...Research Common sense is defined as sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts. In layman’s terms, common sense is the knowledge and experience which most people already have, or which the person using the term believes that they do or should have. The limitations of this approach can be grouped into three categories: extrinsic limitations (the result of factors extraneous to experience), limitations of common sense as a social practice (ensuing from the way knowledge is shared and communicated) and intrinsic limitations (limited viewpoint). Extrinsic limitations Extrinsic limitations can be bias or dogmatic. Bias limitations is insights based on personal experiences are difficult to distinguish from one's preferences, desires or fears. Dogmatism limitation is when beliefs based on common sense become embedded in a particular cultural framework, they are very difficult to change and often become dogmatic. Limitations of common sense as a social practice Limitations can be intangible or elusiveness in nature. According to this limitation, common sense is based on clues often too complex and subtle to be rationally explained and systematically described. Intrinsic limitations Intrinsic limitations are limited in scope and inaccurate in nature. Limited scope means that common sense is limited one’s own experiences which is not taking into account all aspects of reality. Imprecision limitations mean that common sense relies on ‘rule...
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...link: descartes DESCARTES (1596-1650) AND THE CARTESIAN DOGMA OF A MECHANICAL UNIVERSE theme: Descartes is usually regarded as the founder of modern philosophy. His belief in the certainty of knowledge or 'truth' - the 'Cartesian belief' - was the basis for his method of analytic reasoning - the 'Cartesian method' - which he claimed was a function of the 'soul' - 'Cartesian doctrine'. He viewed the universe as a machine designed by divine reason or 'God' - the 'Cartesian dogma'. Descartes' perception of 'human nature'... The "essence of human nature lies in thought, and all the things we conceive clearly and distinctly are true". In this way Descartes demonstrated the value of error and proved his doctrine - the 'Cartesian doctrine' - that human reason was a valid means of searching for certain knowledge or 'truth'. "Most ancient civilizations knew what we have forgotten: that knowledge is a fearful thing. To know the name of something is to hold power over it. In ancient myths and legends, eating from the tree of knowledge meant banishment from one garden or another. In the modern world, this Janus-like quality of knowledge has been forgotten. Descartes, for example, reached the conclusion that 'the more I sought to inform myself, the more I realized how ignorant I was.' Instead of taking this as a proper conclusion of a good education, Descartes thought ignorance was a solvable problem and set forth to find certain truth through a process of radical skepticism." (Miller...
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...Contents Preface Chapter 1: Explaining the meanings of some words Chapter 2: Principles that I take for granted Chapter 3: Hypotheses Chapter 4: Analogy Chapter 5: The right way to get knowledge of the operations of the mind Chapter 6: The difficulty of attending to the operations of our own minds 1 4 17 21 25 27 29 Preliminary Thomas Reid Chapter 7: Classifying the powers of the mind Chapter 8: Social operations of mind 32 35 Preliminary Thomas Reid Preface Preface Human knowledge falls into two parts, one relating to body (material things), the other relating to mind (intellectual things). The whole system of bodies in the universe, of which we know only a very small part, can be called ‘the material world’; the whole system of minds, from the infinite creator right down to the lowest creature endowed with thought, can be called ‘the intellectual world’. These are the two great kingdoms of Nature that come to our attention; and every art, every science, and every human thought is engaged with one or other of them or with things pertaining to them—the boldest flight of imagination can’t take us outside them. Even within them there are many things—concerning...
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...Study Links Long Hours to Increased Errors | Top Abstract Background Method Results Discussion References | Study Links Long Hours to Increased Errors In 2005, the American Nurses Association House of Delegates resolved to disseminate recent research findings on the relationship between work hours, fatigue and errors. Dr. Ann Rogers presented the results of her study “The Working Hours of Hospital Staff Nurses and Patient Safety” published in Health Affairs, July/August 2004. Her study followed 393 registered nurses working over 5,317 shifts. Each nurse tracked hours worked, time of day worked, overtime, days off, sleep/wake patterns, errors and near misses. According to Dr. Rogers, fatigue results in: * Forgetfulness * Slowed reaction time * Diminished decision making * Reduced vigilance * Apathy, lethargy * Impaired communication. Delivery of health care requires higher cognitive functions – judgment, logic, complex decision-making, memory, vigilance, information management and communication skills. Fatigued workers try ineffective solutions to problems and neglect activities deemed non-essential. Sleep research indicates that most people need at 7.5-8 hour of sleep each night. Nurses in the study averaged 6.8 hours of sleep. Long hours, and the impact of competing priorities in personal lives impact getting adequate rest prior to working. In more than half the shifts, nurses were unable to take breaks due to shift demands...
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...What typical errors do we make in person perception? How can these perceptual errors be avoided? “Perception is a dynamic process because it involves ordering and attaching meaning to ‘raw’ sensitive data” (Huczynsky and Buchanan, 2001, p.217). In other words, perception refers to the way people understand the world around them. It is a dynamic process because the information is processed through the use of the five sensatory organs and then given significance (Anon.). Therefore it is subjective in nature. Given that, it is logical to expect errors or differences in judgment as the human factor is involved. Typical errors that arouse in person perception are due to stereotyping, bias, over-analyzing, gullibility or skepticism, making hasty assumptions, and misinterpretation. The psychological condition of a person also applies to his ability to make conclusions in a sense that it dictates his emotions, thoughts and actions. In addition it would be the psychological attitude of a person that will help him judge people, situations, and the ongoing environment with more precision, eliminating perceptual errors. The process of perception comes in three stages (Thornton, 2009). The first stage refers to bringing attention to certain stimuli in an environment and selecting a specific one giving it the highest priority (Thornton, 2009). In an environment that is raging with stimuli such as light, sound, and movement a person selects the one to pay attention to and leaves the others...
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...Plato. He believes a superior educator will be able to draw out those talents in students. Philosophy has been integrated in the history of education from the beginning of time. The use of philosophy is applied to everyday living, education, politics and economics situations. The branch of philosophy that is concerned with the nature of reality and existence is known as metaphysics. Metaphysics is concerned with the question of nature of the person or the self. It addresses such questions as whether human nature is basically good, evil, spiritual, mental, or physical. (Webb, Metha, Jordan. Pg. 50) Metaphysics is an essential component element of teaching. Children are taught by their parents the ethics of what is acceptable in society. This encourages the child to determine how to function in the social structure. The classroom instructor also enforces this type of teaching. Without this nature of teaching, that person is not able to properly function in a social setting. An example of is a young child has been locked up in an isolated room for most of its childhood. This child would fail in a school setting, or in any public place. Humans,...
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...that installs a(n) ____ door or trap door component in a system. (a) closed (b) back (c) side (d) open (e) sliding 4. The application of computing and network resources to try every possible combination of options of a password is called a(n) ____ attack. (a) combination (b) orderly (c) sequential (d) random (e) brute force 5. Software piracy and copyright infringement are examples of ____. (a) deliberate acts of information extortion (b) theft of intellectual property (c) acts of human error or failure (d) deliberate acts of espionage or trespass (e) human error or failure 6. Why is data the most important asset an organization possesses? What other assets in the organization require protection? 7. How can dual controls, such as two-person confirmation, reduce the threats from acts of human error and failure? What other controls can reduce this threat? 8. How has the perception of the hacker changed over recent years? What is the profile of a hacker today? 9. Why does virus polymorphism cause greater concern than traditional malware? How does it affect detection? 10. What are the various types of force majeure? 11. What is so dangerous in a spoofing attack? How can e-mail be used or compromised in a spoofing attack? Internet/Laboratory Exercises 1. Here is another threat to your privacy and bandwidth. Spyware, also called Aware is any software that covertly...
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...education are essential. Each of these types requires, fundamentally, the acquisition of specific knowledge, the formation of socially desirable habits and skills, the development of wholesome attitudes and appreciations, and the assimilation of the essential elements of the social heritage. For this assimilation to be effective, the social forces which influence the individual’s morality, personality, and character must be brought under proper control. This can be accomplished only when all agencies and institutions constituting society are governed completely and administered strictly according to the unchanging principles of the moral law. Those principles demand, first of all, that two major elements: 1) the true nature of the individual, (2) the true nature of society, must always be taken into account in providing types of education. A Catholic Philosophy of Education These two major elements, which actually govern the possibility and the realization of a harmonious development of the individual and of society, require...
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...had that great feeling of helping someone out. My sense of humor and acting silly is something I can’t change because I myself enjoy it so much and need it; in this day and age. I have change me eagerness to help people if it means coming straight out of my pocket. I have been used, cheated, and lied to for reason I wouldn’t know why. But this is what has become of our world, and cause me to be more protective of my feelings as well as my outlook. It’s quite sad to add that majority of my friends I can’t like I use to but just as the saying goes. Keep your friends close but enemies closer. Fast-growing understanding of the human genome has made it clear that both sides of the debate have merit. Nature endows us with inborn abilities and traits; nurture takes these genetic tendencies and molds them as we learn and mature. That’s it, right? Ha! The "nature vs nurture" debate still rages on, as scientist fight over how much of who we are is shaped by genes and how much by the environment. The nurture theory holds that genetic influence over abstract traits may exist; however, the environmental factors are the real origins of our behavior. This includes the use of conditioning in order to induce a new behavior to a child, or alter an unlikely behavior being shown by the child. According to John Watson, one of the strongest psychologists who...
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...Chapter 10 Idea Judgment The role of the Judge Judge: critical mindset; impartial (is this possible?); find the best idea based on evidence and principles; consider the risks involved in all possible solutions; What is Good Judgment? Although good judgment comes from experience, we can learn from the mistakes of others; a good judgment must detect errors, flaws, risks, consequences and uncertainties Values, Presuppositions and Bias “Judges are required to do much critical thinking. However, critical thinking is not taught well in schools., where only the analytical aspects of logical reasoning may be introduced. But effective critical thinking and decision making are whole brain processes.” -experience is important -to be good judges, we have to be cognizant of our personal biases (e.g. religious, moral, ethical values; ethnic customs and values, cultural bias and prejudice; values based on personal experiences, etc.); we must be able to think beyond the limits of our own “tribe” -so, be aware of our personal belief systems (egocentrism and ethnocentrism) -“Teams” can help prevent some of these personal biases Ethics In Engineering -Engineers must ensure the health, safety and welfare of the public -Do businesses in general operate according to this general principle of ethics? -Whistleblowers may be necessary to take a stand against organizational corruption Critical Thinking -see table 10.2 on page 242 -Argument skills: informal...
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...William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying breaks the facticity of literary convention by constructing a storyline that asserts a conflict in the reader rather than predominately within the characters. The basic conflict that sets forth thematic conflict of the distinction of facts and truth within the nature of the mind is of a Southern decaying family’s attempt to bring their mother home for burial. Faulkner narrates each character’s singular point of view to show the result of the multitude of subjective interpretations as each character deals with their emotions engendered by the events. The reader is unsure as to which imitated perspective is objective towards the truth. Faulkner’s narration of imitating events from a different stand point develops an arguing conflict of what is thought to be an established nature of mind. As I Lay Dying is a conflict of the conceptual idea of truth. It can be interpreted that the conflict of the narrative is a conflict of our beings – whether or not there is such a thing as unprejudiced truth. Within the beginning narratives, the characters reveal their corruptions that will obscure their interpretations: including adultery, pregnancy, abortion, hatred, and insanity. Using multiple views promotes the isolation each family member’s internal conflicts in relation to their response to their mother’s death, relationships, and own seemingly selfish concerns. The reader begins to see the instability of their isolation when the Faulkner establishes...
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...INDIA, CHINA AND AMERICA INSTITUTE 1549 CLAIRMONT ROAD, SUITE 202 ● DECATUR, GA 30033 USA WWW.ICAINSTITUTE.ORG An Exploration of Human Resource Management Information Systems Security Humayun Zafar, Jan G. Clark & Myung S. Ko Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markets Volume 3 November 2011 1 Zafar et al.: An Exploration of Human Resource Management Information Systems S Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2011 2011 JOURNAL OF EMERGING KNOWLEDGE ON EMERGING MARKETS ● WWW.ICAINSTITUTE.ORG PAGE 489 An Exploration of Human Resource Management Information Systems Security Humayun Zafar Kennesaw State University Jan G. Clark The University of Texas at San Antonio Myung S. Ko The University of Texas at San Antonio Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markets Volume 3 November 2011 uman resource (HR) information systems are employed extensively by modern day firms. They are designed to support the HR functions such as attracting job applicants (Stone, Lukaszewski, & Isenhour, 2005) automating training and development, managing employee performance, and administering benefits systems (Burkhard, Schooley, Dawson, & Horan, 2010; Strohmeier, 2007). HR information systems can help meet employee needs, streamline operating procedures, reduce operating expenses, and also increase information accuracy and accessibility. They also aid in improving the professional standing of HR professionals in the organization (Hussain, H 2 ...
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...IMPACT OF PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS ON EMPLOYEES’ JOB SATISFACTION IN THE COMMERCIAL BANKING SECTOR OF SRI LANKA K.A.M.S. Kodisinghe Faculty of Business Studies and Finance, Wayamba University, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka menakakodisinghe@yahoo.com ABSTRACT This research has been mainly based on the model of perceived organizational politics proposed by Ferris, Russ and Fandt (1989). Four constructs namely perceptions of organizational politics, job satisfaction, perceived control and understanding have been taken into consideration. Further the locus of control introduced by Robbins (2005) was also taken as the next construct. The research studies carried out on the relationships between the above mentioned variables seem to be inconsistent. Some researchers have found that no correlation exists between these variables whereas other studies indicate a weak to moderate relationship between these variables. Many theoretical findings and researches on the perception of organizational politics – job satisfaction relationship have been originated from the western organizational context. It seems that information about Sri Lankan environment is almost nil. The researcher has attempted to find out whether there is a relationship, positive or negative among the above mentioned five constructs in the Sri Lankan environment. The researcher selected the commercial banking sector for this study as it is the most developed and promising sector. The sample of the study consists of 300...
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...Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, he claims that it is not reason, but experience which guides and is the basis for most of our beliefs, or matters of fact. What the cause is for this, is the question he ultimately tackles in order to gain an understanding of the human nature of the connection of experience and existence. When discussing how our mind forms connections between various thought, he states that “method and regularity” act to enforce a regular chain of ideas that also serve to relate to memory and imagination (p.14). When this regular chain is broken in upon by some irregular thought, it is quickly noticed. From this, he gathers that because of the regularity that occurs in the thought process, a universal principle exists to bring together ideas in such a comprehensible fashion. These principles of association, as he calls them, are Resemblance, Contiguity, and Cause and Effect. To prove that these three principles hold to connect all possible forms of ideas, he suggests that if all situations are rendered to as general a form as possible, principles of association will apply alone or in some combination in all cases. For our purposes, cause and effect is the most relevant principle which may cast light on Hume’s statement that “Custom, then, is the great guide of human life. It is that principle alone, which renders our experience useful to us,” (p.29). Before entertaining the suggestion that customs are in fact an important guide to human life, it is important...
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...How well do people know why they do the things they do? _____________________________________________________________________ Human beings are cognitively advanced, yet it is still surprising that much of what we do we cannot explain. Humans are amongst few mammals capable of the self-recognition necessary for self-awareness which enables conscious manipulation in behaviour (Gallup, G. G., 1982). Understanding the behaviour of others and ourselves is increasingly complex since behaviour is attributed to fluctuating mental states (emotions, desires, feelings). Many papers have begun to cover the theory how people understand the causes of behaviour through attribution and self-concept (Kelley, H. H.1973);(Heider, F. 1958);(Markus, H., & Wurf, E, 1987). But conflicting papers have given rise to the argument of error in attributions, experience distortion and group-think to consider the other face of the coin- that people may not know quite so well why they do the things they do (Heider, 1958);(Kurzban & Aktipis, 2007);(Sherif, 1936) “Theory of the mind”/“mentalizing” is a process which we naturally engage with on a daily basis. It identifies that other people have mental states different to our own (Schacter, 2009). The recognition of mental state (e.g. noticing your partner is unhappy) is something which adults naturally perceive. This skill is essential for social interaction and is observable in infants as young as 18 months (Frith, C. D., & Frith, U, 1999);(U...
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