...with This Approach Cultural anthropology is the study of cultural variation among people. An essential concept that professional anthropologists apply in their fieldworks is - cultural relativism - an approach to study of the nature and role of values in a culture without judgment and comparison to their own. According to the Study Guide, Smillie and Kenny state that major contribution to the study of the concept of cultural relativism can be attributed to Boas and his students, who challenged a wide-spread idea that societies are staged along a line from the most undeveloped to most “civilized.” Rather, they suggested that each individual culture should be understood in terms of its unique beliefs and ideals. That is, in order to observe and understand how people live and operate in a particular culture, it is important to consider the way other view the world within the framework of their culture. A great example of this idea is depicted by Laura Bohannan in her work “Shakespeare in the bush.” With an argument in mind, that human nature is more or less universal, she travels to Africa and discusses a famous Shakespeare’s tragic play with native people of a tribe Tiv, expecting only slight variations in its interpretation accounted for discrepancies in culture. To her surprise, Bohannan finds out that customs, beliefs, translations and culture have an enormous role in the perception and interpretation of Shakespeare’s play and that its meaning is not as universal as she previously...
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...SS3150 – Six Approaches to Qualitative Research The chosen qualitative research approach that I chose to use for my research is Case Study. The particular type of case study that I decided to use is the critical instance case study. These examine one or more sites for either the purpose of examining a situation of unique interest with little to no interest in generalizability, or to call into question or challenge a highly generalized or universal assertion. This method is useful for answering cause and effect questions. Some of the strengths of case studies are as follows; they are a good source of ideas about behavior, they give good opportunity for innovation, they are a good method to study rare phenomena, they provide good method to challenge theoretical assumptions, and also are a good alternative or complement to the group focus of psychology. Some of the weaknesses of case studies are that they can be hard to draw definite cause-effect conclusions; they are hard to generalize from a single case and also the possible bias in data collection and interpretation (due to it being a single person that gathers and analyzes the information). In my opinion the case study approach best fits my research paper because it will allow me to look at both the causes and effects that domestic violence has on children. Although, there have been several scholarly reviews that have been conducted of this literature there is still more research that needs to be done in order to fully...
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...Case Study Kimberly Greenway Liberty University What is a case study? In psychology a case study is an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. A case study analyzes the subject’s life to understand pattern and causes of behavior. What are some reasons for using a case study approach? Case studies can be used to collect data that involves a person’s individual behavior. This allows a person to obtain a detailed profile of the person being studied. This can provide clear insight for further or future research. Case studies allow researchers a possibility to investigate which is impossible in a laboratory where other research may be conducted. What are advantages and disadvantages of this approach? Some advantage of case studies can help generate new methods that may help or be tested later by other research methods. Case studies can provide detailed information, as wells as in depth information on individuals. Also, some unusual cases can help give a clear understanding on some situations or problems that are unethical so they may be studied in other ways. Some disadvantages of this approach are that vital information may be missing, or may be difficult to interpret. Someone’s memory may be selective or even inaccurate. The case study may also be difficult to replicate and can be very time consuming. Another disadvantage is it may also be difficult to draw definite cause-effect conclusions from your...
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...International Journal of Arts and Sciences 3(15): 238-254 (2010) CD-ROM. ISSN: 1944-6934 © InternationalJournal.org Filipino Philosophy and Post-Modernity Raymundo R. Pavo, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Philippines Abstract: Post-Modernity, with its stress on freedom and creativity, is a vantage point that can dispose Filipino thinkers to philosophically formulate, construct and develop thought systems. This liberating milieu can be reckoned as a fertile occasion where Filipinos can explore the conditions of possibilities that grant a philosophical status to thoughts, statements or constructions that either come from or pertain to the Filipino mind. Such that when we use the concept Filipino Philosophy, we are well-conscious of these two interrelated points – The Identity and Referential Nature of the concept Filipino, and the connotation/intension of the term Philosophy. Is it Filipino? Is it philosophical? These are the questions that have guided the ruminations in this philosophical treatise. And as an initial insight to such questions, we propose a kind of vantage point that can address the identity and referential nature of the term Filipino in a Filipino Philosophy and the philosophical substance of its claim. This perspective, we shall argue, may be construed by a social-scientist-philosopher. As a social scientist, this thinker is mindful of the descriptions or characteristics that may be regarded as telling of the Filipino milieu. As a philosopher, this...
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...What is Universal Design: According to the USA Centre for Excellence in Universal Design, Universal Design is defined as it ‘creates products, systems, and environments to be as usable as possible by as many people as possible regardless of age, ability or situation’ [Inclusive Design & Environmental Access (IDeA, 2016). Thus, generating a better quality of life for all users in society and at the same time ‘improving human performance, health and wellness, and social participation’ [Steinfeld & Maisel, 2012, p.29]. Furthermore, Universal Design lessens the possible stigma sometimes associated with these accessible features and can benefit all aspects of society. Introduction: The following case study was based on an appraisal of a Banana...
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...How Does Leaders Communication Style in Multinational Organization Impact Upon the Achieving of Goals Table of Contents Introduction 3 Universal Leadership in Multinational Companies 4 Interpersonal Acumen and Leadership Communication in MNCs 4 Various Dimensions of Societal Culture and Effective Leadership 5 Cross-Cultural Dimensions of Leadership Communication in Achieving Goals 9 Recognition of Cross-Cultural Leadership for Attaining Goals 9 Conclusion 10 References 12 Introduction Business scenario at present is changing. This change in business environment has been dealt from different aspects in the form of emerging markets, globalization, exponential rate of change, different competitors, new technologies and many such. In short, it is to be identified that all these aspects lead to development of the concept called multiculturalism. Multiculturalism surely affects multinational companies and ultimately people and business worldwide. Due to changing business environment considerable changes in leadership communication styles have also taken place to cope up with the dynamic market trends. There had been a significant change in management and control focus to that of alignment focus. Also, significant change has occurred in the communication styles as different modes of communication and system of close interaction between the management and the rest of the organization are being introduced. As an inevitable consequence, the culture in multinational...
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..."Music is universal, but it is not a universal language”? ~ Ethnomusicologist mean that music is found and made all over the world, but everyone doesn’t interpret music the same way. Chapter 1, page 4 states, “Each individual listener's interpretation is entirely the result of cultural conditioning and life experience." Meaning, depending on your cultural upbringing and your experiences in life, you will process and analyze music differently. We can all listen to the same exact song and all feel that it has a different meaning. Something can be music to one person and noise to another. What are the potential problems in classifying music as "classical," "folk," or "popular”? ~ Labeling music can often mislead people. Due to different cultural backgrounds it can confuse people. According to the textbook, in shorter words, "it is often tempting to use labels as shorthand. Unfortunately, not everyone understands their meanings and limitations. All three terms came from different cultures. Folk came from the Germans with the meaning coming from the Romantic Movement in the 18th-19th century, Classical came from the French and Italian culture. The textbooks states that the terms, "suggest a hierarchical value system in which classical is typically considered highest, folk of the much lower value, and popular at the lowest level." So by categorizing music you’re also categorizing it with a certain type of people. How might an ethnomusicologist approach the study of Western...
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...Alcoa’s Case Study 2 1. How would you classify Alcoa’s ethical climate? Which ethical criterion, as shown in figure 5.1., was used by the company: egoism (self-centered), benevolence (concern for others) or principles (integrity approach)? Or, using Professor Paine’s two distinct ethics approaches, as discussed in this chapter, was Alcoa’s approach more compliance or integrity? Alcoa since its inception had a very strong values and the people itself enforce these values, all the employees knew clearly that all the decisions should be done according to the Alcoa’s Core standards. Since my point of view the corporate culture sets the ethical work climate of the firm as principle (integrity approach) because Alcoa expected personal morality from their workers, the rules and procedures with to be followed by the organizations, and laws and professional codes were to be followed in society. I would classify Alcoa’s ethical work climate one of high standards. Using Professor Paine’s ethics studies, Alcoa’s has an integrity based approach that combines a concern for the law with an emphasis on employee responsibility for ethical conduct. Employees are told to act with integrity and conduct their business dealings in an environment of honesty and fairness. That’s why O’Neill fired the manager, because none employee could have a misperception about the company values, even though this manager had a record of increased sales and profitability. The top management commitment played...
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...Self-Determination Theory 312033788Work2218Assig1S12012 Word count: 1648 Motivation. A word used often to describe a compelling force that drives people to participate in task and activities such as; a marathon, diets, and writing case reports. But, where does this motivation stems from? To understand where, we must understand? And how can we sustain this drive in every aspect of our lives? This report will cover self-determination theory and how it relates to an associated case study. Other theories and examples will be given along the way, but the focus is on understanding what factors play a role in motivating people to act. Self-Determination Theory is the investigation of people’s inherent growth tendencies and innate psychological needs (Deci & Ryan 2000, pp 68), and its distinction between autonomous motivation and controlled motivation (Gagne and Deci 2005, pp. 333). Self-determination theory separates extrinsic and intrinsic motivators to examine in what ways can intrinsic motivation be sustained and applied to tasks that are displeasing. However, the conditions for personal growth, well-being, and social development must be met. Through research the universal necessities needed to promote the perfect conditions are autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Deci & Ryan 2000, pp 68). Self-determination theory could be paired with Cognitive evaluation theory which focuses on external and internal factors, but is limited to sonly those two. Self-determination...
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...expanded access to free preventive care for patients of all ages. Last summer it survived a challenge in the U.S. Supreme Court” (www.consumerreports.org 2013). “ All of that is an introduction to the transformation coming in 2014, when almost all Americans will have access to affordable health insurance that covers essential care” (www.consumerreports.org 2013). “The Six Keys to Organizational Performance – Reformers can use the following six keys to organizational performance to conceptualize different strategies of change. These six factors include incentives to organizations and how they reach managers and workers. They also include the skills and attitudes of workers and managers that enable them to respond to those incentives. This approach allows reformers to address a combination of the reasons to do better (external incentives) with the capacity to do better (internal management). Effective reforms must ultimately influence the behavior of front line workers to bring about improvements in access, quality, and efficiency” (web.worldbank.org). “Providing incentives to facilities, managers and physicians for improved performance often assumes that these actors have the authority to make changes at their...
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...CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Background of the study Banking plays an important role in the lives of individuals as well as nations. As a matter of fact, you couldn’t just imagine how our economic system in particular could function efficiently and effectively without the services rendered by banks. As the center of the financial sector, the banking industry in most emerging economies is passing through a process of change. With the passing of years, our banking system underwent rapid development which includes how they handle different risks to survive in their industry. As the financial activity has become a major economic activity in most economies, any interference or imbalance in banking system’s infrastructure will have significant impact on the entire economy. So to avoid any disruption on this, different banks used their own risk handling methods otherwise called a risk management as their key solution on this. Risk is a situation involving exposure to danger. It is the possibility that something unpleasant will happen. It may be also an object (person or thing) that creates or intensifies a risk situation. It may be also a scenario that can be described (qualified, if not quantified) and that may be damaging, in any way, to an organization or institution. It may cause a “loss” directly or indirectly. Any manage and control of potential risks is called risk management. It has a big part in any organization or an institution to have awareness...
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...APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT Dr.M. Thenmozhi Professor Department of Management Studies Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036 E-mail: mtm@iitm.ac.in APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Empirical Approach Human Behaviour Approach Social System Approach Decision Theory Approach Mathematical Approach Socio-Technical Systems Approach Systems Approach Contingency Approach Operational Approach REASONS & PROBLEMS 1) Semantic problems in management literature. 2) Contributions from different disciplines. 3) Misunderstanding of principles. EMPIRICAL APPROACH • • • – – – – Study of managerial experiences and cases(mgt) Contributors: Earnest Dale, Mooney & Reiley, urwick. Features Study of Managerial Experiences Managerial experience passed from participationer to students for continuity in knowledge management. Study of Successful & failure cases help practicising managers. Theoretical research combined with practical experiences. • – Uses Learning through experience of others • – – Limitations No Contribution for the development of management as a discipline Situations of past not the same as present. HUMAN BEHAVIOUR APPROACH • – – Organisation as people a) Interpersonal Behaviour Approach - Individual Psychology b) Group Behaviour Approach - Organisation Behaviour • – – – – Features Draws heavily from psychology & sociology. Understand human relations. Emphasis on greater productivity through motivation...
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...repeatedly throughout history (pp. 236237), particularly by scientists in the physical sciences (he cites numerous examples from physics and biology). That essence involves " . . . inducing laws from a deep analysis of experimentally isolated instances" (p. 237). Analytic induction can be contrasted with defining and using terms in advance of research (p. 240). Instead, definitions of terms are considered hypotheses that are to be tested (p. 241). Inductive, rather than deductive, reasoning is involved, allowing for modification of concepts and relationships between concepts occurs throughout the process of doing research, with the goal of most accurately representing the reality of the situation. The goal of research is making universal statements that may need to be modified later if exceptions are discovered (pp. 232-233), but ultimately can reflect fairly exhaustive knowledge of what is researched (pp. 249, 274-275). Causation is a potential goal of such knowledge, although it is causation that can include numerous exceptions (p. 305). Those exceptions, however, add to the base of knowledge as the generalizability of the construct is determined, and a new, more comprehensive law of behavior can be generated that accounts for the exception (p. 306, 272-273). Such laws are marked by comprehensiveness and parsimony that bring meaning to the various parts of the whole of a phenomenon (pp. 257-258). Yet no analysis can be considered final, since reality is "inexhaustible" ...
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...economists classified it as the main variable costs (Salaman, Storey and Billsberry, 2005). People where hired and fired very quickly and pay was give on a performance related basis. Organizations and their managers did not want to invest in their personnel and their skill development. According to Kirkaldy and Flanders (1965), the decades before SHRM existed managing labour were based on productivity bargaining (Kirkaldy and Flanders, 1965). This period can also be described as the traditional HRM era. This all changed in the 1980’s when several big organizations started to think of new concepts and aspirations to create a competitive advantage over their rivals. British Airways for example demanded their staff to take the ‘commitment approach” instead of just complying. The airline had to make a bald move due to the enormous competition in the airline industry. The airline invested heavily in staff and development training to change the companies’ culture. In the same way Jaguar, a famous British car manufacturer, changed their SHRM perspective. Managers changed the company language such as customary practises and compromise into ‘the needs of the organization’ and ‘customers go first’ (Salaman, Storey and Billsberry, 2005)....
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...Theorising 1 The “science wars” of the mid to late 1990s appears to have been an ideological contest of wills between the natural and social sciences. The natural science ‘camp’ included such heavyweights as a Nobel prize-winning physicist and a Harvard biologist and geneticist. The latter, R.C. Lewontin in the New York Review of Books harshly chided the U.S. National Opinion Research Center sexual practices study authors. “It is frightening to think that social science is in the hands of professionals who are … deaf to human nuance”. He concluded that social scientists’ propensity to impersonate natural science “can only engender the scorn of natural scientists”(p2). Given the apparent harshness of this critique, it may seem surprising to find a social scientist seeming to agree with the positioning of the natural scientists. This is precisely what Bent Flyvbjerg’s appears to do, albeit with a different premise, in the first chapter of his book ‘Making Social Science Matter: How Social Inquiry Fails and How it can Succeed Again’. Flyvbjerg articulates the case for a revision of the theoretical underpinnings of social science and the development of a new version of an old concept through a return to and reinterpretation of the Aristotelian concept of ‘phronesis’, or practical wisdom. Flyvbjerg argues for a re-routing of social science away from its position as mimic to natural science’s ‘context – independent’ epistemology because 2 “social science is locked in a...
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