...observed under his left armpit. Preliminary diagnosis suggests follicular lymphoma which is indicative of the lymphatic cancer Non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Hodgkins lymphoma is a malingnant disorder of the lymphoid tissue often characterized by the painless progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes (Braun and Anderson, 2011). The exact cause of HL is unknown. Risk factors include exposure to viruses such as Ebstein-Barr virus, genetic factors, and immunosuppression. Incidence is highest in the ages between the aggression. Incidence is highest in those between the ages of 10 and 30 years and in those older than 50 years (Braun and Anderson, 2011). HL is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells (macrophages), called Reed-Sternberg cells, or mononuclear giant cells, called Hodgkin cells, surrounded by multiple other inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, plasma cells, small lymphocytes, and fibroblasts. The pathogenesis of HL is still under investigation. The Reed-Sternberg or Hodgkins cell has been identified as the neoplastic cell diagnostic for HL. Susceptibility to specific viral oncogenes or certain HLA subtypes suggest a multifactoral etiology with a genetic influence (Braun and Anderson, 2011). Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a genetic classification made up of a broad range of B-cell and T-cell malignancies within the immune system (Braun and Anderson, 2011). NHL occurs much more frequently than HL, does not exhibit the malingnant Reed-Sternberg...
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...2-20-04 DERMATOLOGY PIC: Stasis Dermatitis • Erythema, hyperpigmentation, and scale occurring on the distal lower extremities, particularly over the medial malleolus • Stasis dermatitis is frequently preceded by chronic and recurrent edema of the lower legs 1. Vinette: Pt w/o TX whould have a progosis with lrg tortuous vericose veins high vol. Venous reflux & early stasis changes of medial ankle. Answer: - Venous ulceraton 2. Vignett: Pt with lrg varicosities above the knee Answer: Venous ulceration (takes a while to take place) - Constant irrition could produce a squamous cell CA Palms/Soles: - TSS – 15y/o female - Secondary Sphyllis - Kwasaki - Rocky Mt. Spotted Fever - If you culture a Strep bovis – Think Colon CA • Meningococcemia: o Emergent • ID-RASH DZ: a. Lyme Dz - Taget rash - Look for Long Island Conn. - Rash – erythema chronicum migrans b. 5th Dz - erythema infectiosum - Rash “slapped cheek” - Parvovirus B12, can cause aplastic anemia - Test for Ab c. Measels (rubeola) - cough, roryza, conjunctivitis, Koplik - rash accoumpanied by fever for measels - Roseola – rash after fever - Rubella – 3rd measels, lymphadenopathy - Can immunize against measels, rubella, Lyme d. Rocky Mt. Spotted Fever - Look for Carolina’s - Rash palms/feet - Cat-scratch fever – papule, granuloma, lymphadenitis - PCR most senstitive for Dx - Kittens transmit more than cat e. Rheumatology - Juv. RA Types: - polyarticular- many, small joints...
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...Alterations in Blood Flow Circulatory System: * Primary function: transport of oxygen and nutrient and removal of metabolic waste products * Requires complex circuitry of vessels powered by heart General Mechanisms That Alter Flow: * Flow reduction in systemic circuit creates ischemia, leading to hypoxia * Flow reduction in venous system alters waste removal and increases systemic pressure * Venous engorgement or venous obstruction * Flow reduction in lymphatic system causes edema * Changes to lymphatic vessels and lymph circulation * Blood vessel obstructions * Blood vessel structural alterations Lymphatic Vessels: * Lymphatic circulation overwhelmed when changes in capillary or interstitial oncotic pressures increase filtration, or when fluid movement at capillary bed is impaired * Causes edema * Causes wide variety of conditions * Lymphedema- lymphatic flow alteration due to impairment in lymph circulation Blood Vessel Obstructions: * Alteration of blood flow may involve impedance of arterial or venous flow * Some obstructions specific to arterial or venous * Others form on both sides * Will now cover those that affect arteries and veins- specific later * Thrombus= blood clot attached to vessel wall * Thromboembolus- detached thrombus * Develop where conditions activate hemostasis * Different triggers for arteries and veins * Shock can lead to thrombi ...
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...Introduction A system is made up of different tissues and organs working together to perform a specific function in the body. Skeletal system: Skeletal system is the system of bones, associated cartilages and joints of human body. Together these structures form the human skeleton. Skeleton can be defined as the hard framework of human body around which the entire body is built. Almost all the hard parts of human body are components of human skeletal system. Joints are very important because they make the hard and rigid skeleton allow different types of movements at different locations. If the skeleton were without joints, no movement would have taken place and the significance of human body no more than a stone. Components of Human Skeleton Human skeleton is composed of three main components; Bones, Associated cartilages and Joints. Bones: Bone is a tough and rigid form of connective tissue. It is the weight bearing organ of human body and it is responsible for almost all strength of human skeleton. Cartilages: Cartilage is also a form of connective tissue but is not as tough and rigid as bone. The main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor. Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts while cartilages are not. Joints: Joints are important components of human skeleton because they make the human skeleton mobile. A joint occurs between “two or more bones”, “bone and cartilage” and “cartilage and cartilage”. Divisions of Human Skeleton:...
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...their functions The four basic human body structures and their units are as follows – • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Systems Cells A cell is the simplest and smallest unit of the human body. They can live independently and can also reproduce themselves. Cells exist in a variety of shapes and sizes including elongated, oval and square. Cells have many different functions. A group of cells is called a tissue. The study of the structure, and the form of cells and tissues is called histology. Joanne Thomas NC26585 Assignment 1 Page 2 Tissues Tissue is a group/organization of a number of similar cells, not all are identical, but all are from the same origin. They carry out a similar function, of which consists of a varying amount of non-living and intercellular substances. There are four main types of tissues – Epithelial tissue This is widespread throughout the body. They form the covering to all the body surfaces and is the main tissue found in glands. This tissue performs a variety of functions including protection, secretion, absorption, filtration and sensory receptors. Connective tissue This binds structures together and provides a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole. It also acts as a transport system to carry substances around the body, and it also helps to store flat. It helps to protect the body against disease and helps repair tissue damage...
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...Complications Associated with Adult Tonsillectomies Tonsils are the two masses of lymphoid tissue located in the back of the mouth, one on each side of the opening of the throat. Most people understand what tonsils are, but are not sure what their purpose is. Tonsils manufacture a certain type of white blood cell, believed to help fight disease. Seeing that our tonsils help to fight disease, we could think that they would be the body’s initial line of defense against viruses and other bacteria that are introduced through the mouth. A tonsillectomy, the surgical removal of the tonsils, might be suggested if there are recurrent incidences of tonsillitis. It may also be recommended for breathing problems during sleep, bleeding issues or some other uncommon diseases of the tonsils. Tonsillectomies, like any other surgical procedure, does have certain risks to consider. Some of those risks would be as follows; the chance of infection, bleeding during and after surgery, anesthetic reactions and swelling, which could lead to breathing problems. There is an immense difference between having a tonsillectomy as a child and as an adult. First off, as people age it takes longer for the body to heal, so healing time after surgery would take much longer for the adult. Secondly, adult tonsils are also much larger than a child’s with more scar tissue, which means more tissue removal, causing more pain and a higher risk for bleeding. The adult also needs to consider any other existing conditions...
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...Elephantiasis is a condition characterized by gross enlargement of an area of the body, especially the limbs and occasionally the external genitals. Elephantiasis is caused by obstruction of the lymphatic system, which results in the accumulation of a fluid called lymph in the affected areas. Elephantiasis is also known as Lymphatic Filariasis. In areas where Filariasis (infectious, tropical disease caused by roundworms) is epidemic, Elephantiasis is most common. The Lymphatic System is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwatend materials. The primary function of the Lymphatic System is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fihgting white blood cells throughout the body. It consists of a network of tubular channels (lymph vessels) that drain lymph from different areas of the body into the bloodstream. When obstruction occurs, these vessels swell massively, causing gross enlargement, also known as Elephantiasis. Elephantiasis is also a chronic infectious condition that affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It is a very rare disorder, and is most common in tropical countries. Elephantiasis most frequently involves the lower extremities of the body and the scrotum. The most common affected area on the body is the legs. It can also affect the arms, the breasts, the scrotum, the penis and the vulva. Elephantiasis gets its name from the obvious appearance of the skin of the legs which resembles the hide of an elephant...
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...YourFirstName YourLastName Instructor's Name Course Title 16 December 2015 Lymphatic And Immune System The Lymphatic System Anatomy The lymphatic system is closely related to the cardiovascular system. It is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues and organs, and lymph. The lymphatic vessels are composed of capillaries, collecting vessels, and trunks (Klein, 2010). Lymphatic capillaries drain into the collecting ducts that drain into the trunks. The trunks drain into the subclavian veins. Lymphatic organs in the body include lymph nodes, thymus gland, the spleen, tonsils, lymphatic vessels, and Peyer' patches in the small intestines. In comparison to blood vessels, lymphatic vessels have all the three tunics found on blood vessels. However, large vessels have a vasa vasorum layer in addition to the three tunics found in other vessels. Like blood vessels, lymphatic vessels have many valves (that prevent back flow) and anastomoses. They are characteristically larger than blood vessels and on their walls are overlapping flaps that allow large proteins to get into circulation. Lymph nodes, are present along the lymphatic vessels and range in size from the size of a pin head to that of a lima bean. Examples of lymph nodes include the popliteal lymph nodes, the inguinal lymph node, the cubital, axillary, and cervical lymph nodes as shown in figure one below. Lymph nodes or glands mostly occur in clusters and drain various parts of the...
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...The Process The specifically calibrated red light is going through the skin and causes the fat cell to open. It then causes the contents of the fat cell to slowly drain out into the lymphatic system and its contents are then processed through the liver. Whatever the system does not use for energy, it will then send the contents of the fat cells to the digestive system to process and eliminate through the bodily waste when you go to the bathroom. The liver is what processes alcohol, regular medications, caffeine etc. If someone has had alcohol within the last 3 days, the liver will be working on the alcohol, meds, or caffeine before it works on the contents of the fat cells trying to drain o If the liver is backed up contents will have to wait to be processed and will cause a temporary bloating effect that will normally go down with in the next 24 to 72 hours. (That’s how inches can go up) o If someone has not had alcohol, meds or caffeine or if they have a highly functioning liver, lymphatic system, and digestive system, we can visually see and measure a change as the contents of the fats cells drain into the inner lymphatic system. (That’s how inches can go down) Someone will not actually “feel the difference” in density until they have actually eliminated (by going to the bathroom) what is draining out the fat cells. That is why they do not feel different after getting off of the table (they need to eliminate) Now that the process has been...
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...The fat cells that are under the skin are connected to the skin with the help of a layer called 'septa', which is fibrous in nature. This layer forms a wall between the fat cells and the skin. But when this layer beaks down, the fat cells which expand, do so directly against the skin, so that there is no layer between the two. Due to this the skin develops pits and valleys, and resembles an orange peel, or cottage cheese, or has a dimpled appearance. The appearance of cellulite is different in men and women, but the difference is not very significant. Causes of Cellulite The causes of cellulite in men and women differ. In women, the hormonal changes during menstruation, menopause, pregnancy, etc., which regulate the flow of blood, lymphatic drainage and fat, are mainly responsible for the formation of cellulite. Birth control pills, also cause a change in the hormones of a woman's body, so that can also lead to formation of cellulite. The hormones also control the tissues and fat to some extent. If the hormonal balance in the body is skewed, then this can cause a reduction in the thickness in the tissue, causing the cellulite to become more visible on the skin. Besides hormones, the genetic make up, lifestyle, race, gender, and age of the...
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...Brugia malayi lymphatic filariasis – Onchocerca volvulus - river blindness – Loa loa - loaiasis 1 Today’s Lecture •Taxonomy •Lymphatic Filariae •Nonlymphatic Filariae •Disease •Diagnosis, Treatment, & Control KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS/SPECIES Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi ANIMALIA NEMATODA RHABDITAE SPIRURIDA ONCHOCERCIDAE Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa (Dirofilaria immitis) NONLYMPHATIC LYMPHATIC 2 Lymphatic Filariae • Wuchereria bancrofti – Approximately 600 million individuals are exposed with at least 80 million currently infected. – disease caused often referred to as Bancroftian filariasis. – occurs throughout the tropics, especially in Africa, South America, India, and Southeast Asia – has also been found in parts of Europe, Nile Valley and Australia • Brugia malayi – limited mostly to parts of India and Southeast Asia – infects probably less than 10 million The Global Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis 3 Major Life Cycle Stages • INFECTIOUS LARVAE - transmitted to humans by mosquito bites • ADULT WORM - develop from larvae, reside in the lymphatic vessels • MICROFILARIAE - produced by mated adults and found in host bloodstream, when acquired by mosquito develop into infectious larvae The Lymphatic System • System of vessels that drain lymph fluid from the tissues • Delivers antigen to lymph nodes • Eventually lymph is returned to the blood via the thoracic duct 4 Life Cycle of Lymphatic Filariae larvae...
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...Cancer Patient Information H 13 August 2011 Hodgkin’s Disease What is Hodgkin’s disease? Hodgkin’s disease is named for Dr. Thomas Hodgkin, who described several cases of the cancer within the lymph system in 1832. Hodgkin’s disease is a type of lymphoma. Lymphoma is cancer of the lymphatic system, which is the body system responsible for fighting off infections and keeping one healthy. It is the third most common type of cancer in kids and teens ages 10 to 14 but is still very rare for kids to get (The Nemours Foundation, 2011). What causes Hodgkin’s disease? No one really knows what causes Hodgkin’s disease, but it cannot be caused by getting someone else’s germs or by eating the wrong foods. The risk of Hodgkin’s is slightly increased among family members of patients who carry the disease (The Nemours Foundation, 2011). How does Hodgkin’s disease affect the body? Hodgkin's disease affects the body's cells. Healthy cells grow, divide, and replace themselves in an orderly manner. This process keeps the body in good repair. In Hodgkin's disease, cells in the lymphatic system grow abnormally and can spread to other organs. As the disease progresses, the body is less able to fight infection (The Nemours Foundation, 2011). What about detection and prevention? Hodgkin’s disease presents symptoms similar to those of the flu – fever, aches, and swollen glands. One may also feel tired or sweat excessively during the night or losing weight without trying. One may also...
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...were the inspiration for the classicstyle of TOMS. Mycoskie quickly set out to reinvent the alpargata for the U.S. market with a simple goal: to showhow together, we can create a better tomorrow by taking compassionate action today. Mycoskie considered sustainability when creating TOMS, in that by starting a business rather than acharity would help his impact last longer. In Mycoskie’s speech at the Second Annual Clinton Global Initiative,he recalled that children without shoes were not only susceptible to health risks, but were also not allowed toattend school. He noted one particular disease, Podoconiosis (also known as “Mossy Foot”), which is a soil-transmitted diseased caused by walking in silica-rich soil and a ects the lymphatic system of the lower legs. esimple solution of shoes, miniaturizes health risks such as this. According to the TOMS Shoes web page, thereare over one billion people at risk for soil-transmitted diseases around the world, and a necessity as simple asshoes can help prevent them. Mycoskie not only places an emphasis on giving shoes, but also educating otherson the importance of wearing...
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...Describe the Lymphatic system and it’s interdependence with the blood system The lymphatic system is a secondary circulatory system made up of a network of vessels which transport a fluid called lymph through a series of filtering stations called nodes. Before it returns to the veinous system It has a population of white blood cells in the nodes that deals with bacteria in a number of ways. The principle function is to patrol and protect the body from infection. The lymphatic system also picks up most of the fats from the digestive system and returns them to various organs. It also transports excess interstitial fluid. The system starts with the capillaries which are blind ended are more permeable than blood capillaries. The lymph then moves into larger lymph vessels where lymph nodes are located. In these nodes the lymph is processed by T and B lymphocytes and phagocytes. The pressure of the lymphatic system is lower than the blood system so the lower limbs use valves and the skeletal muscles as a pump. The lymphatic system consists of nodes a. Popliteal, behind the knew b. Inguinal, in the groin c. Supratrochlear at the elbows d. Cervical, in the neck It also includes the main duct, a short duct and the cysterna chyli. Tissues outside of the vessel network include the spleen, thymus, tonsils, appendix and Peyers patches. The spleen is located behind the stomach tucked into the bottom of the thoracic cage on the left of the body. It is an organ made...
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...result from the cancerous cells spreading into the bone marrow. (sharecare.com). How leukaemia affects you White blood cells help fight infection. But if your body makes abnormal white blood cells, they don’t work properly. So you are more likely to get infections and find it difficult to get rid of them. Too many white blood cells can overcrowd the bone marrow. So, there is not enough space for other types of blood cells. Then you may have a lower than normal number of red blood cells and platelets. Having too few red blood cells makes you tired and breathless (anaemic). And if you don’t have enough platelets, you can have bleeding problems (for example, nosebleeds). Abnormal white blood cells can build up in parts of the lymphatic system, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, making them swell. They may build up...
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