...Elephantiasis Tricia Kalemba ITT-Technical Institute Elephantiasis is the abnormal enlargement of any part of the body. The most common is the lower limbs and genital area. According to the health Ministry, elephantiasis is one of the oldest and most paralyzing diseases in the world. It is the second biggest cause of disability after mental disorders. There are two main types of elephantiasis. These two are lymphatic filariasis and non- filarial. Lymphatic filariasis is the most common form. It is caused by the obstruction of the lymphatic system. It is transmitted from human to human via mosquitos. It’s contracted by the parasite worm larvae that live inside mosquitos. The worm attacks the human spleen system. Non-filarial elephantiasis cause is unknown but is not due to infection. It is thought to be caused by constant skin contact with volcanic ash which contains sulfur and other mineral deposits. It is very rare and extremely difficult to treat. Elephantiasis is a difficult condition to diagnose in early stages. However, after it advances the symptoms are prominently observed. Such as severe swelling due to fluid accumulation called edema. The skin hardens and the lymph glands below the skin begins to swell up, causing body enlargement. The skin then undergoes hyperpigmentation and ulcers are seen on the skin. It is endemic in several African and south Asian countries. It affects 80 countries worldwide. Some complications if not caught early on are very painful to...
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...BLOOD AND TISSUE NEMATODES LYMPHATIC FILARIA PARASITES - Wuchereria bancrofti - Brugia malayi * One of the most debilitating diseases today * 120 million worldwide are affected > 25million men suffer from genital disease >15million suffer from lymphedema or elephantiasis * Disease of poverty * Adult – frequently infected * Habitat: Banana trees and Abaca plantation * Bicol region: hydroceles are more frequent * Mosquito-borne causative agents: - Wuchereria bancrofti or Bancroft’s filarial worm - Brugia malayi or the Malayan filarial worm * WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI * more widespread * adult worms: creamy, white, long, and filiform in shape * male worm: 2-4 cm.; female worm: 8-10 cm. * Disease: Bancroftian filariasis * causes chronic disfiguring disease which may present as lymphedema, elephantiasis, or hydrocele * microfilaria in fresh specimens appear as snake-like organisms moving among the RBC * when stained, central axis shows dark staining nuclei (serve as an important identifying feature) * column of nuclei is arranged in 2 or 3 rows * tapered tail but no tail nuclei * adult male and female are found tightly coiled in nodular dilatations in lymph vessels and sinuses of lymph glands * Biologic vectors: Aedes, Culex, Anopheles * Microfilaria ingested by the mosquito migrate to its muscles & develop into 3 larva stages: * First (L1) * Second (L2) ...
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...Explain the three mechanisms for transporting carbon dioxide in the blood. How is most of the CO2 in blood transported? How much do the other mechanisms account for? 2. Background: Elephantiasis is caused by a filarial nematode that infects the lymphatic vessels after an individual is bitten by an infected fly. As you clear the parasite infection, a large amount of debris is left in the lymphatics which leads to a burst of bacterial growth inundating the lymph nodes. In advanced cases complete blockage of the flow of lymph from an appendage by the bacterial overgrowth. Over time the infected patient’s limb distorts to incredible size as it accumulates interstitial fluid that does get returned to the blood. Pressure in the tissues surrounding the vessels in the limb leads to reduced blood flow and opportunistic bacterial infections of the epidermis increase.. The infections leave grey or tan rough patches of scar tissue covering the appendage that now resembles an elephant’s limb - hence the name of the disease. Your essay prompt: Where did all the fluid come from in the first place?? Explain the forces within and around a capillary that are responsible for the edema characterizing elephantiasis. You should start by explaining the role of the lymphatic system as it pertains to the osmotic balance of the blood, then define net filtration pressure and how it can be interpreted, and describe the different relationships between filtration and reabsorption along a capillary...
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...Bio 54 2002 Filarial Worms I : Structure, Infection, & Disease Andrew G. Campbell, Ph.D. Parasitic Filarial Worms - Background • Thread-like worms transmitted by insect vectors (flies and mosquitoes) • collectively infect AT LEAST 100 million worldwide • considered major obstacles to development in endemic countries • "major players" – Wuchereria bancrofti / Brugia malayi lymphatic filariasis – Onchocerca volvulus - river blindness – Loa loa - loaiasis 1 Today’s Lecture •Taxonomy •Lymphatic Filariae •Nonlymphatic Filariae •Disease •Diagnosis, Treatment, & Control KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS/SPECIES Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi ANIMALIA NEMATODA RHABDITAE SPIRURIDA ONCHOCERCIDAE Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa (Dirofilaria immitis) NONLYMPHATIC LYMPHATIC 2 Lymphatic Filariae • Wuchereria bancrofti – Approximately 600 million individuals are exposed with at least 80 million currently infected. – disease caused often referred to as Bancroftian filariasis. – occurs throughout the tropics, especially in Africa, South America, India, and Southeast Asia – has also been found in parts of Europe, Nile Valley and Australia • Brugia malayi – limited mostly to parts of India and Southeast Asia – infects probably less than 10 million The Global Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis 3 Major Life Cycle Stages • INFECTIOUS LARVAE - transmitted to humans by mosquito bites • ADULT WORM - develop from larvae, reside in the lymphatic...
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...Bio 54 2002 Filarial Worms I : Structure, Infection, & Disease Andrew G. Campbell, Ph.D. Parasitic Filarial Worms - Background • Thread-like worms transmitted by insect vectors (flies and mosquitoes) • collectively infect AT LEAST 100 million worldwide • considered major obstacles to development in endemic countries • "major players" – Wuchereria bancrofti / Brugia malayi lymphatic filariasis – Onchocerca volvulus - river blindness – Loa loa - loaiasis 1 Today’s Lecture •Taxonomy •Lymphatic Filariae •Nonlymphatic Filariae •Disease •Diagnosis, Treatment, & Control KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS/SPECIES Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi ANIMALIA NEMATODA RHABDITAE SPIRURIDA ONCHOCERCIDAE Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa (Dirofilaria immitis) NONLYMPHATIC LYMPHATIC 2 Lymphatic Filariae • Wuchereria bancrofti – Approximately 600 million individuals are exposed with at least 80 million currently infected. – disease caused often referred to as Bancroftian filariasis. – occurs throughout the tropics, especially in Africa, South America, India, and Southeast Asia – has also been found in parts of Europe, Nile Valley and Australia • Brugia malayi – limited mostly to parts of India and Southeast Asia – infects probably less than 10 million The Global Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis 3 Major Life Cycle Stages • INFECTIOUS LARVAE - transmitted to humans by mosquito bites • ADULT WORM - develop from larvae, reside in the lymphatic...
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...Phyla of the Animal Kingdom y g http://www.art.com/asp/sp-asp/_/ui--9F63025C7D9144F79D1199082B3E4112/PD--10054920/sOrig--CAT/sOrigID--7444/Yosemite_Valley.htm# Dr. Dr Westmoreland & Kristin Esparza Modification by Alie Koroma TODAYS MENU • • • • Mid-Term Quiz Q Animal Diversity Su Summary 3 and Assignment 5 due a y a d ss g e t Next Week No Labs (Spring Break) Which Anatomical Features Mark Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree? • Lack of Tissues Separates Sponges from All Other Animals • Animals with Tissues Exhibit Either Radial or Bilateral Symmetry – Radially Symmetrical Animals Have Two Embryonic Tissue Layers; Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals Have Three – Bilateral Animals Have Heads Radial symmetry central axis plane of symmetry Bilateral symmetry anterior plane of symmetry posterior Body symmetry and cephalization Which Anatomical Features Mark Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree? • M t Bilateral Animals Have Body Cavities Most Bil t l A i l H B d C iti – Body Cavity Structure Varies Among Phyla • P Protostomes I l d T Distinct Evolutionary Include Two Di i E l i Lines Body cavities body wall } pseudocoelom digestive tract digestive cavity “False” or pseudocoelom (roundworms) digestive cavity body } wall digestive tract body wall ll } } digestive di ti tract digestive cavity “True” coelom (annelids, chordates) coelom No coelom (cnidarians, flatworms) protostomes ecdysozoans Cnidaria Porifera (sponges)...
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...vessels. Once the worms reach the lymph vessels they mature into adults and live for five to seven years. Repeat mosquito bites over several months are needed to get filariases. This diseases is most common in tropical or subtropical areas. This infection will show up on a blood test as most that suffer from this disease are asymptomatic. Some people may develop lymphedema. Fluid collection and swelling is a result of the improper functioning of the lymph system. Usually this takes place in the legs however the genitalia, arms and breasts can be affected as well. People affected with this disease will have more bacterial infections in the skin as well as the lymph system. Hardening and thickening of the skin develops. This is known as elephantiasis. Men can develop hydrocele or swelling of the scrotum due to infection. Filarial infection can also cause tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome. This syndrome is typically found in infected persons in Asia. Clinical manifestations of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome include cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing. The eosinophilia is often accompanied by high levels of IgE (Immunoglobulin E) and ant filarial...
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...Disorders and Diseases Affecting the Lymphatic System Jennifer Hicks July 3, 2015 According to Magill’s Medical Guide Elephnatiasis (aka filariasis) is a grossly disfiguring disease caused by a round worm parasite; it is the advanced stage of the disease Bancroft’s filarias, contracted through round worms. With this you can experience several symptoms including recurrent fever, inflammation of lymph nodes, and possible gross enlargement of a body part. This disease is caused by infestation of round worm parasites as discussed earlier, but how do you contract these parasites? These parasites are carried by mosquitos and black flies. So a bite from an infected mosquito can cause a person to contract the worm parasite. This usually occurs in tropical regions of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. There are approximately 120 million people worldwide infected, of these 40 million are disfigured or have chronic disease. The adult parasite sets up its establishment inside a lymphatic vessel of the carrying host. This in turn causing abnormalities in the lymphatic integrity system and its functions. People who are infected can develop scar tissue and fibrosis inside and around the affected lymphatic vessel. This leads to permanent characteristic pathology manifested by irreversible lymphedema. To try and prevent yourself from being infected with these parasites utilize a mosquito repellant this will hopefully keep you from receiving a bite from an infected...
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...BUSINESS AS AN AGENT OF WORLD BENEFIT Title: TOMS Shoes: From Soul to Sole Organization: TOMS Shoes Date: Thursday, June 19, 2008 Region of Impact: South America Themes: Human Empowerment, Human Health Keywords: One to one movement, shoes, unique product design Reference No: 001153 Key Ideas TOMS shoes are the harbinger of what has been christened as the ‘one to one movement’- for every shoe a customer buys, TOMS donates a pair to a child in need. Going beyond corporate philanthropy, TOMS has integrated the spirit of positive world impact in the very heart of its business, making it a truly sustainable model. Innovation The organization’s undying commitment to help the children around the world and its unique shoe design form a potent combination that uses the force of business for generating societal benefit. The novelty of the product resides in an improvisation on the design of traditional Argentinean rope-soled shoes called ‘alpargata’ to reflect the needs of the American market. Alpargata are light-weight and resilient slip-on shoes with a breathable canvas top and soft leather insole, traditionally worn by Argentinean workers. Craftsmen in Argentina and China are enlisted to produce a more durable rubber-soled version of this canvas shoe. The shoes are a unique slip-on design comprised of clean lines and lightweight fabrics in vibrant colors and prints. These are sold through some of the best...
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...BAB II PEMBAHASAN 2.1 Definisi Limfogranuloma venereum (LGV) adalah penyakit menular seksual yang disebabkan oleh Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L1, L2, L3, afek primer biasanya cepat hilang, bersifat sistemik, mengenai sistem saluran pembuluh limfe dan kelenjar limfe, terutama pada daerah genital, inguinal, anus dan rektum, dengan perjalanan klinis, akut, sub-akut, atau kronis tergantung pada imunitas penderita dan biasanya berbentuk sindrom inguinal. Sindrom tersebut berupa limfadenitis dan periadenitis beberapa kelenjar getah bening inguinal medial dengan kelima tanda radang akut dan disertai gejala konstitusi, kemudian akan mengalami perlunakkan yang tak serentak. 2.2 Sinonim Limfogranuloma venereum (LGV) disebut juga Limfopatia venereum yang dilukiskan pertama kali oleh Nicolas, Durand dan Favre pada tahun 1913, karena itu juga disebut penyakit Durand-Nicolas-Favre disease. Selain itu dikenal juga sebagai Limfogranuloma Inguinal, Limfogranuloma tropikum, Tropical bubo, Climatic bubo, Strumous bubo, dan Paradenitis inguinal 2.3 Epidemiologi LGV bersifat sporadis tersebar di seluruh dunia terutama pada negara-negara yang beriklim tropis dan subtropics, seperti I daerah Amerika Utara, Eropa, Australia dan prevalensi tinggi yang terdapat di Asia dan Amerika Selatan, LGV merupakan penyakit endemis di timur dan barat Afrika, India, sebagian Asia Tenggara, Amerika Utara dan Kepulauan Karibia. Pada daerah nonendemis ditemukan padapelaut, tentara, dan wisatawan yang...
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...TOMS Part 1: In 2006, American traveler Blake Mycoskie assisted children in Argentina and found they had no shoes to protect their feet. Wanting to help, he created TOMS, a company that would match every pair of shoes purchased with a pair of new shoes given to a child in need. One for One Mycoskie's main reason is a disease called podoconiosis, a debilitating and disfiguring disease. Also known as "Mossy Foot", Podoconiosis is a form of elephantiasis that affects the lymphatic system of the lower legs According to the TOMS Shoes website, there are over one billion people at risk for soil-transmitted diseases around the world, and shoes can help prevent them. Mycoskie emphasizes that his company's goal is to not only give shoes, but to also educate others on the importance of wearing shoes. The consumer is more likely to choose TOMS over another brand because they, the consumers, are not only getting a pair of shoes or eyewear for them self, but they are also getting one for a child in need or helping someone regain sight . By doing so consumers fulfill their need of helping the community. TOMS provides value to the brand by creating a simple, comfy, trendy and stylish eyewear or shoes to wear as well as creating social awareness for the consumers. Toms have created a great costumer’s relationship by listening to their costumers and having different designs and textures of the shoes. As the brands grows they have manage to fulfill their consumer’s individual styles by...
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...University of Phoenix Material Body Systems and Diseases Complete the table below for the required systems listed. You are required to list four to six of the main organs of each body system, one or two sentences explaining the function of the system itself in your own words, and a short list of five to six major diseases that afflict each system. This assignment is due in Week One. |System |Organs in the System |Function of the System |Major Diseases Afflicting the System | |Nervous System |Brain |The most impost important |Alzheimer | | |Spinal Cord |system in our body which |Parkinson | | |Peripheral System |assist the nerve impulses to |Epilepsy | | | |control what is receive and |Stroke | | | |process. |Multiple sclerosis | |Cardiovascular System |Heart |The cardiovascular system |Coronary artery | | |Blood Vessels |helps food and air (oxygen) to|Heart...
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...University of Phoenix Material Body Systems and Diseases Complete the table below for the required systems listed. You are required to list four to six of the main organs of each body system, one or two sentences explaining the function of the system itself in your own words, and a short list of five to six major diseases that afflict each system. This assignment is due in Week One. |System |Organs in the System |Function of the System |Major Diseases Afflicting the System | |Example: |Thymus |Protects the body from disease and|Hay Fever | |Immune System |Lymph Nodes |infection by defending against, |Asthma | | |Skin |attacking and removing pathogens. |Urticaria (Hives) | | |Tonsils |Removes debris from the body, such|Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | | |Bone Marrow |as dead cells. |Rheumatic Fever | | |Spleen | |Rheumatoid Arthritis | |Required: |Brain |The nervous system allows us to |Multiple...
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...Review on “The Mustache” and “Ashes to Ashes” Both The Mustache and Ashes to Ashes by Sabina Berman and Harold Pinter, respectively, were great plays however I only thoroughly enjoyed the Mustache because of its humorous nature. The Mustache started out as a very comedic play but transitioned into a serious gender based play. Both actors were acting his/her false sexual orientation when together but deep down each character was homosexual. Ashes to Ashes was just a very confusing play to be however I progressively began to understand the allusions to massive killings, perhaps in the case of Nazi Germany. However, each play consisted of its own values and ulterior meanings, and I was able to understand each play’s message. The Mustache was a very interesting play with a married couple starting their morning as such of a typical relationship. However, the couple progressively turned from sunshine into a bickering mess. The wife was at first angry because the husband had been wearing her mustache at the party they had attended. I didn’t expect this at first because a mustache is usually what is grown on men as a sign of both masculinity and age. They then started talking back about the party and the husband’s encounter with an archetype of a woman. This started to make me realize that there was a gender and sexuality message within the play as soon as the husband started listing out what his girl had possessed. Words such as young, beautiful, skinny, etc. were used to describe...
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...The Barometric Pressure (total atmospheric pressure) at sea level is 760torr. The atmosphere is 20.9% oxygen so the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere is 160torr. In order for inspiration to occur (atmospheric air to enter the lungs) the diaphragm (the muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity) receives action potentials and pulls down, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity (and the lungs). According to Boyle’s Law this increase of volume, decreases the pressure on the lungs below normal 760torr. Because of the pressure gradient between the atmosphere (high pressure=760torr) and the lungs (low pressure<760torr) air rushes into the lungs (inspiration). The tidal volume that enters the body is 500mL, 150mL of this fills the anatomical dead space (trachea and conduction bronchioles, bronchioles 1-17). The remaining 350mL enters the respiratory bronchioles (bronchioles 18-23) where gas exchange occurs. Air enters the one cell thick alveoli where partial pressure of oxygen is 100torr, there are 300 million alveoli in the lungs which creates a cross sectional area of 70m2 (where gas exchange can occur). The alveoli are in direct contact with the 1 cell thick pulmonary capillaries where erythrocytes travel one at a time, creating a diffusion length of 20 microns. The partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries before reaching the alveoli is 40torr. Due to the partial pressure law, oxygen diffuses from its high partial pressure in the alveoli...
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