...Effects of War and Peace on Foreign Aid Glenda K. Walker Strayer University SOC 300- Sociology of Developing Countries May 4, 2014 Mr. J. Cathey The proliferation of crises around the world has led to a sharp increase in the scale of humanitarian aid required to meet the vital needs of the people affected by them for food, water, medical care and shelter. Humanitarian organizations can either meet those needs directly or support local services engaged in the same work. In most cases, both approaches are used. Malnutrition, illness, wounds, torture, harassment of specific groups within the population, disappearances, extra-judicial executions and the forcible displacement of people are all found in many armed conflicts. Aside from their direct effects on the individuals concerned, the consequences of these tragedies for local systems must also be considered: the destruction of crops and places of cultural importance, the breakdown of economic infrastructure and of health-care facilities such as hospitals, etc. The impact of armed conflict on people and systems vital to their survival can take different forms, as the following examples illustrate: when Rwandan refugees fled into former Zaire, the mortality rate rose sharply, to as much as 10 times what is regarded as the threshold of extreme emergency, and large scale displacement invariably causes a dramatic increase in malnutrition rates. In children under the age of five, this can reach 20% (Rwandan refugees in Zaire...
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...This paper will highlight the cause of genocide, violent massacres and crisis, how to solve them, and key roles politicians and nations must take up wholeheartedly in order to make a difference. Personal and political reconciliation must occur in the parties involved ever want to have a mutual co existence. Humanitarian Crisis and Reconciliation To understand the impact of humanitarian crises and how international politics play a role, a common definition of such crises must be understood. In his book “Humanitarian Crises and the International Politics of Selectivity” Martin Binder defines a humanitarian crisis as a “large scale human suffering resulting from the violation or the destruction of the physical integrity of a large number of people” (pg. 332). There are quite a few causes of these events that include natural disasters-earthquakes floods, winds, landslides, avalanches, cyclones, tsunamis, locust infestations, drought, volcanic eruptions, changes in weather or tidal patterns. Human factors include political corruption, embargoes or blockades, lack of planning or foresight, and not to mention demographic and geographic characteristics like population density. Of the major causes, the majority of them come from natural disasters but the one cause that can arguably be the most devastating is that of political corruption. As Robert Rothberg pointed out in his book, From Massacres to Genocide “before corruption of any kind can be dealt...
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...ARNAUD NDIZIHIWE Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on Soldiers, Communities, Societies From War Participation MARCH 2012 TABLE OF CONTENT PROLOGUE PART I POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Part II: IMPACT ON THE INDIVIDUAL Part III: IMPACT ON FAMILY Part IV: IMPACT ON THE COMMUNITY PART V: OVERCOMING POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER PART VI: DISCUSSION BIBLIOGRAPHY Post-Traumatic stress Disorders on Soldiers, Communities, Societies from War Participation Prologue A few years back when I was in Rwanda, it was no longer surprising to a attend a memorial ceremony and each time, all of a sudden, some women would start screaming:"They are coming for me!" as if they were being chased to death or men losing control and start shouting at another group of people:"You murderers!". We were used to this phenomenon but a newcomer would certainly creep out. For me, their reaction is perfectly understandable and tough I view it from my country's perspective and experience, post traumatic stress disorder is a global sociological and psychological issue that needs to be addressed. Conflicts inciting violence are still going on, some have ended but a large number of war survivors and victims are still haunted by the memories, they have experienced the worst situations humanly possible and if the issue is not addressed properly, trauma can be perpetual...
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...SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE THABA TSHWANE THE CAUSES AND DYNAMICS OF CONFLICT IN CENTRAL AFRICA By Ms C. Auret November 2009 This research paper was written by a programme member attending the South African National Defence College in fulfilment of one of the requirements of the Executive National Security Programme 20/09. The paper is a scholastic document and this contains facts and opinions which the author alone considered appropriate and correct for subject. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of any agency, including the South African Government or Department of Defence. This paper may not be released, quoted or copied except with the express permission of the Department of Defence. INDEX |HEADING |PAGE | | | | | | | |Abstract……………………………………………………………………………… |3 | |Introduction………………………………………………………………………….. |3 | |Historical Review of Conflict in Central Africa ……………………………...
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...We are presently living in a world full of turmoil, conflict, and confusion, continually engulfed in various power struggles and wars of all kinds. As a result of this never-ending, widespread violence and corruption, we are also living in a world of refugees. According to the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees: a refugee is a person who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail him/herself of the protection of that country (Refugee, 2008). The current crisis of refugees around the world is overlooked by average, first world citizens every day. The topic of refugees, besides bringing up obvious issues of human rights, also involves numerous other global issues and raises countless questions. In this paper, we will discuss issues revolving around the history of refugees, refugee warehousing and its alternatives, as well as three individual case studies of current refugee crises around the world and how they connect to other global issues. Refugees were first defined and acknowledged as a legal group in the aftermath of World War II, due to the vast number of people fleeing Eastern Europe (Refugee, 2008). While it is clearly impossible to account for all of the world’s refugees, when this estimate is combined with the...
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...Rwandan Genocide In the Beginning on April six nineteen ninety four Hutus began the process of murdering the Tutsis in the African country known as Rwanda. As the brutal slaughter went on , the people of the world watched on in horror as their fellow human beings were killed. The dark days of that year alone lasted a hundred days but the carnage they left behind would last a life time because more than eight hundred thousand of both Hutus and Tutsis were killed in those dark days. Before this all started ethnic tensions were high between the Tutsis and the Hutus because although the Hutus were the majority before the rebellion the Tutsis were in control of the government and from that time anger and fear was rising . An ideology of fear of the minority of taking control was in the air and not only was there fear of the Tutsis taking over but also that they would soon enslave the Hutus and that was one of the reasons they wanted to destroy there enemies. When the president of Rwanda’s plan was shot down that was the breaking point in what people say would be one of the saddest days in human history to be rivaled only by world war two when the Nazis murdered the minority Jewish population. When the world heard of the atrocities being committed in Rwanda the united nations quickly jumped to save the foreigners but of course a person had to be a white foreigner to be saved. Like many know if you are poor or non-white...
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...post-independence the former Belgian Congo was changed to The Democratic Republic of Congo on August 1, 1964 to distinguish it from the Republic of Congo. In 1960 General Joseph Motubu came into power, changed his name to Motubu Sese Seko, and changed the country’s name to the Republic of Zaire. 1997 was the year rebel forces (backed by Laurent Kabila) changed the country’s name back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and this change cased a new rebellion between him and former allies in 1998, and so began “Africa’s World War”. Conflicts that contributed to this crisis Laurent Kabila had accused some of his former allies, such as Rwanda and Uganda as having ulterior motives. In 1996 Rwanda and Uganda combined with rebel groups to invade Congo to vanquish Hutu militia, known as the Interhambwe, who were responsible for the Rwanda...
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...In the 1990s the UN was involved, through action or inaction, in a number of humanitarian interventions. It started with the creation of a safe haven in Iraq for the Kurds and the decade ended with Australian intervention in East Timor. The lack of effective action in Rwanda leading to the killing of 800000 people in 100 days has means that very few people today support a complete non-interventionist approach. It is more or less agreed upon that humanitarian intervention can be justifiable in the extreme circumstances to end massive human suffering . After Rwanda the main cause for concern and debate has been about who should intervene and when. Eventually the divisiveness of Kosovo encouraged Secretary General Kofi Annan to ask for a new way of looking at this issue...
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...war………………………………………………………………..9 • Rwanda: • Civil War of Rwanda……………………………………………………………..11 • Liberia: • Sierra Leon vs. Liberia………………………………………………………….12 • Democratic Republic of Congo…………………………………………………….13 • South Africa……………………………………………………………………….14 REGIONAL CONFLICTS IN AFRICA Since gaining independence many West African nations have undergone political instability. There have been many wars in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Cote d’Ivoire. Since the end of colonialism, West African states have often been affected by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism. The region has seen the most brutal and serious conflicts that have ever taken place, such as the Angolan Civil War, First Liberian Civil War, Second Liberian Civil War, Guinea-Bissau Civil War, Ivorian Civil War, and the Sierra Leone Civil War. In this paper we’ll try to analyze the causes, costs and impacts of these regional conflicts and war, while giving a brief history of it. REGIONAL CONFLICT: According to Rightspeak Glossary, “Regional conflict is a war requiring violation of the territorial sovereignty of two or more nation states.” So we can say that when two or more countries get into a conflict either to protect own or invade other’s territorial sovereignty, they are being involved in a regional conflict. ANGOLA : • ANGOLAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE: Following independence from Portugal, the two primary...
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...At first I was not fond of Night I usually like a book that has some kind of mystery or romance involved. With Night I already had an idea of how the book will end and I would not understand any way to pull a romantic notion from it. This book would definitely not be a first choice of mine. Even though I did enjoy reading it and believe that the events should never be forgotten, it is important for our societies to remember the victims along with the dwindling number of survivors. I was very impressed with the wording used; the word choice was very strong. It is amazing that his wife was able to translate and use words with so much power and strength. I had the same feelings and questions after reading Night as I have had after reading Ann Frank’s diary or watching Schindler’s list. How could this happen? What would drive any one to these thoughts or actions and believe it is right, good, or even acceptable. I wonder how Adolf Hitler would have felt if Jews had decided to eradicate Austrian/ Germans? What would he have done, would he have died or survived? I googled Adolf Hitler and there are several websites saying his father was ½ Jewish. There is even a video on UTube about Hitler being part Jewish. With a name like Adolf, some of his facial characteristics, and hair as dark as his why, would he want to annihilate a mass of people who are similar to him? I am not sure if Hitler truly was part Jewish, but if he was, did he know? How would he react if he was alive, the allegations...
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...The Causes of War Summer Hansborough POL 300 004016 What causes opposition? Imperialism, nationalism, Social Darwinism, and militarism are causes of war, and I narrowed it down to the following; freedom, money, ideologies, race, religion and land. Although these are causes of war, in most cases, the ultimate cause of war is an elitist mentality. One believing their ideologies, race, policies and beliefs are superior to those that do not fit in or follow that particular system. What are the causes of war? An age old question that no one has yet to give a definitive answer. What is war? One definition explains war as an aggressively armed battle between conflicting people. Another definition explains war as fighting between nations, or groups in a nation, using weapons. To sum it all up, war is a condition of active animosity or contention and it is not exclusive to people. There are many kinds of war, such as is the war on drugs, the war on terrorism, political wars, and the war on AIDS. The war on AIDS is interesting, because it’s not a war apposing people, but a virus, a disease. According to the bible, our war is not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, wickedness and power in high places. (bible, 2005) A system, which is designed to bring order and uniformity, is an attribute to the causes of war. A system is vital to administer order to society. In the early days, before America established its own money system, America used...
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...globalization, an emerging concern of environmental issues and the management of conflict by specialized international institutions, engaging the process of global governance which is now one of the main issue for the future. This term of « Global governance refers to the complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizen and organizations, both inter and non governmental through which collective interest on the global plane are articulated. In conventions, most of the states involved in global governance have seen themselves attributed various kinds of responsibilities and powers through the creation of diverses supranational organisations such as UN, EU or financial instutions like IMF or the World Bank. Nonetheless, global governance implies a participation based on consensus and volunteering the sacrifice is important, the countries involved have to give up some of their supremacy for a common view, favorising international trades and cooperation between the states. However we will demonstrate that reality is somehow different. Indeed, governance implies informal mechanism of influence beyond the internal circle of the organisation and involve various kinds of non governemental organizations. Which leads us to the following issue: What is the real power of the states...
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...____________________________________________________________________ PROGRAMME HANDBOOK ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION GENERAL DEGREE ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ JANUARY 2016 INTAKE ____________________________________________________________________ Copyright© 2016 THE MANAGEMENT COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA All rights reserved, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying machines, without the written permission of the publisher MANCOSA: MBA (GENERAL) STAGE 1 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. WELCOME 1.1 MESSAGE FROM THE PRINCIPAL 1.2 MESSAGE FROM THE OFFICE OF THE DEAN 3 4 INTRODUCTION TO MANCOSA 2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF MANCOSA 2.2 PROGRAMME OFFERINGS 2.3 ACADEMIC MANAGEMENT 4 5 5 3. THE MANCOSA VISION 6 4. THE MANCOSA MISSION 6 5. MBA PROGRAMME STRUCTURE 5.1 OVERALL PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES 5.2 PROGRAMME FOCUS 5.3 MODULE DESCRIPTIONS 2. 6. PROGRAMME ADMINISTRATION 6.1 PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT 6.2 FINANCE 6.2.1 FEE PAYMENT 6.2.2 PAYMENT OF FEES AND OTHER DUES 6.2.3 PAYMENT PLANS 6.2.4 ADDITIONAL FEES/CHARGES 6.2.5 REGISTRATION SPECIFIC/INCOMPLETE MODULES 6.2.6 CANCELLATION OF REGISTRATION/FEE LIABILITY 6.2.7 MISCELLANEOUS COSTS 6.2.8 PAYMENTS 6.2.9 ACCOUNT DETAILS 6.2.10 FOREIGN PAYMENTS...
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...ABSTRACT For over two decades, civil war has raged in Sudan. The government of Sudan which consists of a majority of Muslims has focused the war on the Africans of Darfur region of Sudan. These Africans have had the control of some of the most fertile grazing lands and oil reserves in all of Sudan. Unfortunately over the past two decades, persistent droughts have forced the Arabs to migrate to more arable land, though having strained their relations with the Africans[1]. When the Arabs and the Africans started coexisting, fights broke out between them over lands and the Arabs became violent. Massacres and rebellions were a commonplace scenario between both the sides. The situation worsened when Sudan government sided with the Arabs and the government and military groups of Janjaweed(“devils on horsebacks”) began fighting the insurgents and the citizens of Darfur. It dint take very long for this to turn into genocide, also known as ethnic cleansing. The cleansing stopped focusing just on citizens and insurgents and started targeting certain ethnicities such as the Africans and the Christians. INTRODUCTION On the 10th anniversary of the genocide in Rwanda, another human catastrophe is rapidly accelerating despite full knowledge of the United Nations and Western democracies. In April, a U.N. team investigating human rights abuses in the far western Darfur region of Sudan found “disturbing patterns of massive human rights violations in Darfur, many of which...
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...Running head: Midterm Examination M4A1: Midterm Examination James Hallihan Ethnic Conflict and Genocide Theory: In the case of Bosnia, choose the most important theoretical aspect (primordial, constructivist, instrumental, modernization) that you find most helpful in your understanding of the conflict. What does this approach illuminate to you that you find so important and how might it direct you towards one or other levels of analysis? In looking at the Bosnian conflict the most important aspect of the conflict was social constructivism. The definition of Social constructivism is “identities are molded, refabricated, and mobilized in accord with reigning cultural scripts and centers of power”(Cerulo, 1997, p.387). In Bosnia there were three major ethnic groups fighting for control of Bosnia: 1. Serbs- The Serbian people are Orthodox Christians 2. Croats- The Croatian people are Catholic Christians 3. Bosniaks- The Bosniaks are Muslim The two main actors in this conflict originally came from Croatia and Serbia which were all part of Yugoslavia and Russian controlled at one point in time. There is some primordialism overtones in this conflict however, “it is almost impossible for people in the region to trace the ethnic line of most inhabitants”(Jesse &Williams, 2011, p.146), and due to intermarriage between the Croats and Serbians in the region, there are no “physical differences among people of different ethnic origins”(Harvey, 2000, pp.42-43)...
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