...2.1 Bone classification and its cellular structure There are two major types of bone. They denote different stages of a bone lifecycle. 1. Woven Bone – It is an unorganized and premature bone that is found in either growing bones or at fracture sites as newly-formed bone. 2. Lamellar Bone – It is a mature bone that results from the further remodeling of woven bone. Lamellar bone may be further divided into: a. Cortical Bone – It is a dense or compact bone, which constitutes approximately 80% of the skeleton. It is approximately 20% porous and consists of a dense bundle of vascular channels containing blood vessels surrounded by mature bone. It forms the middle 80% of long bones of the body – tibia, fibula in the lower leg, femur in the upper leg, the radius and ulna in the lower arm, and the humerus in the upper arm. b. Cancellous Bone – It is a spongy bone, which constitutes approximately 20% of the skeleton. It is approximately 70% porous, highly vascularized and consists of loosely formed matrix of beams designed to withstand the principal stresses and strains applied to the bone. The density of cortical bone is four to six times higher than cancellous bone. Cancellous bone constitutes the remaining 20% of bone located at the ends of the long bones and predominates in the pelvis and the 33 vertebrae from the neck to the tailbone. A fibrous membrane called the periosteum covers bone. In general, bone constitutes minerals, proteins, hormones, water, other molecules...
Words: 928 - Pages: 4
...When the police or any government agency finds bones in the crime scene or suspect they belong to the victim, they call those who have extreme expertise in the osteology and forensics, Anthropologist. Anthropologist use their knowledge of bones to whether to determine how old the victim was when they died, the sex of the bones, the race of the bones and their previous medical history. Forensic anthropologist use the pelvic bone to determine the sex of the bones. Female pelvic bones are larger and wider due to the fact they give birth to children, the identifier of race is shown by the shape of the victim eye socket, nasal spine and their mandibular traits. Eventually the forensic anthropologist can determine height of bones by using the length...
Words: 391 - Pages: 2
...Bone is composed of two different components. Collagen which is a protein that creates the woven like framework. Collagen also helps bones become flexible. Bones are also made of Calcium, which strengths them. Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down old bone, while osteoblasts are responsible for replacing them with new bones. Bone remodeling consists of removing the old bone and replacing it with new bone. There are three phases that occur during this process. Resorption, which is basically digestion of the old bone. Reversal, which is when mononuclear cells appear on the bone. And lastly, formation, when new bone is laid down until the old bone is finally replaced. These steps are crucial in the initial stages of life. In early development, bones are sculpted which allows new bone to grow at...
Words: 428 - Pages: 2
...The skeletal system is considered the “framework” of the body. Individual bones and groups of bones provide structural support and placement for attachment of soft tissues and muscles. The skeletal system is an essential component of life; without them, the individual could not perform basic tasks or functions, could not walk, and could not exist in the form that it does today. The skeletal system offers protection for the body’s internal organs, produces blood cells, and acts as a storage container for calcium. Furthermore, delicate tissues and organs are often surrounded by skeletal structures for protection. The skeletal system is typically divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton runs along the median axis of the body and includes the skull, hyoid, auditory ossicles, 24 ribs, sternum and the vertebral column. The skull is comprised of 8 cranial bones, and 14 facial bones. The cranial bones are flat and consist of the frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, 2 parietal bones and 2 temporal bones. These are connected by immovable, fibrous joints called sutures. The facial bones include the vomer, the mandible and two of each of the following: maxillary, palatine, nasal, inferior nasal conchae, zygomatic and lacrimal bones. The vertebral column is composed of irregular bones called vertebrae, which are connected by cartilaginous joints known as intervertebral disks. There are seven cervical or neck vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and...
Words: 592 - Pages: 3
...Bone formation also known as ossification and osteogenesis, is the process by which bone tissue replaces with fibrous or cartilage structure to form the bony skeleton to early childhood to adulthood. It takes about 8 weeks or so, for the bone tissue to begin developing in the fetal state. In addition, as the body grows so does the bone in thickness and length, this is called bone growth. There are multiple of factors influencing bone development, growth, and repair. These include nutrition, exposure to sunlight, hormonal secretions, and physical exercise. (p 183-198) Nutrion: Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the bone and constitute its structure and strength, it is vital for muscle contraction and nerve transmission, besides other roles. Magnesium is needed for bone structure and strength, (Integration.”)Trace minerals are also important for encouraging bone growth in lesser amount. These type of nutrition helps to maintain and balance vitamin D in the body between bone resorption and formation, the two key processes of bone remodeling. Vitamins and minerals, also help bone formation, strength and mineralization, and decrease the risk of bone fractures. It helps harden bone. promotes bone growth, protects vitamin D levels and contributes to calcium absorption....
Words: 553 - Pages: 3
...Bone turnover is carried out by osteoclasts, cells that resorb old bone, and osteoblasts, cells that lay down new bone matrix. Osteoclasts are large multi-nucleated cells derived from mononuclear hematopoietic cells that, upon stimulation, secrete lysosomal enzymes during bone resorption. Bone is resorbed by acidification and proteolysis of the collagen bone matrix and hydroxyapatite crystals [8]. Osteoblasts evolve from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lineage, along with adipocytes, chondrocytes, myoblasts and fibroblasts. Bone formation takes place in three stages: 1) production of osteoid matrix, 2) maturation of osteoid matrix, and 3) mineralization of the matrix. After the completion of bone formation, osteoblasts assume one of three fates: 1) undergo apoptosis, 2) remain on the bone surface as bone lining cells, or 3) are buried in the newly formed bone matrix as terminally differentiated osteocytes....
Words: 338 - Pages: 2
...body, that is immediate bone deterioration, and muscle atrophy due to the presence of anti-gravity. Currently, NASA invests millions of dollars in research in order to figure out exactly what happens to both bones and muscles when experiencing zero gravity (Barry). The top researches in the field of life sciences have been spending the last 50 years rigorously testing both humans and animals and the effects that anti-gravity have on their bones and muscles. Very significant results have come from all of the research, and scientists are now looking for different ways to mitigate bone and muscle loss in space. A ‘cure’ for detrimental bone and muscle loss is crucial if humans wish to travel within our galaxy, for example to Mars, as these missions would involve astronauts being exposed to anti-gravity for years at a time. Currently, there are multiple solutions to bone and muscle loss, such as weight bearing exercise, and nutrient supplementation, however nothing has been perfected yet. If the human race wishes to continue to explore space within our galaxy, and hopefully one day outside of our galaxy, it is extremely important to determine what causes muscle and bone loss, and to develop a solution to this problem. Bone loss occurs naturally, even with the presence of gravity, throughout every single humans lifetime. However, gravity plays an important role in the sustenance of bone density, as it can be seen that astronauts lose up to 1.5% of bone mass for every month spend...
Words: 1488 - Pages: 6
...discuss our bone system, osteoporosis and treatment for osteoporosis. Let's begin. The 206 bones in our body have a big job. They are responsible for keeping out structure, movement, protection, mineral storage and blood cell production. These bones provide the structure to which the muscles and ligament cling, maintaining posture. By providing the structure bones also allow for cohesive movement. Along with structure and movement the bones of the cranial cavity, ribs and spinal column provide a wall of protection around our brain, organs and spinal...
Words: 651 - Pages: 3
...but people who have adjacent relative with bone development suffered from bone cancer. In individuals with intrinsic retinoblastoma that is a kind of eye growth that most regularly influences extremely youthful kids. People who are suffering from Li-Fraumeni disorder that is a remarkable hereditary condition. But scientists are finding ways to prevent it. There are no way to prevent bone cancer. Genetic syndrome like Li – Fraumeni and hereditary retinoblasts. Paget disease of bone can increases the risk of bone cancer....
Words: 730 - Pages: 3
...The Lovely Bones Review I'm the type of person that will pick up a book and read it until completion if I enjoy the book. There is nothing worse than purchasing a book because it received great reviews and your find yourself disappointed. The Lovely Bones was a bitter disappointment, no disrespect to Alice Sebold but I found myself bored and struggling to complete this novel. When I purchased The Lovely Bones at Borders, I asked the store clerk what she thought of the book. Not that it matters what she thinks but I have received some excellent recommendations on authors and books because of them. The clerk's response to me was "it was a waste of time". I honestly didn't know how to take that comment. We have our likes and dislikes when it comes to reading. I originally thought her response derived from this novel not being a happy one. The emotions you feel while reading this novel leaves you sad and grateful to have your children alive. However, I do understand what the clerk meant but I do not agree with her. Let me clarify, the first eighty or so pages engulfed me and I was very much into The Lovely Bones. The way Alice described Susie's heaven blew me away, I could see what she was describing. I was dreading reading about Susie’s demise but Alice handled this sensitive subject rather tactful in my opinion. I could feel and see what Alice was writing when it came to her characters but as the book continued onto how her family coped with the loss of their family member;...
Words: 499 - Pages: 2
...Sally James EXP-201 Professor Atlas The Lovely Bones The story “The Lovely Bones” by Alice Sebold takes place in the 1970s in Philadelphia, and focuses on a 14 year old, Susie Salmon, and her family’s methods of coping with her murder. On her way home from school, Susie is taking a shortcut through a cornfield near her house, and is stopped by a neighbor, George Harvey, who says that he wants to show her an underground room. Mr. Harvey, however, ends up raping and murdering Susie that day. Susie watches from her heaven as her family struggles with their emotions about her death. She follows her father as he takes the investigation of her murder into his own hands, her mother as she drifts from her father and has an affair and her siblings as they do things that Susie knows she will never have the opportunity to do. As Susie watches her sister start a relationship with a boy named Samuel, she longs for her life back, and wishes that she could start a relationship with Ray Signh, her first and only love. While her father suspects that George Harvey is the murderer, the detective in charge of Susie’s case, Len Fernerman, doesn’t have the evidence to prove that he is guilty because Mr. Harvey dumps Susie’s remains into a sink hole and collapses he underground room. Meanwhile, as Susie’s father attempts to gather evidence; her mother begins an affair with Len. In the Fall Susie’s sister, Lindsey, breaks into Mr. Harvey’s home and finds evidence to connect him to Susie’s murder...
Words: 896 - Pages: 4
...Broken bones can happen in numerous ways. A slip and fall, an auto accident, or sports injuries are some of the top causes. Any time an outside force is applied with great impact, a broken bone may occur. Depending on the severity of the break, fracture surgery may be needed to help in the healing process. Different Types of Fractures Each type of fracture is different and unique. An expert orthopedic doctor will be able to determine if fracture surgery will be needed. Each individual patient will have specific needs in helping the bones to heal properly. • Stable or straight fracture barely causes the bone to be out of alignment. • An open, compound fracture is creates a wound in the area. Depending on the impact, the bone may or may not...
Words: 545 - Pages: 3
...difference in the healing time. The first step toward bone healing the mesenchymal cells transforming into cartilage forming Cells (osteoblasts). They build a scaffolding over the fracture, through which the osteocytes flow and gradually harden, thus forming a new bone. This entire process takes about three months. A healing fracture is considered soft until the bone is completely formed. But for smokers, the bone may remain...
Words: 1660 - Pages: 7
...HUMALIT A52 Miss Jo Almanzor Llamado, Alexandra E. Reflective paper on The Lovely Bones The first binary opposition I’ve identified in the movie is basically the idea of life and death. Obviously, we know that these will never meet. But in the story, there was actually an existing gray area between these two. Susie wasn’t gone neither frozen. She was alive. Just when we thought that these ideas will never meet. Susie was still “living” in her own perfect world. The second binary opposition I’ve identified is the concept of denial and acceptance. These are the things Susie’s parents were actually doing. Her dad, Jack, wasn’t ready yet to let go of Susie. He wanted to either kill or hurt the murderer for killing his daughter. He wouldn’t stop solving the mystery, but this is not the case for his wife. All she knows is that their daughter is already dead, and she just wants him to end whatever he was doing. Denial and acceptance are two different ideas but Susie’s parents were in these states because of the love for their daughter. The third binary opposition I’ve identified is reality and fantasy. Susie’s was living in reality. She’s somehow “in love.” She was able to experience the feeling of a first kiss, and also got pregnant at the end. These are things Susie wouldn’t experience anymore. All she can do is be happy for her sister. Susie was somehow able to experience being kissed by the guy she likes, but still through a different body...
Words: 1107 - Pages: 5
...The Lovely Bones. ''In this story you will read about a 14 yr. old girl named Susie Salmon. You will discover how she is murdered, and who her killer is. She was a student in Junior High School .She was a member of the Chess Club and Chem Club. Her favorite teacher was Mr. Botte he taut biology, Mr. Botte wasn't her killer thought. Susie Salmon was murdered on the night of December 6,1973. She was a white girl with mousy brown hair. Her sister Lindsey had her turned on to Juan Ramon Jimenez. It went like this if they give you a ruled paper, wright the other way. She chose it because it expressed her contempt for her structured surrounding's. She took a short-cut through the cornfield back from her Junior High. On her way home Mr. Harvey said ''I made a hiding place for you kids,Wanna check it out.'' I have to get home'' She said. He said '' Oh okay I guess I got a little to excited for someone to check it out''. '' I guess my parent wouldn't mind if I took a look inside'' Susie said. ''It's neat o''He said. When she went in there was a fire that was started. ''Would you like a coke ''He said. ''Thanks but I have to get home''She said. He said '' You aren't going any were'' he said. She said “Please Mr. Harvey”. “Take off your clothes” He said. “What?” “Take off your clothes I want to see if your still a virgin” he said. “I am Mr. Harvey please let me go” she said. “I want to make sure your parents will thank me, they only want good girls”. “Mr. Harvey please let me...
Words: 694 - Pages: 3
