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Research Papar

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They talk about some of the core components of the computer the guts of the computer including the motherboard, the various bus tech-neologies, and interfaces that you might encounter. Deciding on a motherboard should be your first task when you build a PC. Adapter cards are vital because they allow video, audio, and network capabilities. It is important to know how many and what type of adapter card slots are available on your motherboard be-fore selecting specific adapter cards. The motherboard represents the logical foundation of the computer. Everything that makes a computer a computer must be attached to the motherboard. From the CPU to storage devices, from RAM to printer ports, the motherboard provides the connections that help them work together. Motherboard is essential to computer operation in large part because of the two major buses it contains: the system bus and the I/ O bus. Together, these buses carry all the information between the different parts of the computer. The location and orientation of these buses varies depending on the type of form factor used. The form factor is the design of the motherboard, which the case and power supply, must comply with. Motherboards can come with integrated I/ O ports; these are usually found as a rear port cluster. The MCH is used by devices that re-quire a high speed of data transfer. It is important to note that on many AMD-based motherboards, this chip doesn’t connect to the RAM; instead, the RAM is accessed directly by the processor; therefore, on those AMD- based mother-boards, this chip is simply referred to as the Northbridge. The Integrated Port Considerations They provides clear benefits to both users and technicians who set up a system. For users, integrated ports provide lower system purchase prices, faster component performance, centralized control of components through the ROM BIOS and CMOS, and an interior that is less crowded with add- on cards. In other words, you might have a slot or two available in a brand- new system for future upgrades. PCI Express sends information serially over one or more lanes. A lane is a group of signal paths that can collectively transmit and receive data simultaneously. When sending and receiving data at the same time, it is known as full- duplex. X1 pronounced “ by one PCIe slots and cards are considered to be a single lane. X4 is 4 lanes, and so on. At the time of publication of this book, there are three versions of PCI Express. V1.0 is rated at 250MBps per lane, V2.0 at 500MBps per lane, and V3.0 at 1GBps per lane. Currently, the standard allows for a maximum of 32 lanes, but 16 lanes is the highest scenario that is commonly found. So, the data transfer rate of a PCI Express x1 V2.0 card is 500MBps. A PCI Express x4 V2.0 card would be 2,000MBps. Motherboards also include mass storage interfaces such as EIDE/ PATA, SATA, and SCSI. The following sections compare and contrast the appearance and functional-ity of these interfaces. The Most recent systems have anywhere from two to as many as eight Serial ATA SATA host adapters. Each host adapter controls a single SATA drive, such as a hard disk or rewritable DVD drive. Sound Cards After installing a sound card, you must connect 1/ 8- inch mini- jack cables from the speakers and the microphone to the sound card. Most sound cards use the same PC99 color- coding standards for audio hardware that are used by onboard audio so-lotion. They also show you how to check thing on your own.

* Motherboards and Their Components * Memory Controller Hub * I/ O Controller Hub * Integrated Port Considerations * AMR and CNR Slots * SATA * Loose BIOS Chips * * Bus and I/ O Bus - Also known as an "input/output bus" or "I/O bus," it is the data pathway that connects peripheral devices to the CPU. The PCI and USB busses are commonly used in PCs. ISA, EISA, VL-bus and Micro Channel busses were used in earlier PCs. Contrast with system bus. See bus and PC data buses. * ATX and Micro ATX -The ATX family of motherboards has dominated desktop computer designs since the late 1990s. ATX stands for “Advanced Technology Extended,” and it replaced the AT and Baby- AT form factors developed in the mid-1980s for the IBM PC AT and its rivals. * BTX -Cases include multiple rears and side air vents for better cooling. * PS/ 2 mice - A dedicated socket in the computer for a mouse. Today, mice plug into the USB port, but in the past, mice plugged into a PS/2 connector, which is a 6-pin Mini-DIN socket. * PS/ 2 keyboard - The PS/2 connector is a 6-pin Mini-DIN connector used for connecting some keyboards and mice to a PC compatible computer system. Its name comes from the IBM Personal System/2 series of personal computers, with which it was introduced in 1987.

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