...virus, and a fungus that may cause stomatitis. Be sure to clearly label each one. Some bacterias that may cause stomatitis are streptococci, neisseria gonorrhoeae, treponema pallidum. A virus that may cause stomatitis is herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2. A fungus that may cause stomatitis is candida albicans. 2. Discuss how cirrhosis damages the liver to the point where esophageal varices can occur. The destruction and scarring of tissue associated with cirrhosis impairs blood flow through the liver, which elevates pressure in the veins of the abdomen and elsewhere, including the esophagus. The increased venous pressure causes the esophageal veins to dilate and become knotty. 3. This question has two...
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...well as the biochemical roles that contribute to this sandwich being turned into chemical energy. Be sure to include mechanical and chemical mechanisms, along with how they are metabolized in the body! Digestion is the chemical breakdown of food molecules into smaller molecules that can be used by various cells within the body. The breakdown is initiated when food is ingested in the mouth and specific enzymes are exposed to components within the food molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth with mastication, or chewing, performed by the teeth. The purpose of chewing is to grant the food more exposure to enzymes, therefore allowing chemical digestion to occur faster. The presence of the food in the mouth stimulates exocrine glands. This causes the mouth to secrete digestive enzymes, namely salivary amylase. These secreted enzymes aid in the breakdown of foods, officially starting the digestion process. Carbohydrates in particular are mostly broken down by salivary amylase. Salivary amylase breaks starch, a popular carb, down to maltose. This means that the bread of the ham and cheese sandwich will notably be chemically altered at this point. It is because of this that bread begins to taste somewhat sweet if it is held in the mouth for some time. Muncins, or mucous, found within saliva help hold the food intact, creating a bolus. This allows the ingested material to be more easily managed as it passes through to the esophagus. Upon reaching the esophagus, the bolus is propelled...
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...Running head: Digestive Disorders Digestive Disorders “Every year, millions of Americans are diagnosed with digestive disorders, ranging from the occasional upset stomach to the more life threatening colorectal cancer” (Digestive Disorders, n.d.). The function of the digestive system is to break down food consumed into energy (Huether, 2008). The gastrointestinal tract is the part of the body that is affected the most by digestive disorders (Digestive Disorders, n.d.). There are many digestive disorders considered to be abstruse; the signs and symptoms can vary or be similar amongst them, and the causes of a few of these disorders are not known. Celiac disease is a digestive disorder which causes the villi in the small intestine to become flattened when a protein called gluten is ingested (What Happens With Celiac Disease, 1998-2011). The cause of celiac disease is still being determined, but research has shown it to be an inheritied genetic disease (Celiac Disease, n.d.). Common symptoms of this disorder are chronic diarrhea and constipation, weight loss, and abdominal cramping, (Huether & McCance, 2008). A person with celiac disease needs to follow a gluten free diet in order to prevent serious complications such as rickets, anemia, and osteoporosis (Huether & McCance, 2008). Cirrhosis is a disease where the liver begins to slowly deteriorate and doesn’t properly function due to the...
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...Cascara Sagrada A. Cascara sagrada is the dried bark of the buckthorn Rhamnus purshiana tree. B. Relieving occasional constipation (irregularity). C. 300 mg capsule is taken in early evening D. Cascara sagrada should not be taken for more than 7 days, if pregnant or nursing, if you have intestinal bowel problems or blockages, such as inflammatory bowel disease, ulcers or diarrhea. Finally, children under 12 should not use the herb. E. No known personal experience. 2. Dong Quai A. Dong quai is a plant. People use the root to make medicine. B. Dong quai is used for menstrual cramps, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and menopausal symptoms. It is also used orally as a “blood purifier”; to manage hypertension, infertility, joint pain, ulcers, “tired blood” (anemia), and constipation; and in the prevention and treatment of allergic attacks. Dong quai is also used orally for the treatment of loss of skin color (depigmentation) and psoriasis. Some men apply dong quai to the skin of the penis as part of a multi-ingredient preparation for treating premature ejaculation. C. Applied to the glans penis 1 hour before sex and washed off immediately before sex. D. No known personal experience. 3. Acai A. Acai, pronounced AH-sigh-EE, is a palm tree that is widely distributed in the northern area of South America. Its berries are used to make medicine. B. People use acai for osteoarthritis, high cholesterol, erectile dysfunction (ED), weight...
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...from even the slightest exertion and she had periods of light-headedness. She notices her legs were cramping, a desire to eat ice and her tongue was sore. She sought an appointment with her physician and throughout her exam they find that she has tachycardia (an abnormally rapid heart rate), pale gums and nail beds, and her tongue is swollen. Her physician diagnosed her with anemia due to iron deficiency and an oral iron supplement was prescribed. Below are some questions with the explanation of why this might have happened. 1. Describe the structure of a molecule of hemoglobin and explain the role played by iron in the transport of oxygen. Found in red blood cells, hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen molecules and carbon dioxide molecules throughout the body and are responsible for making the red blood cells red. Made up of red heme pigment bound the protein globin it makes up the hemoglobin. Hemoglobin consists of four subunits, two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains and a non-protein heme group, which is an assembly of cyclic ring structures surrounding an iron ion that is surrounded by a nitrogen atom. A hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen because each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen. Leading to a change in oxidation state for iron from +2 to +3 the iron atom of each heme group can bind to diatomic oxygen. It delivers oxygen easily when it exhibits a relaxed state that will release the oxygen and it...
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...Problems Nursing Intervention Confusion/Dementia Dementia is not a specific disease. It is a descriptive term for a collection of symptoms that can be caused by a number of disorders that affect the brain. People with dementia have significantly impaired intellectual functioning that interferes with normal activities and relationships. They also lose their ability to solve problems and maintain emotional control, and they may experience personality changes and behavioral problems such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations. 1. Spend time with the Patient 2. Use touch to convey concern 3. Provide frequent reiteration of orienting data (e.g. time, place) 4. Have clocks or calendars in the environment 5. Explain all actions, procedures and routines to the patient 6. Address the patient by his/her name 7. Keep a routine activities Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent and/or hard to pass. 1. Increase Fluid Intake 2. Daily Exercise 3. Increase fiber intake (e.g. fruits and vegetables) Complications associated with constipation include hemorrhoids from straining, anal fissures, rectal prolapse, and fecal impaction. Untreated constipation in institutionalized patients can lead to cemented lesions in the colon, megacolon, bowel blockage and perforation, peritonitis, and sepsis. Osteoporosis is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture.[1] In osteoporosis the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture...
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...is the greatest of human blessings, and learn how by his thought to derive benefit from his illnesses” [Hippocrates -father of Western Medicine] If you grew up in Guyana you would certainly be acquainted with some of these common over the –counter- medicines and remedies that brought relief for various afflictions and ailments. Corner stores carried a wide array of medicines found only in the Caribbean and Guyana. These were augmented with herbal medicines and treatments before a visit to the doctor was attempted. Home remedies have been around for thousands of years. Even these days about 30 per cent of prescription drugs are still synthesised from plants. In fact, the word 'drug' comes from an old Dutch word, drogge, which means 'to dry' - which is how many plant medications were prepared. However, it is always wise to remember, just because something is "naturally" growing from a tree, doesn't mean it's safe to consume. Our grandparents and older folks would swear of the healing properties of herbs, leaves, roots and seeds that cured diseases which they contracted. The fact that our ancestors survived proved that some of the many remedies used then, did work and have increasing practical applications today. Arrowroot is a common plant of Guyana. Napoleon supposedly said the reason for the British love of arrowroot was to support the commerce of their colonies. Archaeological studies in the Americas show evidence of arrowroot cultivation as early...
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...people in any country with anemia is difficult to determine because the disorder often goes undiagnosed. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), anemia affects more than 3 million Americans. Other sources estimate that 4% of men and 8% of women in the general populations of Canada, the United States, and Western Europe have mild anemia. It is thought that the rates of anemia are 2-5 times higher in the developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), iron deficiency is the most important nutritional disorder in the world. WHO, estimates that 80% of the world's population may be iron deficient. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among the geriatric population is estimated at 5-15%. Although the prevalence of anemia is greater in women than men aged less than 75, by age 75, male prevalence surpasses female prevalence by about 5%. Anemia can be mild, moderate, or severe enough to lead to life-threatening complications. More than 400 different types of anemia have been identified, many of which are rare. Iron deficiency anemia The onset of iron deficiency anemia is gradual and, at first, there may not be any symptoms. The deficiency begins when the body loses more iron than it derives from food and other sources. Because depleted iron stores cannot meet the red blood cell's needs, fewer red blood cells develop. In this early stage of anemia, the red blood cells look normal but they are reduced in number. Then the body tries...
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...Eating Disorders Many young men and women in the United States have a skewed perception of themselves. Some people take healthy approaches to achieve their health goals while others take a more unhealthy, and sometimes, dangerous path. Eating disorders have many health issues, along with noticeable symptoms, and proposed theories. There are a number of different forms of eating disorders. Anorexia Nervosa, commonly referred to as anorexia, is an eating disorder characterized by reduced appetite or total aversion of food. The first type of anorexia, called restricting type, is found in those who severely limit their caloric intake and exercise to excess to cause weight loss. The second type of the disorder is called binge eating and/or purging. These anorexics eat in binges and then purge the body of the ingested food either by self induced vomiting, the ingestion of large quantities of laxatives or the overuse of diuretics and enemas to rid the body of food. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent and frequent episodes of eating unusually large amounts of food (e.g., binge-eating), and feeling a lack of control over the eating. Binge Eating is characterized by insatiable cravings that can occur any time of the day or night, usually secretive, and filled with shame. There are also eating disorders not otherwise specified. It is the category for people who do not meet the strict criteria for either Anorexia or Bulimia Nervosa, but who have significant...
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...in the small intestine and require bacterial fermentation located in the large intestine. These enables smooth bowel movement, prevent constipation, hemorrhoids, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes and diverticular disease. Dietary fibres contain combination of resistant starches, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals and antioxidants. Since indigestible, it consists of components of cell wall which are resistant to digestion by human digestive enzymes in small intestines. Dietary fibres form a part of total fibres....
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...treatments for depression. Today antidepressants are among the most prescribed medications in the world. Despite their popularity, research has suggested that antidepressant medications may not be as successful as people had imagined in counteracting depression (Johnson & Kirsch, 2008, p. 1). Extensive research and studies show that natural remedies are better than antidepressants for treating depression because there are fewer side effects, more health benefits and according to most studies, antidepressants are no more effective than placebos. Although there are many natural remedies for treating the symptoms of depression, this paper will focus on St. John’s Wort, omega-3 fatty acids, SAM-e and exercise. These four natural remedies are the most widely used and studied alternatives to treating depression. Side Effects According to Dr. Hyla Cass (2007) and a study done in 1998, prescription medication puts more than one million people in the hospital every year. The study also states that prescription medication kills more than one hundred thousand people per year. Doctor Cass (2007) states that there are almost no deaths from herbal use and that the side effects from herbs are usually mild. One report says that for every one million people prescribed antidepressants in a year, 30.1 of them will die from an overdose. Doctor Cass (2007) quotes Norman Farnsworth, Ph.D., (as cited in Cass, 2007) saying that “plants cause less toxic problems than any other known substances and that...
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...In This GUIDE Welcome to Houston Methodist St. John Hospital ___________________________ 2 About Us_______________________________________ 3 Travel Directions____________________________ 4 Telephone Directory ______________________ 5 During Your Stay ________________________ 6-8 Visiting Hours__________________________________ 6 Parking_________________________________________ 6 Cell Phones_____________________________________ 6 Calling Your Nurse______________________________ 6 Telephone ______________________________________ 6 Fire Safety______________________________________ 6 Smoking________________________________________ 6 Electrical Appliances___________________________ 6 Mail and Flowers_______________________________ 6 Gift Shop________________________________________ 6 Spiritual Care___________________________________ 7 ATM_____________________________________________ 7 Patient Meals___________________________________ 7 Snacks__________________________________________ 7 Guest Trays_____________________________________ 7 Vending Machines_____________________________ 7 Cafeteria________________________________________ 7 Financial Expectations for Admissions________ 7 Wireless Internet Access_______________________ 7 Valuables_______________________________________ 8 TV_______________________________________________ 8 Television Channel Listings____________________ 8 Your Privacy & Information___________15 Do You Have Pain? ________________________16 ...
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...*MEDCOM Pam 40-7-21 SUMMARY OF CHANGE MEDCOM Pamphlet 40-7-21 Algorithm-Directed Troop Medical Care This major revision-. Updates references (paragraph 3). . Expands the MTF commander’s responsibilities (paragraph 6). . Provides additional background information (paragraph 7). . Provides a new paragraph on the use of ADTMC (paragraph 8). . Revises guidance relevant to the assignment of screeners (paragraph 9). . Simplifies training requirements (paragraph 10). . Refines supervisory requirements (paragraph 11). . Significantly revises the screeners’ performance evaluation requirements (paragraph 13). . Allows the use of other approved algorithmic systems besides the ADTMC (paragraph 18). . Deletes the use of MEDCOM Form 425-R (Internal/External Audit Form for ADTMC). . Provides changes to the narratives that accompany the following algorithms: SORE THROAT, A-1 EAR PAIN/DISCOMFORT/DRAINAGE, A-2 SINUS PROBLEMS/PAIN, A-4 RINGING IN THE EARS (TINNITUS), A-8 EXTREMITY PAIN NOT ASSOCIATED WITH A JOINT, B-3 NAUSEA/VOMITING/DIARRHEA, C-1 RECTAL PAIN/ITCHING/BLEEDING, C-3 CONSTIPATION, C-4 CHEST PAIN, D-2 DIZZINESS/FAINTNESS/BLACKOUT, F- 1 NUMBNESS/TINGLING, F-3 PARALYSIS/WEAKNESS, F-4 FATIGUE, G-1 MEDCOM Pam 40-7-21 FEVER/CHILLS, G-2 ACNE, J-2 SHAVING PROBLEM--PSEUDOFOLLICULITIS BARBAE (PFB) (INGROWN HAIRS), J-3 DANDRUFF (SCALING OF THE SCALP), J-4 HAIR LOSS, J-5 ATHLETE’S FOOT (TINEA PEDIS), J-6 JOCK ITCH (TINEA CRURIS), J-7 SCALING, DEPIGMENTED SPOTS ON THE CHEST, BACK, AND UPPER...
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...one of the planet’s great healers. This healer is not obscured in some esoterica and not distanced by a cosmic price tag. As usual with great healers, it is very close to you and readily accessible, in fact, it is probably in your house right now, though it may be hard to believe that such a common item is one of the world’s best all around herbs. The core of its worldwide ubiquity is found while walking through the bazaars of India where you are bound to find a masala wallah, a spice seller, with mounds of Turmeric that he is selling by the kilo. It is a great sight in the midst of mountains of clove buds, black pepper fruits, coriander seeds, cinnamon bark, cardamom pods and all these marvelous colorful spices that the world has loved since Silk Road days. Ayurveda is as full of commonsense as it is humming of the mystical and so, especially since it is an oral tradition, it is with the common people of India, like the spice sellers and the village mothers, that many traditions of herbal knowledge are learned and passed from elder to child for countless generations. In this way the ability of Turmeric is proven and its legacy grows. I have learned so much about ‘common’ herbs from ‘common’ people that I could never have learned elsewhere, a fact predicted by Paracelcus who in 1493 wrote: “The physician does not learn everything he must know and master from a high college alone. From time to time he must consult old women, gypsies, magicians, wayfarers and all manner of peasant...
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...Define anisocytosis. varying cell sizes Define poikilocytosis varying cell shapes From which cells do B cells arise? stem cells in bone marrow From which cells do plasma cells differentiate? B cells How can a Nissl stain be used to differentiate microglia from oligodendroglia? Microglia are not discernable in a Nissl stain while oligodendroglia appear as small dark nuclei with dark chromatin In what type of CNS tissue (white or grey) are oligodendroglia predominant? white matter Into what cell type does a monocyte differentiate in tissues? Macrophages Name 2 substances produced by an eosinophil. histiminase and arylsulfatase Name the three types of leukocytic granulocytes. basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils Name the two types of mononuclear leukocytes. lymphocytes and monocytes What are 2 functions of T cell lymphocytes? - cellular immune response regulation of B lymphocytes and macrophages What are 2 morphological features of microglia? - small irregular nuclei - and relatively little cytoplasm What are 3 examples of peripheral lymphoid tissue? - follicles of lymph nodes white pulp of spleen unencapsulated lymphoid tissue What are 3 functions of a macrophage? - pagocytosis of bacteria, cell debris, and senescent red cells - scavenges damaged cells and tissues - can function as an antigen presenting cell What are 3 morphological characteristics of monocytes? - Large - Kidney-shaped nucleus...
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