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Social and Demographic Changes

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MEDZINÁRODNÝ MARKETING - ESEJ
SOCIO - DEMOGRAFICKÉ ZMENY
MIGRÁCIA

Pojem migrácia definujeme ako zmenu miesta trvalého pobytu za hranice určitej územnej jednotky; premiestňovanie obyvateľov v území spojené so zmenou bydliska. Niekedy sa tu hovorí o fyzickej alebo zemepisnej mobilite. Migrácia ako prvok nie je fenoménom iba posledných rokov, či desaťročí, ale bola súčasťou našich životov i na samotnom počiatku ľudstva.
Ľudia odnepamäti migrovali tam, kde mali lepšie životné podmienky. Či už to bolo územie bohaté na vodné zdroje, na úrodnú pôdu - vhodnú na pestovanie poľnohospodárskych plodín alebo oblasť bohatá na prírodné zdroje. V týchto regiónoch potom vznikali osídlenia alebo väčšie sídla, kde hustota obyvateľstva bola vyššia ako v iných častiach krajiny. Prekvital tu obchod, výmena tovarov, úroveň poskytovaných služieb, spoločenský, kultúrny ale i ekonomický život občanov bol na vyššej úrovni.
Charakteristiky a základné znaky migrácie za stovky rokov zmenili svoju formu a štruktúru, ale určite nie podstatu. Ľudia i naďalej migrujú tam, kde podmienky na život, prácu, vzdelanie a iné primárne aspekty sú priaznivejšie. Je to totiž prirodzená vlastnosť človeka. V tejto práci by som sa rád zameral nielen na príčiny migrácie, ale i jej vlastnosti a dôsledky na svetovú ekonomiku v súčastnosti, teda v 21. storočí.
V rámci všeobecného delenia môžeme migráciu deliť do 4 skupín:
1. Migrácia (sťahovanie) obyvateľstva: také priestorové pohyby, pri ktorých obyvateľ mení svoje trvalé bydlisko.
2. Dočasná zmena pobytu: obyvateľ zmení bydlisko na určitý vymedzený čas, avšak miesto jeho trvalého pobytu zostáva nezmenené
3. Dochádzka do zamestnania a do škôl: pravidelný pohyb na rovnakej trase a v rovnakom čase. Je Je charakterizovaný stereotypnou pravidelnosťou a zúčastňuje sa ho najviac ľudí.
4. Nepravidelné dočasné pohyby (turbulencia): sú vykonávané za účelom cestovného ruchu, rekreácie, ale zaraďujeme sem i služobné cesty, cesty do zahraničia a pod.
V rámci prvej skupiny, na ktorú sa v tejto práci koncentrujem rozlišujeme 2 skupiny migrantov. Emigranti a Imigranti. Prvá sa týka ľudí, ktorí sa z rôznych príčin trvalo alebo dlhodobo vysťahujú z miesta svojho bydliska. Ich opakom je druhá skupina a teda občania, ktorí sa z rozličných príčin prisťahujú na určité územie.
Rozsah migrácie sa jednoznačne zvýšil po snahách zjednotiť trh, odstrániť rôzne tarifné a netarifné prekážky, ktoré dovtedy bránili premiestňovaniu obyvateľstva. Najvýznamnejším miľníkom bol vznik rôznych národných alebo nadnárodných združení, z ktorých vyniká najmä vznik Európskej únie a s tým súvisiaca menová, hospodárska alebo politická únia. Prekážky obchodu, pohybu tovarov, služieb ale najmä občanov zmizli a to dalo priestor na masovú migráciu.
V minulosti /napr. na našom území v čase komunizmu) ľudia nemohli vycestovať za hranice. Znamenalo to, že všetky ľudské kapacity zostávali v krajine. Či už hovoríme o špičkových lekároch, kvalitných učiteľoch, šikovných športovcov alebo jednoducho o odborníkoch, vždy hovoríme o tom istom - boli nútení alebo dobrovoľne zostali doma. Tým sa dosiahla vysoká kvalita zdravotníctva, školstva, športu a v konečnom dôsledku i ekonomiky krajiny. Produkcia tovarov dosahovala vysokú úroveň, poskytované služby mali požadovanú úroveň, do rozpočtu prúdili financie no napriek tomu to všetko skončilo. A prečo? Pretože to bol umelo vytvorený stav. Ako bolo vyššie uvedené, aspekt migrácie je prirodzený pud človeka a prípadné uzatváranie hraníc a nútenie jedinca zostať na určitom území je kontraproduktívne.
Dôvody migrácie bývajú rôzne. Môže sa jednať o kultúrne aspekty - jedinci cestujúci za vzdelaním, spoznaním novej kultúry, štúdiom na zahraničných univerzitách, stretávaním nových ľudí a oboznamovaním sa s ich zvykmi, tradíciami a povahovými črtami typickými pre daný región. Môže sa jednať i o ekonomické faktory. A tými sú jednoduchšie povedané financie. Lepšie platené pracovné pozície, výhodnejšie dôchodky od zahraničného štátu, nižšie úverové zaťaženie od bánk, priaznivejšie daňové zaťaženie alebo naopak nepriaznivé ekonomické faktory štátu, z ktorého sa jedinec chce odsťahovať. Ďalším faktorom môže byť i spoločenský fenomén. Jedinci si chcú vyskúšať život v zahraničí, získať životné skúsenosti, obohatiť sa, zlepšiť sa v jazyku alebo získať nový náhľad na svet. Okrem iného môžeme hovoriť i enviromentálnych dôvodoch /sťahovanie sa tam kde je čistejšie životné prostredie/, kde je prostredie bohatšie na potravinové zdroje alebo môžeme hovoriť o dôvodoch, ktoré súvisia s relaxáciou a turizmom. Iným prvkom môže byť i zdravotné riziko a tým je skutočnosť, že v mnohých krajín sú alebo hrozia vojenské konflikty a teda bezpečnosť o vlastné zdravie je hnacou silou sťahovania sa.
Zo všetkého však prevládajú najmä ekonomické dôvody súvisiace so sťahovaním sa za lepšími životnými podmienkami a perspektívou za kvalitnejším a jednoduchším životom. Hlavnými migračnými prúdmi sa stávajú trasy z rozvojových do rozvinutých krajín. Z Afriky ľudia odchádzajú nielen do Severnej Ameriky ako tomu bolo v minulom storočí, ale najmä do krajín Európskej únie, často krát i neoprávnene. Ďalšou putujúcou masou sú arabovia, ktorým sa otvoril európsky trh. Migrácia spôsobená vojenskými konfliktmi sa týka krajín Ďalekého východu, štátmi v Perzskom zálive alebo krajín ako Irak, Irán, Palestína atď... A nesmieme zabúdať ani na húfy utečencov z Južnej Ameriky putujúcich k ich severnému susedovi.
A aký je teda reálny dopad týchto zmien na jednotlivé oblasti? Rozdielny v krajine, odkiaľ ľudia odchádzajú a rovnako i rozdielny v regiónoch, kam naopak migranti prichádzajú.
V regiónoch odkiaľ ľudia v prevažnej miere odchádzajú nastáva ťažká situácia. Jedná sa hlavne o chudobné oblasti, ale môžeme hovoriť i o Slovensku, kde emigrácia je vysoko vyššia ako imigrácia. Prejave sa to na viacerých frontoch.
Začnime ekonomickou oblasťou. Občania odvádzajú dane - prispievajú do štátneho rozpočtu. Odchod teda pochopiteľne spôsobí nižšie saldo štátneho rozpočtu a tým implicitne nižšie štátne výdavky na rôzne položky verejného života. Odchod spôsobí i nižšie dopytované množstvo - znižuje sa dopyt po tovaroch a službách, logicky klesá produkcia a zmenšuje sa rozsah trhu. Naopak zvyšujú sa medzery na pracovnom trhu spôsobujúce nižšiu funkčnú mobilitu a schopnosť uspokojiť potreby zamestnávateľov. Kvalitná pracovná sila odchádza do zahraničia, krajina absentuje vysokokvalifikovaných odborníkov, úroveň ponúkaných produktov klesá a medzinárodný obchod so zahraničím upadá.
Z demografického hľadiska nastáva úbytok obyvateľstva. Prejavuje sa to najmä medzi produktívnou triedou a mladými ľuďmi, študentmi. Vyskytuje sa čoraz viac "hladových dolín" absentujúcich pracovné príležitosti a poznačených vysokou mierou odsťahovalectva. Stúpa podiel ľudí v dôchodkovom veku, čím sa nároky na zabezpečený dôchodkový a sociálny život ešte zvyšujú.
Z pozitívneho hľadiska môžeme hovoriť najmä o zachovaní tradícií, kultúry, takmer nezmenenou formou kultúrneho života, ktorý nie je ovplyvnený cudzincami. Ďalším prínosom je zakladanie nových, obchodných spojení zakladajúcich migrantmi medzi vysielajúcimi a prijímajúcimi krajinami. Migranti, ktorí sa neskôr vracajú naspäť domov sa vyznačujú so skúsenosťami z demokratického prostredia a väčšou názorovou a sociálnou toleranciou.
Na druhej strane máme teda hostiteľské krajiny s vysokou mierou imigrantov. Jedná sa najmä o rozvinuté ekonomiky, z Európskej únie je to najmä Nemecko, Veľká Británia alebo krajiny Beneluxu. Účinky sú takmer protipólom prvého prípadu. Z demografických parametrov sa zvyšuje bezprostredne prírastok populácie, obvykle i fertilita a znižuje mortalita.
Dramaticky sa však môže zmeniť najmä rasová, etnická a s tým súvisiaca náboženská štruktúra obyvateľstva. Niekedy to vedie i k šovinizmu zo strany domáceho obyvateľstva. Cudzinci svojim spôsobom "berú" prácu, menia jazyk krajiny, šíria novú kultúru. Častokrát v mestách vznikajú i štvrte výhradne zložené z prisťahovalcov. Veľkým problémom býva i ich neschopnosť alebo neochota prispôsobiť sa domácej kultúre. Nosením si svojich zvykov a tradícií natrvalo menia ráz hostiteľskej krajiny (Typickým príkladom sú Turkovia v Nemecku).
Z ekonomického pohľadu prisťahovalci odvádzajú dane a je dokázané, že toto percento je vyššie ako percento prijímaných sociálnych dôchodkov. Z toho vyplýva, že saldo štátneho rozpočtu stúpa. Stúpa dopyt, výrobcovia reagujú rozširovaním trhových kapacít. Logicky stúpa obchod a iné podnikateľské služby. Celkový hrubý domáci produkt teda má pozitívny trend. Existuje i riziko zvýšenia miery nezamestnanosti vyplývajúce z vytlačovania domácej pracovnej sily alebo znižovanie miezd. V praxi sa to však nepotvrdzuje a existuje mnoho konkrétnych príkladov, kedy naopak imigrácia podporuje rast produkcie a tým i miezd. Imigranti poväčšine robia nízkokvalifikovanú prácu (kvôli absencii jazyka) a tým vlastne "pracujú" pre domácich. Fiškálne dopady sú teda signifikantné a napomáhajú rastu krajiny.
Masovejšia imigrácia výrazne mení identitu krajiny, jej inštitúcie a kultúru. Vznikajú inštitúcie na integráciu prisťahovalcov. Dochádza k procesu obohacovania sociálnej a kultúrnej diverzity, čo vedie hlavne k miešaniu heterogénnej populácie s množstvom pozitívnych efektov, výmene kultúrnych poznatkov a celkovému obohacovaniu jedincov.
Na záver by som rád zhrnul, že všeobecný dopad imigrácie na hostiteľskú krajinu je pozitívny, a to už z viacerých hľadísk. Obohacuje to ekonomiku, kultúra. verejné inštitúcie i bežných občanov. Avšak nutná je i regulácia, pretože nekontrolovaný nárast imigrantov vedie k rúcaniu kultúrnych pilierov krajiny, stratu identity i pracovných príležitostí pre domácich.

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