those supervisors who are above me and used to doing things the “old” way), I should voice my new ideas in order to make the organization run more smoothly. This is the sign of a good leader; one who is not afraid to make changes which will improve the organization. (3) “The greatest management tool in the world is ‘the things that get rewarded and appreciated get done’” – Michael LeBouef...
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...Chapter 1 Exercise 1 Free software is software which is not charged for; as such you can share it with whoever you want, as many times as you want. You can also install it on as many of your home computers as you wish. Chapter 1 Exercise 4 GNU a group dedicated to creating an operating system compatible with the Unix software system. Linux is based off the original Unix operating software. Unix provided the kernel, while Linux provided the interface that people used in place of another operating system like windows or apples own software. Linus Torvalds developed the Linux kernel, and Richard Stallman created the GNU Project Chapter 2 Exercise 1 Depending on the installation being done, Fedora/RHEL either overwrites all the files on the hard drive, or updates the software that has new versions Chapter 3 Exercise 1 A live system is where you have a linux running on top of another operating system like windows. The advantages are that none of the changes you make are kept, as it doesn’t write to the hard drive Chapter 3 Exercise 4 I honestly could not find the answer to this question Chapter 3 Exercise 8 Disk Druid is a GUI program that allows users to add, delete or modify partitions on a hard disk Chapter 11 Exercise 1 Single user mode is where only the system console is enabled, you can run programs from the console, so long as they are not graphical programs (Text only). Multi user Mode is where you have a graphical interface to use. Chapter 11 Exercise 3 SU...
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...The Cathedral and the Bazaar Eric Steven Raymond cf text and copyright at: www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings Abstract I anatomize a successful open-source project, fetchmail, that was run as a deliberate test of some surprising theories about so=ware engineering suggested by the history of Linux. I discuss these theories in terms of two fundamentally di:erent development styles, the “cathedral” model of most of the commercial world versus the “bazaar” model of the Linux world. I show that these models derive from opposing assumptions about the nature of the so=ware-debugging task. I then make a sustained argument from the Linux experience for the proposition that “Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow”, suggest productive analogies with other self-correcting systems of selfish agents, and conclude with some exploration of the implications of this insight for the future of so=ware. 1 The Cathedral and the Bazaar Linux is subversive. Who would have thought even five years ago (1991) that a world-class operating system could coalesce as if by magic out of part-time hacking by several thousand developers scattered all over the planet, connected only by the tenuous strands of the Internet? Certainly not I. By the time Linux swam onto my radar screen in early 1993, I had already been involved in Unix and open-source development for ten years. I was one of the first gnu contributors in the mid-1980s. I had released a good deal of open-source so=ware onto the net, developing...
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...Greg Kroah-Hartman is a kernel champion, devfs headsman and inexplicable lover of PCI Hotplug subsystems. The first computer that he ever used was a Radio Shack TRS-80, Model 3, and the first piece of code that he ever wrote were programs in BASIC that ended up being used by his parents for different volunteer tasks they were involved in at the time (Rf.1). He has resided in Portland, Oregon for more than ten years with his beautiful wife and two children, and currently works for Novell in the SUSE Labs division as a full time employee on the Linux Driver Project. He is considered to be an authority and “rock star” in his field, and is the co-author of "Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition" and sole author of the book entitled, "Linux Kernel in a Nutshell" (Rf.2). He used to be a contributing editor for Linux Journal, and began building the Linux kernel in 1996, and wrote the programs for the Linux kernel drivers in 1999. He is the current maintainer of the USB, PCI, driver core and sysfs subsystems in the kernel source tree, the staging subsystem, USB, driver core, debugfs, kref, kobject, and the sysfs kernel subsystems. Another one of his co-responsibilities is maintaining the Linux kernel for the -stable branch with his colleague, Chris Wright (Rf.3). He is also the maintainer of the linux-hotplug , and created and maintains the Linux Device Driver Kit. He also contributes articles to LWN.net, the news computing site, and in 2006, he released a CD image of material...
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...Guide to Linux+ (2nd Edition) ISBN 0-619-21621-2 End of Chapter Solutions Chapter 1 Solutions Review Questions 1. Every computer consists of physical components and logical components. The logical components of a computer that understand how to work with the physical components are referred to as: a. hardware b. records c. software d. processors Answer: c 2. The operating system software is necessary for a computer to function. True or False? Answer: True 3. Linux is a ___________ and ___________ operating system. a. production, stable b. multiuser, multitasking c. processing, operating d. large, useful Answer: b 4. The core component of the Linux operating system is the Linux kernel. If you were a Linux systems administrator for a company, when would you need to upgrade your Linux kernel? (Choose all that apply.) a. when you need to have support in Linux for new hardware b. when you need another user interface c. when you need to increase the stability of Linux d. when you need to use kernel modules Answer: a, c 5. Which of the following kernels are developmental kernels? (Choose all that apply.) a. 2.3.4 b. 2.5.5 c. 2.2.7 d. 2.4.4 Answer: a, b 6. A production kernel refers to a kernel whose: a. revision number is even b. minor number is odd ...
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...Guide to Linux+ (2nd Edition) ISBN 0-619-21621-2 End of Chapter Solutions Chapter 1 Solutions Review Questions 1. Every computer consists of physical components and logical components. The logical components of a computer that understand how to work with the physical components are referred to as: a. hardware b. records c. software d. processors Answer: c 2. The operating system software is necessary for a computer to function. True or False? Answer: True 3. Linux is a ___________ and ___________ operating system. a. production, stable b. multiuser, multitasking c. processing, operating d. large, useful Answer: b 4. The core component of the Linux operating system is the Linux kernel. If you were a Linux systems administrator for a company, when would you need to upgrade your Linux kernel? (Choose all that apply.) a. when you need to have support in Linux for new hardware b. when you need another user interface c. when you need to increase the stability of Linux d. when you need to use kernel modules Answer: a, c 5. Which of the following kernels are developmental kernels? (Choose all that apply.) a. 2.3.4 b. 2.5.5 c. 2.2.7 d. 2.4.4 Answer: a, b 6. A production kernel refers to a kernel whose: a. revision number is even b. minor number is odd ...
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...The history of Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by a Finnish student by the name of Linus Torvalds to create a new free Operating System Kernel. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an Operating System because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. The development of Linux was done on Minix using the GNU C Compiler. The GNU C compiler is still the main choice for compiling Linux today. The code however, can be built with other compilers, such as the Intel C Compiler. At first Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention FREAX, a part manteaux of “Free”, “Freak”, and “X” (as an allusion to UNIX). During the start of his work on the system, he stored the files under the name “FREAX” for about half of a year. Torvalds had already considered the name “Linux”, but initially dismissed it as being to egotistical. In order to facilitate the development, the files had to be uploaded to a FTP Server. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds coworker at Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) who was one of the Administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that “FREAX” was a good name. So, Ari named the project “Linux” on the server without consulting with Torvalds. Later, However, Torvalds consented to “Linux”. Torvalds first published the Linux Kernel under its own license, which had a restriction on commercial activity. The software to use with the Kernel was software developed...
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...use. The “free” part of the title refers not to price, but more so to the idea of freedom for the user. The user of this type of software has the ability to copy and to reuse the software which usually is not the case. The open source part of the acronym refers to the use of the peer to peer model of development. In the 1950’s to 1970’s, advanced user privelages in reference to software were the norm. Most software allowed the user to share and copy at this time, since most of the companies who dealt in the field were more focused on marketing the hardware the software was almost always complimentary. This however, began to change when software development costs began to escalate and companies began competing for the software market. Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux kernel began to shift things back in 1991. His software was a freely modifiable source code. Over the years the idea gathered much more momentum. It has burgheoned so that now major IT companies are now developing projects with open source applications. The advent of FOSS and its impact on the past, present, and future of the IT industry can not be overlooked, but rather should be observed with a watchful eye lest we be left in the proverbial dark ages. References Claburn, Thomas (17 January 2007). "Study Finds Open Source Benefits Business". InformationWeek. CMP Media LLC. Fisher, Franklin M.; McKie, James...
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...1. What is free software? List three characteristics of free software. Free product of the internet. You are free to study it, redistribute it, and modify it. 4. What is the Free Software Foundation/GNU? What is Linux? Which parts of the Linux operating system did each provide? Who else has helped build and refine this operating system? GNU, which stands for Gnu’s Not UNIX, is the name for the com- plete UNIX-compatible software system, created by Richard Stallman. Linus Torvalds created Linux to counteract the shortcomings in MINIX. 1. Briefly, what does the process of installing an operating system such as Fedora/RHEL involve? Installing Fedora/RHEL is the process of copying operating system files from a CD, DVD, or USB flash drive to hard disk(s) on a system and setting up configuration files so Linux runs properly on the hardware. Several types of installations are pos- sible, including fresh installations, upgrades from older releases of Fedora/RHEL, and dual-boot installation 1. What is a live system? What advantages does it have over an installed system? A live session gives you a chance to preview Fedora without installing it. Because a live session does not write to the hard disk (other than using a swap par- tition, if one is available), none of the work you save will be available once you reboot. You can use a USB flash drive, Webmail, or another method to transfer files you want to preserve to another system. 4. Where...
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...Ch. 1 1. Free software is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change. A. It has a big selection of applications. B. It has a wide variety of tools. C. It is portable. D. The code can be copied, modified and redistributed. 4. The GNU is the name of the compatible software system which Richard Stallman wrote so he could he could give it away free of any charge to anyone who could use it. Linux is a code that was created by Linus Torvalds to counter act the short comings in Minix. The GNU provided the kernel and the system programs. Linux provided the free source code. Many people through the internet have helped to develop Linux as it is today. Ch. 2 1. Insert the install DVD and the computer boots from it. Press the tab key to display the command line and install the program. Fedora/RHEL creates the RAM disks. The installer copies tools or brings up a system from the CD or DVD to the RAM disks. The disks allow the specification and design and enables you to opt out before it is finished. Then it asks you how you want to configure the program. When the installer is done it writes the files to the hard disk. During the first boot it asks questions...
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...Linux Operating System Mark Stansbery POS/355 Alicia Pearlman May 5, 2012 Linux is an operating system just like Windows, and MAC OS, but more along the same lines of the UNIX operating system, because they have some of the same features. Out of the three most popular operating systems, Linux is surprisingly enough is the least popular. It is growing in popularity as more and more systems start to use it, but it still has a long way to go. The information that follows will give some of the history behind Linux and the features, benefits, and drawbacks to the system. In 1986, Linus Torvalds began to learn, quite extensively, hardware programming to help him with his Sinclair computer. He developed a floppy controller driver as well as a programming tool to help him with his efforts to better understand and improve the performance of his machine. In 1991, Torvalds got his first 386-Intel based PC, which ran a version of UNIX called Minix. Minix was developed as a learning system and was very popular in the universities. Torvalds found out very quickly that he did not like the Terminal emulator that was provided, and since the source code for Minix was open source, he began a project to develop his own code to design an improved emulator that provided more functions especially on a hardware level. As he further developed the code and more functionality was added Torvalds decided that his design was more on the lines of an operating system instead of just a utility...
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...these graduates succeed in the industry as UNIX was being spread throughout the world. What are multiuser systems? Why are they successful?Multiuser is a term that defines an operating system or application software that allows access by multiple users of a computer. They are so successful because they allow for collaborative projects to be conducted with much more ease and efficiency. What is the Free Software Foundation/GNU? What is Linux? Which parts of the Linux operating system did each provide? Who else has helped build and refine this operating system?The GNU is a completely free (in the freedom sense) operating system built by Richard Stallman and many of its components, except for the kernel, were completed in the early '90s. Linus Torvalds wrote the kernel for Linux, which was also intended to be a free operating system, in the early '90s. The two systems then were combined together to finish Linux, with it's original kernel and added features supplied by GNU. Linux was born off the internet with hundreds of people helping to develop it in its early years. In which language is Linux written? What does the language have to do with the success of Linux?Linux is written in the C programming language, and this helps Linux be portable because C is written in a higher-level, machine-independent...
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