...The rotator cuff uses four muscles to keep the shoulder in its socket and it connects the humerus to the shoulder blade. It is made up of four muscles, the subscapularis, teres minor, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus. A rotator cuff tear occurs when one of these tendons are torn so that the humerus is no longer intact (Armstrong). Depending on the severity of tears, there are different types. A partial tear causes damage but it is not fully torn, while a full-thickness tear causes enough damage to sever the tendon into two separate pieces (Armstrong). The main reasons for a rotator cuff tear are from an injury or damage over time. An acute tear happens because of an injury, like trying to lift more than you can handle. A degenerative tear...
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...PART A – Plan the project Most athletes know that getting enough rest after exercise is essential to high-level performance, but many still over train and feel guilty when they take a day off. The body repairs and strengthens itself in the time between workouts, and continuous training can actually weaken the strongest athletes. Rest days are critical to sports performance for a variety of reasons. Some are physiological and some are psychological. Rest is physically necessary so that the muscles can repair, rebuild and strengthen. For recreational athletes, building in rest days can help maintain a better balance between home, work and fitness goals. The main objective of my project of this term is to build up a recovery program for athletes. That is what I am gonna try to study into the basics. Sport is not only about performance, there is a lot of other factors that influence the performance, from the psychological aspect to the physiological condition. The recovery phase and rest is one of the main subject that help to improve athlete s performance. Human is not a machine, we all need rest to restart our body again to reach the performance we want. Rest is not only behind higher performance, recovery periods prevent injuries that are caused by overtraining or a trauma. My project is about recovery program for a specific athlete, and how it can influence his performance. I try to build up a recovery program for him, that is suitable for his possibilities and capacities...
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...icing, limiting the use of the shoulder in activities that would cause pain, and pain medications. Other kinds of treatment are electrical muscle stimulation, ultrasound, heat, interferential therapy, and physical therapy. Specific rehab would include exercises to strengthen your shoulder and help with range of motion and flexibility. Different types of exercises would include pendulum, T-bar, and rope-and-pulley exercises that should be done early in the rehabilitation process (Anderson & Parr, 2013). Strengthening the other muscles that help support the shoulder can help prevent the injury from getting worse and relieve some of the pain. Injections or surgery are also an option for more severe cases. The different types of surgery would be arthroscopic tendon repair, tendon transfer, open tendon repair, bone spur removal, and should replacement. Not having surgery when you have a rotator cuff tear can limit the activities that you can do, the tear can get worse, and your strength in your shoulder will stay the same or decrease...
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...of the previous generations. More power means shorter treatment times, less therapy needed and immediate relief from pain. The MLS Laser floods the tissues with photons, energizing the damaged cells and increasing circulation to the area in pain. This increases the body's production of ATP, expediating the healing process to reduce inflammation and repair damaged tissue. The MLS Laser Therapy effectively treats: •Tendon and ligament injuries •Soft tissue injuries •Muscle strains and tears •Sore muscles and joints •Degenerative joint conditions •Chronic non-healing wounds •General pain •Pre and post-surgical treatment •Anti-inflammation applications •Arthritis •Sports injuries such as sprains and strains •Occupational injuries •Tendonitis •Wounds such as bruising Laser Therapeudic Effects: During each painless treatment, the laser energy increases circulation by drawing water, oxygen and nutrients to the damaged area. These combine to create an optimal healing environment that reduces inflammation, muscle spasms, stiffness and pain. As the injured areas return to normal, function is restored and pain is relieved. Cellular Effects of Laser Therapy: During laser treatment, the infrared laser light interacts with tissues at the cellular level and metabolic activity increases in the cell. This improves the transportation of nutrients across the cell membrane...
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...Introduction: Total hip replacements (THR) happen for a multitude of reasons. Patient’s requiring a THR are in pain within the hip joint from a specific cause. For example, a THR could be done to relieve arthritis pain, repair a break in the bone, or repair the joint from a traumatic injury or disease. The hip joint is a ball and socket joint, made up of the head of the femur (ball) which moves within the acetabulum (socket) in the pelvis (Hasan & Akbar). Functionally, this joint allows movement of the lower body in relation to the trunk in a circumduction motion. At the time of the repair, usually patient’s have decreased function of that lower extremity because of pain. The joint itself does not have nerve endings, but bone does....
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...Rotator Cuff Repair PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Wells K (2013) defined rotator cuff injury as a condition involving damage to the rotator cuff tendons because of continuous irritation and tear. There are two factors that can predispose a person to this type of injury. The first type is intrinsic factor which means coming from within, this includes poor blood supply to an organ, normal attrition or degeneration with ageing and calcification of tendons. The other factor is called extrinsic factor which means coming from the outside. Some of the factors considered extrinsic are injury from accidents, falls and too much stress on the shoulders as a result of different movements involving exertion (Bilal, 2013). The injury is frequently associated with athletes who move their arms above the head in a repetitive manner like pitching, swimming, tennis and weight lifting (Wells, 2013). Paul’s occupation which is carpentry work and the repeated pitching and lifting of the ball during the rugby game eventually contributed to the irritation of his tendons from excessive pressure on the acromion process or bony knob of the shoulder. This also resulted to the swelling of bursa which is the lubricating sac between the tendons and the bones from subsequent rubbing against the acromion. Consequently, the shoulder becomes painful and if left untreated can lead to a tear in the rotator cuff and eventual injury to the shoulders (NMA News Direct, 2011). Predisposing Factors: Carpentry (repetitive...
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...Sports Injury Assignment Moira Ijzerman Georgetown District High School Patellar Dislocation What is a Patellar Dislocation? The patella rests in a groove on the anterior aspect of the femur, called the patellofemoral groove (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 2011). Patellar dislocation occurs when the patella (kneecap) slides laterally out of the patella femoral groove where it normally rests (Ebraheim, 2011). Anatomy The patella bone protects the largest joint in the body, the knee (Temertzoglou & Challen, 2003). The knee is made through the union of 3 bones; the femur, tibia and the patella. (Physio Advisor, n.d.). The patella is situated at the anterior aspect of the knee and lies within the patellofemoral groove (Ebraheim, 2011) which, according to Physio Advisor (n.d.) is located on anterior of the femur. The patella is enveloped by the tendon of the quadriceps muscle, and then goes on to attach to the anterior surface of the tibia (Physio Advisor, n.d.). This relationship forms a joint designed to give the quadriceps muscle leverage when extending the knee (Sports Injury Clinic, n.d.). Each of the bones involved is lined with cartilage to allow cushioning between the bones. The patella also has connective tissue known as the patella retinaculum which attaches it on either side of the femur. This joint is known as the patellofemoral joint (Physio Advisor, n.d.). The patella normally lies in the patellofemoral grove and is only designed...
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...hamstring injuries, are athletes who indulge in sports that involve jumping and explosive sprinting. In addition of hamstring injuries, they can be very frustrating to deal and treat with. The hamstrings are composing of tendons that attach three large muscles, the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. These three muscles helps one knee to bend and extend to his or her hip; however, when one or more of these muscles gets stretched too far and starts to tear, it may cause plenty of pain due to the pulled hamstring. In the circumstance of having to go through a hamstring strain, his or her may experience many symptoms and signs. For example, if his or her feels a sharp pain and possibly a popping sensation at the back of his or her leg, it is probably a sign of a hamstring strain injury. Some symptoms that one may go through during this incident, is pain in the back of his or her thigh when they flex or extend their leg, tenderness, swelling, and bruising in the affected area, and lastly weakness in his or her leg that lasts for a long time after the injury. In the event of a particularly severe strain or complete tear, the victim injured may feel a gap in the torn muscle, which may cause difficulties to run, jump, stretch and possibly walk. In order to know how a hamstring strain is diagnosed it is required to have medical attention, the doctor will examine his or her leg and ask questions about how the injury happened...
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...The article ends with the author’s clinical recommendations. A 63-year-old woman presents with a 2-year history of progressive weakness and discomfort in her right shoulder, especially when she puts dishes on the top shelf in her kitchen. She is otherwise healthy and has had no injuries. Her physician diagnosed “bursitis” and gave her four subacromial corticosteroid injections; the first two seemed to relieve her symptoms temporarily, but the last two were ineffective. Physical examination reveals some atrophy of the muscles of the right shoulder and weakness when her right arm is elevated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals a large defect in the rotator cuff. How should her case be managed? The Cl inic a l Probl e m From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2138-47. Copyright © 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society. The rotator cuff is a synthesis of the capsule of the glenohumeral joint with the tendons of the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles (Fig. 1).1 The rotator-cuff mechanism precisely centers the humeral head by compressing it into the glenoid concavity. The individual muscles of the cuff help to provide strength in arm movement: the subscapularis in internal rotation, the supraspinatus in elevation, and the infraspinatus and teres minor in external rotation. Failure of the rotator-cuff tendons due to either tear or wear is the most common clinical problem...
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...Running head: Meniscus Tears Meniscus Tears Kaitlyn Hutchins Liberty University Meniscus Tears Description of Injury The meniscus is separated into two separate menisci. A medial, more crescent shaped menisci, and a lateral, more circular one. The meniscus is responsible for lubricating and nourishing the knee joint and assisting with joint biomechanics by mainly providing shock absorption during weight bearing. Injuries to a healthy meniscus are usually produced by a compressive force coupled with transverse-plane tibiofemoral rotation as the knee moves from flexion to extension during rapid cutting or pivoting (Brindle, 2001, 160). Meniscus tears can be considered acute or chronic depending on the mechanism of injury and the participants injury history. The patient may even be able to continue participation in activities but will notice a significant loss of the range of motion in the knee joint and a feeling that the knee is “giving out”. In many cases, it is the medial meniscus that is more commonly injured due to the fact that it is much less stable because of its crescent shape, and because it is also attached to the medial collateral ligament. Mechanisms of Injury The possible mechanisms of injury for meniscus tears varies from rapid cutting or changing of directions while running, to extreme compressive force to the lower leg region causing unnatural stress on the menisci. There are three different types of tears to the menisci which include a “bucket handle”...
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...Chapter 4 Learning outcomes 4-1 Identify the four major types of tissues in the body and describe their roles. The four major types of tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural tissue. The functions of each are that the epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, and chambers, and forms glands. The connective tissue fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials within the body and stores energy. The muscle tissue includes the skeletal muscles of the body, the muscle of the heart, and the muscular walls of hollo organs, The neural tissue carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses. 4-2 Discuss the types and functions of epithelial tissue. The types of epithelial tissue include epithelia and glands. Epithelial provides four important functions that include physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, and produces specialized secretions. 4-3 Describe the relationship between structural and function for each type of epithelium. There are columnar, cuboidal, and squamous, which are flattened and scale-like cells. Basically columnar are much higher than they are wide, cuboidal look like squares, and squamous are flat like turtles and therefore not very tall at all. The relationship between each other is that squamous cells provide physical protection and performs absorption and secretion. The cuboidal structure relationship...
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...BTEC National Sports injuries Unit 18 Assignment 2 Physiological & Psychological responses to injury (p3/P4/M2/D1) Scenario: You have impressed during your work placement at Thornensians rugby club and have been asked to stay for an additional week. The club physiotherapist has suggested that you look to improve your knowledge surrounding the rehabilitation of players returning from injury, paying particular attention to their physiological and psychological responses. Checklist * Introduction * Psychological Responses- anxiety, frustration, isolation, anger, depression, drop in motivation, stress * Physiological Responses- inflammation/swelling, scar tissue/ remodelling, clotting * Strains- Grade 1,2 & 3 * Sprains- Grade 1,2 & 3 * Haematoma- (intra & inter) * What are they? * How does the body respond? * M2 explain? * D2 analyse Introduction In this assignment I will be discussing how to improve my knowledge surrounding the rehabilitation of players returning from injury, paying particular attention to their physiological and psychological responses. Psychological Responses When an athlete faces significant injury, there are a number of predictable emotions and phases he/she might experience. A serious injury often requires surgery, recovery time and physical therapy. After surgery, many athletes often repeat the injury in their mind, feel afraid, feel angry, and wonder "Why did I make that play...
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...The glenoid labrum is a ring of cartilage responsible for deepening the glenoid fossa and providing improved stability. The joint capsule is a membrane encompassing the entire joint, maintaining the joint complex and holding the synovial fluid in place. Ligaments attach bone to bone and help restrict unwanted movement, muscles help to create movement in the joint, but work with ligaments to keep unwanted movement from occurring. Instability in the shoulder can be caused by trauma to the joint typically because of a specific injury or accident, an old injury in which the joint wasn’t fully recuperated, or joint laxity which stems from anatomical abnormalities, or muscle...
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...Diagnosis Despite the high incidence of ankle sprains in athletes, syndesmotic injuries are rarely diagnosed. It is stressed through multiple reviews that the correct use of HIP/HOPS is initiated in order to prevent long term effects from the original injury. Diagnosis of the injury can be made easier by the associated pain on the medial aspect of the ankle, ballottable fibula, proximal fibular tenderness, swelling and crepitus that may be seen during inspection (7). If the patient is experiencing pain between the tibia and fibula, the distance, tenderness length, needs to be determined because it has been reported to be correlate with the degree of injury and time to return to play (2). There are many clinical tests that can be utilized for diagnosis of distal tibiofibular syndesmotic disruption, but research supports the use of four special tests. The Cotton Test, involves side-to-side movement of the talus on the involved leg compared with the contralateral side. In the External Rotation Test, there is...
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...Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation In order to function properly, the cells and tissues have to maintain a steady state (homeostasis)- the cells must constantly adapt cellular adaptation- is the state between a normal unstressed cell and the overstressed injured cell -by definition - an adaptative process is reversible -within defined limits, all the cells are capable of adapting to a variety of stimuli which may upset normality NORMAL CELL GROWTH -Normal tissue growth depends on a balance between the number of cells actively dividing and the number of the cells dying -the cells of the body can be divided into 3 groups on the basis of their regenerative capacity- they respond differently to stress and injury 1.- Labile cell ( intermitotic) 2.- Stable cell ( reversible postmitotic ) 3.- Permanent cell ( irreversible postmitotic) The cell cycle and types of cells Proliferating cells occupy several functional states between two mitoses. The cell cycle consists of G1 gap (presynthetic), S (DNA synthesis), G2 gap (premitotic) and M (mitotic ) phases. The cells may leave cell cycle during G1 and then they either cease proliferation, differentiate or eventually die or they enter G0 phase, resting phase from which they can be eventually recruited back to the cycle. G0 phase is a non-proliferative and is known as growth arrest 1.- Labile cells- continuously dividing cells- they continue to proliferate, remain all the time in cell cycle ...
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