...3 An Introduction to Law and Legal Institutions Every country needs a set of rules that should be forced on people to regulate their behavior. This is what LAW is. Back in the years, in medieval Europe, the king had the power to initiate any law, what happened is that the king would choose a set of social norms ( laws of nature) and try to enforce some of them. So, over the years, with many of the King’s laws on crimes, property, and so on, the present court and judges take those cases into consideration to try and give a justified sentence to similar cases. In short, if the two parties are disagreeing on what the law is, and a similar dispute has been solved in the past, then the common thing to do is to follow the past precedent. This is called ‘the Common law’. To mention some of the countries that use the common law, they are England, U.S, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and etc. However the issue is different in France, where in the revolutionaries believed that the king where corrupt and worth nothing so they killed him, and thus abolishing the common law in France. Another major law is the ‘Civil Law’, also called the ‘Napoleon Code’. The two laws differ in how the much the Judge is evolved in the sentencing. For example, in the Common Law the judge has no authority to direct any questions to either side of the party in a court room. That will be the lawyer’s job to do and the judge should be neutral. On the other hand, in the Civil Law, the judge has an active...
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...Michelle Cameron-Bex Greg Berry Writing227 July 9, 2013 Ohm’s Law What is Ohm’s Law? Ohm’s Law is a law relating the voltage difference between two points, the electric current flowing between them, and the resistance of the path of the current. Mathematically, the law states that V = IR, where V is the voltage difference, I is the current in amperes, and R is the resistance in ohms. For a given voltage, higher resistance entails lower current flow. Where did it originate from? Ohm's Law comes from Georg Simon Ohm who was born in Bavaria in 1789. His father taught him philosophy, chemistry, mathematics and physics. In 1806 Ohm became a mathematics teacher in Switzerland. In 1811, Ohm received a doctorate from Erlangen and then became a mathematics lecturer. In 1820, he learned of Oersted's electromagnetism discovery, began experimenting with electricity, and convinced himself of what is now known as Ohm's law. In 1825, he published a paper that explains the decrease in electromagnetic force (The fundamental force associated with electric and magnetic fields), which is proportional to current, around a wire as its length is increased. He published two papers in 1826 that mathematically describe electrical conduction in circuits. In 1827 he published his famous book Die Galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet, which contains what we now know as Ohm's law. How is it used? Ohm's Law can be used to solve simple electrical circuits. A complete circuit is one which...
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...What is Law of Partnership? A partnership is a for-profit business association of two or more persons. Because the business component is defined broadly by state laws and because "persons" can include individuals, groups of individuals, companies, and corporations, partnerships are highly adaptable in form and vary in complexity. Each partner shares directly in the organization's profits and shares control of the business operation. The consequence of this profit sharing is that partners are jointly and independently liable for the partnership's debts. According to Section (2) the relation between members of any company or association Which is— (a) Registered as a company under the Companies Act 1965 [Act 125] or as a co-operative society under any written Law relating to co-operative societies; or (b) Formed or incorporated by or in pursuance of— (i) Any other law having effect in Malaysia or any part thereof; or (ii) Any letters patent, Royal Charter or Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom RULES FOR DETERMINING EXISTENCE OF PARTNERSHIP According to section ( 2 ) In determining whether a partnership does or does not exist, regard shall be had to the following rules- (1) Joint tenancy, tenancy in common, joint property, common property, or part ownership does not of itself create a partnership as to anything so held or owned, whether the tenants or owners do or do not share any profits made by the use thereof. (2) The sharing of gross returns does not...
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...the country's implementation of its Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012--making it the sixth filed against the controversial legislation. According to GMA News Online on Monday, the petition centered on the definition of online libel stated in the law, specifically sections 4, 5 and 6, which the petitioners say are "unconstitutional due to vagueness". The law also curtails "constitutional rights to due process, speech, expression, free press and academic freedom", it stated. The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 , signed by President Benigno Aquino III on Sep. 12, aims to fight online pornography, hacking, identity theft and spamming following local law enforcement agencies' complaints over the lack of legal tools to combat cybercrime. However, the law came with tougher legal penalties for Internet defamation, compared to traditional media. It also allows authorities to collect data from personal user accounts on social media and listen in on voice and video applications such as Skype, without a warrant. Users who post defamatory comments on Facebook or Twitter, for example, could be sentenced to up 12 years in jail. Hacktivists take aim The other five petitions filed with the Philippine Supreme Court, too, noted the law infringes on freedom of expression, due process, equal protection and privacy of communication, a separate report by GMA News Online on Saturday stated. Senator Teofisto Guingona, the sole opponent when the bill was voted on by the Senate and who...
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...What is a Right to Work law? A Right to Work law guarantees that no person can be compelled, as a condition of employment, to join or not to join, nor to pay dues to a labor union. Unfortunately, politicians in some states have made special mission to fight back against unions and have taken a stance to enforce the freedom of choice. These politicians like other right-to-work advocates, base their arguments on claims that this law will strengthen the state's economy and raise its standard of living. In the state of Illinois Gov. Bruce Rauner wants cities and villages to join his fight against organized labor. The Chicago Tribune posted (Trib) that “In an email to mayors across the state, the head of the lobbying organization for municipalities said Rauner has asked for city councils to consider a resolution asking the state to allow local right to work zones, as well as changes to prevailing wage laws and worker compensation laws.” Rauner has made it his number one goal to destroy the union structure as it is today. Similar to Wisconsin’s Gov. Walker whom achieved his goal finally on March 9, 2015 where even President Obama quoted saying “the new law is part of "a sustained, coordinated assault on unions, led by powerful interests and their allies in government." (Sentinal) My take on right to work is just this- A personal attack against the middle class. Before the Labor Laws went into effect allowing taxpayers the right to organize, charter and collectively bargain their working...
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...Followed by the black suffrage, which will eventually become the fifteenth amendment, the freedmen was now equal as the whites under the Constitution. However, the South who had treated freedmen as slaves a while ago experienced difficulties admitting this equality. Although former slaves had rights and freedom, in reality, they weren’t treated equally at all, especially in the South, due to the state-level legal codes of segregation known as Jim Crow Laws. It has brought varying reactions among the African-American community, which they demonstrated resentments as well as minority idea of returning to Africa. “The white man must and will rule.” According to this standard, the southern states enacted literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, and poll to ensure disfranchisement of the black population. Out of all,...
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...Being within law enforcement would be dangerous, but every situation is new and different. According to policelink.monster, “Back in the 1400’s a law was set forth in England that a man was allowed to beat his wife with a stick no thicker than his thumb.” It’s hard to believe that men were allowed to do that, but the public perspective on situations like this was that men could hit/hurt women, even if it was not right. Today that would be against the law and is considered abuse by law enforcement. Corresponding to the same website, police dogs could also be sworn in, wear protective vests, badges, and have an I.D. From the free dictionary, being sworn in means “To be bound by taking an oath.” Whenever you would like to be sworn in you need...
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...Harvard Journal of Law & Technology Volume 21, Number 2 Spring 2008 WHAT CAN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DO FOR LAW? Johnathan Jenkins∗ TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................589 II. INCENTIVES FOR BETTER INTEGRATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LAW ............................................................591 III. THE CURRENT STATE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN LEGAL PRACTICE .......................................................................594 IV. THE DIRECTION OF LEGAL INFORMATICS: CURRENT RESEARCH .................................................................................597 A. Advances in Argumentation Models and Outcome Prediction ..............................................................................597 B. Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery from Databases ..............................................................................600 C. Accessible, Structured Knowledge ...........................................602 V. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE LEGAL PROFESSION: BARRIERS TO PROGRESS ......................................604 VI. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................607 I. INTRODUCTION MUCH CURRENT LEGAL WORK IS EMBARRASSINGLY, ABSURDLY, WASTEFUL. AI-RELATED TECHNOLOGY OFFERS GREAT PROMISE TO 1 IMPROVE THAT SITUATION. Many professionals now rely on information technology (“IT”) to simplify, automate, or better...
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...paragraph 2, Douglass describes Mrs. Auld as possessing "the fatal poison of irresponsible power." What are the ethical responsibilities of power in her relationship with Douglass? [By the way, did you notice there is NO comma after "possessing"? Jacobus moves straight into the quote. That is because "possessing" is not a verb of introduction like “writes.”] Mrs. Auld transform from a gentle sweet person to a very vicious slave owner. Assuming that she begins to own a slave, it makes her feel like she is in control over another human being without any moral responsibility. In what sense were the laws of Douglass's time immoral? How can a law be immoral? Have you ever thought a law in your lifetime was immoral?...
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...What Impact Does Technology Laws Have On Business In America? Tracy Bennett Herzing University 02/13/2015 What impact does technology laws have on business in America? We live in a world where laws control how America operates and how our society functions (Arndt, n.d.). We also live in a world where technology has taken over and for many it would be inconceivable to imagine living in a world without technology. Technology has changed the way we live and communicate (Winston & Edelbach, 2014, p. 2). Technology has also changed the way companies conduct business. It has opened up new opportunities for companies to gain more business but at the same time has also created new ethical problems and therefore lawmakers have had to design new technology laws that have had a major impact on American businesses. Technology laws can impact American businesses in a variety of ways from software licensing agreements, privacy issues, and the use of electronic signatures. In order to keep up the pace with changing technology businesses continuously change their operating software (Information Technology Law, n.d.). Continuously changing software programs has the benefit of greater profitability for the company but at the same time it can also create some major problems. Business managers and owners can run into legal issues if they do not fully understand the rules and laws of the licensing agreement which could result in a huge lawsuit against...
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...What explains the adaptation of the 1948 Apartheid law in South Africa? South Africa’s Apartheid was a political system founded in racial segregation. The National Party, the only governing party between the years 1948 to 1994, committed itself to oppressing the country’s people through racial legislation. What factor explains the adaptation of the Apartheid law in 1948? An Afrikaner (southern African ethnic group) minority ruled the population, enacting Apartheid once white supremacist leaders and racial segregation had become a central aspect of the South African policy after World War II. The Afrikaners had also formed some Broderbund organizations, developing and imposing ideology that helped in pushing the Apartheid agenda. Such ideology was officially administered in South Africa through the mandate of the League of Nations, later revoked in 1966 via the United Nations 2145 Resolutions (Barbarin, Oscar & Linda 2013, 221). The Great Depression 1929 resulted in a bad economic turn in South Africa, and saw many Afrikaner whites move to the city in search of jobs from previously settled rural areas. However, due to high taxes, native South African tribesmen had to work in the mines resulting in an increase in the number of black people in the manual labor workforce. Racial segregation itself began during the colonial period under the rule of the Dutch empire until the British appropriated the Cape of Good Hope in 1795 (Clark, Nancy...
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...4 Choice and Limitations of the Research Methods 19 3.5 Data Analysis and Ethical Issues 20 3.6 Problems, Constraints and Limitations of the Study 21 4.0 Chapter 4: Discussion of the Findings 22 4.1 Causes of Domestic Violence 22 4.2 Consequences of domestic violence 25 5.0 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations 29 5.1 Conclusion 29 5.2 Recommendations 31 Chapter 6: References 32 Appendices 34 6.1 Appendix One (Questionnaire and Interview Guide) 34 Chapter One (Introduction) 1.1 Background Information Since the beginning of the 20th century when the international community came up with the law guiding human rights, various nations have also enacted specific bills to provide equal rights to their citizens. However, there are certain aspects which are common to all human rights across the globe. That is; they are inalienable, indivisible and inherent in every human being. Unfortunately, the well pronounced human rights as...
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...REL123 August 18, 2013 Before I start anything about how what is conscience and how natural law work to inform our conscience, I will first give a little emphasis on what conscience is. According to Mueller in Theological Foundation on p.222, define conscience as something that involves several aspects of human reaction. He further explains that Conscience is a huge part of the human character that makes him or her to know and do good. He also explained further that Conscience is also a way to for us human being to determine what is good and what is evil. The second Vatican Council explained that “Conscience is the voice of God written in our hearts”. In dictionary.com, Conscience is said to be the inner sense of what is right or wrong in one's conduct, motives or action. According to Richard Gula cited from “Conscience” in Christian Ethics: An Introduction, Bernard Hoose, ed. (Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1998), p. (110-122) Defines “Conscience as the whole person’s commitment to value and the judgment one makes in relation to that commitment of who one ought to be and what one ought to do or not do.” (p. 114) Also seen as a capacity of a fundamental ability to know good and evil; every person, regardless of past experience, or their culture or religion, has the ability to know the values and standards that guide human life. Can also be seen as a process for finding out what is involved in becoming a good person, and in how one discovers right and wrong in a particular...
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...The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expands access to coverage to millions of Americans, a goal health plans have long supported, but major provisions will raise costs and disrupt coverage for individuals, families, employers, and Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries. The broad market reforms outlined in the ACA take effect on January 1, 2014. Individuals and families purchasing insurance in the individual market will be guaranteed coverage for pre-existing conditions, and their premiums cannot vary based on their gender or medical history. There will also be subsidies to help consumers afford the cost of coverage, and new health insurance exchanges will help consumers find the policies that best meet their needs. At the same time, other provisions take effect that will significantly increase the cost of coverage, such as the health insurance tax, minimum essential benefits, and restrictions on age rating. $52 billion in new taxes will be imposed on businesses by mandating that employers provide health insurance. New taxes on drug companies ($27 billion) and medical device makers ($20 billion), as well as new reporting requirements and regulations imposed on physicians, will make access to health care and services more costly and difficult for seniors under Obamacare.The cumulative impact of all of these provisions increases the likelihood that some individuals will choose to purchase insurance only after they become sick or injured, further increasing the cost of coverage for everyone...
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...Compare and contrast the pre and post 9/11 law enforcement response to terrorism. What strategies could be implemented to increase future law enforcement capability in countering terrorism? Andrew McAdam Student Number: Word Count: “Things will never be the same.” (Miller, Stone & Mitchell, 2002, p. 3) Law enforcement has undergone dramatic changes as a result of the devastating events in the United States on 11 September 2001 (9/11). This essay will examine how law enforcement, specifically within Australia, has shifted its policies and strategies to fight the post-9/11 terrorist threat. An analysis of police actions towards terrorist related incidents since 9/11, displays how law enforcement agencies have demonstrated their ability to respond to the various threats of terrorism as they arise. “Since 2001, numerous terrorist attacks have been thwarted in Australia. Thirty-eight people have been prosecuted as a result of counter-terrorism operations and 20 people have been convicted of terrorism offences under the Criminal Code.” (Counter-Terrorism White Paper, 2010, p. ii) Australia’s State and Federal policing agencies have ‘a long tradition of reactive patrol’ (White, 2012, p. 487) However, uniformed policing plays an important role in counter-terrorism operations. Due to their knowledge and close working relationships within the local community, police are in the best position to detect and prevent terrorist actions from occurring. “So far, terrorist attempts in...
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