...Childhood Depression Abstract Empirical evidence shows that that depression disorder in children is a common condition that affects emotional, physical, and social development. Risk factors include parental conflict, a family history of depression, poor peer relationship, negative thinking, and deficit in coping skills. Treatment criteria of children and adults are the same, with the exception that children may display irritability rather than depressed or sad mood, and loss of weight may be seen as a failure gain appropriate weight milestones. Diagnosis and treatment should take into account developmental stage, suicidality, severity of depression, and social and environmental factors. The recommended therapies for mild depression include interpersonal therapy and cognitive behavior therapy and serve as appropriate adjuvant to medical treatments for those with moderate and severe depression. This paper explore depression among children, outlines different types of diagnosis, as well as the parameters for rare situations in which practitioners can try antidepressants when psychotherapeutic options fail and the depression is in severe stage. Introduction About 2.8 percent of children younger than 13 years suffer from depression at any given point in time (Clark, Jansen, & Cloy, 2012). The incidence of depression among children is a major concern because of the damaging and acute consequences associated with the disorder. Research shows that 60 percent of adolescents...
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...the study. Then, identify a logical next step. Examining the Effects of Location, Neighborhood Social Organization, and Home Literacy on Early Cognitive Skills in the United States The purpose of the article is to show the different factors that affects or influence the development of children. “This study investigated the effects of community locale, neighborhood social organization, utilization of community cognitive developmental resources, and home literacy on early childhood cognitive skills”, (Froiland, 2011). The first point of the article indicates the importance of family, social environment, school and the neighborhood in the development of children. Basically, this first point alluded to the fact that children are more prone to read, write, speak other languages because neighborhood social organization was higher in suburban areas, which meant that it predicted early cognitive skills. The second point showed where social organization lacked in urban areas which were called a “social disorder”, due to the low income of families. Therefore the children weren’t...
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...Early Childhood Development and Social Inequalities by all families should have the same opportunities to live a descent life. But due to the backgrounds of some families, and children, they may not have a chance for this. There are certain risk factors that have a bearing on social inequalities in health, and particularly those that are prone to preventative intervention. There are many that I could talk about, but I have picked out four of these factors to talk about. They are biological factors, family and social factors, parenting factors, and attachment. Even these I feel that I will not be able to cover completely, because there is only a certain part we see, and then there is the that is kept hidden from all. There are many factors that influence the development and social inequalities in a child’s life. These include biological, family and social factors, parenting factors, attachment, and the way non-maternal care is influenced. All of these are risk factors that are likely to have a bearing on the child’s social inequalities on their health. The biological factors include premature birth, low birth weight, and a serious medical illness. The significantly influence and infants growth. “Low birth weight, less than 2500 grams, has a prevalence of 6 percent in white middle-class U.S. women, and 15 percent in ethnic minority teenagers. These teenagers tend to be single mothers.” At the Infant Health and Development Project, they found that in a large amount of premature infants...
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...Shelia Ward Psych/ 270 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY: ABUSE, ADDICTION, & DISORDERS (AXIA) Clinical Assessment April 24, 2011 Assignment: Clinical Assessment Pre-consultation is the first initial contact with the potential clients, the documents of Clara’s medical history must be submitted for review, along with a documentation from her teachers at the pre-school pertaining to their observations with Clara. At this point any other documentation obtained prior to the adoption that may give further insight to evaluating Clara. In meeting with Clara and her adoptive parents the issue of Clara’s age and environment is the beginning process in evaluating the issues surrounding Clara. I recognize that questioning a four- year old child could appear to be very intimidating and frightening; therefore, the interview will be addressed in several phases to avoid overwhelming Clara. The first phase will initiate Clara be taken to a playroom, and observed by my associate and recorded while playing with dolls...
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...Assessment) Fleurette Duverglas University of Phoenix NUR/405 - HEALTHY COMMUNITIES: THEORY AND PRACTICE Professor Sharon Baker November 17, 2014 Windshield Survey and Reflection Introduction The fundamental objective of conducting a community assessment is to attain the complete scenario of the region and identify the requirements of the specific community. This assignment is reflection of my windshield survey conducted in North Miami Beach. The client includes a family that consists of five members. The assessment of the community is based on precise and inclusive examination of various aspects that includes history, health care issues of the region, data on the population of community, mediums of communication available, vital statistics, governmental efforts, and attitude and perception of the community members. The community health nursing requires a holistic approach, and the selected five member family needs to be considered with respect to. (Annerbäck, 2012). Community is specifically defined as the “social group of any volume whose members inhabits in specified locality, share government, and often have a similar cultural and historical heritage”. Furthermore, community health can be understood as congregation of combined requirements through identification of problems and administration behaviors within the community itself and between the community and bigger culture. This windshield survey fundamentally broadened...
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...issues discussed such as overcrowding, lack of social workers, abundance of paperwork. While the argument has a positive outlook on the idea of foster care and shows some of the positives. It leaves a lot to question without addressing other issues. The end game for this system is simple. It’s important to get these kids in safe environments that they can strive and be successful in. This could mean one of many things, it could be putting this child in a safe foster home with parent who can help with education, adjustment, and guidance. Or there is the option of returning the child to the safe environment of the home of relatives. At the end of the day it is absolutely not fair to take this child from their family and never give them the chance to go back to their family if there is some available. Foster care has so many issues. It’s scary to think about all the kids out there who need a loving home and instead are falling through the cracks of the system. We can't expect functioning adults out of a system that treats them like they don't matter. Our system today is broken and we need to fix it to help these kids have a kind and important childhood. Society needs to make these kids feel like they are...
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...Risk Factors of Behavior Summary Heather Goodenow ECE 201 11-12-12 Scientists are leaning more and more toward the view that a gene specifically "for" a disorder or condition such as antisocial behavior is very unlikely (Rutter, Moffitt, and Caspi, 2006). Human behaviors, and the brain circuits that produce them, are undoubtedly the product of intricate networks involving hundreds to thousands of genes working in concert with multiple developmental and environmental events. Because there are so many elements involved and they interact with one another in such complex ways, it is extremely difficult to disentangle the influence of genes from the influence of the environment. To tease out these different strands and estimate their relative power, behavioral geneticists use twin studies, comparing identical twins who share all their genes and fraternal twins who share about half their genes. The genetic influence on a characteristic such as intelligence, temperament, personality, cognitive style, or psychophysiology is greater when the trait is more similar in identical twins than in fraternal twins. Researchers also study adopted children to see if they are more like their biological parents with whom they share genes or their adoptive parents with whom they share the environment. These studies, which are becoming increasingly analytical and sophisticated, show that antisocial behavior is moderately heritable (Moffitt, 2005), especially antisocial behavior that begins early...
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...Princeton University, June 1993, which contains supplemental analyses and is available from the authors. We thank participants in seminars at the University of Maryland, the University of Michigan, Princeton University, the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the 1993 meetings of the Population Association of America for their comments. Abstract The authors describe developmental deficits in early childhood associated with long-term poverty in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). They compare estimates of the effects of long-term poverty (based on a thirteen-year average of income) to estimates of the effects of poverty based on a single year of income (at the time of developmental assessment). They find substantial developmental deficits among children who, on average, are poor over a number of years relative to those who are not. These deficits are approximately twice as large according to the longterm income measure as compared to those based on the single-year measure, and are not explained by differences in maternal education, family structure, maternal behaviors during pregnancy, infant health, nutritional status, or age of...
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...development. I will address such issues as; 1) The Personality Developments, 2) The Cognitive Developments, and 3) The Social Cognitive Developments. I will concentrate these developmental theories based on the age of the students he or she will be teaching (Junior High Science) when he or she graduates from University of Phoenix. Personality Developments at Age 12-14 There are a large amount of personality theories in the world today. I will focus my attention on the behavioral developments prevalent to this age group. The greatest behavioral developments that late adolescents will experience are risk-taking. These risk-taken experiments will help the child develop and shape his or her identity, give him or her the ability to try new decision-making skills, help with developing realistic judgments of him or herself, gain peer acceptance, and peer respect (ReCAPP, 2009). Oftentimes the risks these adolescents will take end with a legitimate threat to their health and well-being. The most common type of threat, today, is teen pregnancy. More teens today are becoming pregnant because of peer acceptance and respect. The other types of risk these late adolescents are engaging in are: motor vehicle accidents, alcohol and drug abuse, and cigarette smoking. I believe that all of these risk behaviors may possibly be reduced if parents and teachers talked to them as individuals (not as children). I would help these adolescents understand the process of decision making...
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...regulate the dissemination of information or messages. Cybernetics has to do with the basic principles underlying the control, regulation, and exchange and processing of information. The influence of cybernetics is apparent in the Eco systemic approach because it stresses relations and connections and highlights the study of interactional patterns between and within systems. Cybernetic theory regards the construction of reality as a non-linear concept, it is concerned not so much with what systems consist of, but how they function. First and second order cybernetic approaches are consistent with each other, in the assumption that reality is understood as perceptually constructed or created. (Becvar and Becvar 2006). This reality may be explained and interpreted in the first order therapy from an isolated remote position while a second order approach is aware that it is not possible to understand another’s reality without being a part of it during the process. They also both focus on context and the importance of communication. Both have a focus on an idea of relational context. 2. First Order Cybernetic principles First order cybernetic reality is discovered through observation...
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...motor skills and oral motor functioning. Those with cerebral palsy were most likely born with the condition; although some acquire it later. It was once thought that cerebral palsy was caused by complications during the birthing process. While this does happen, it is now widely agreed that birthing complications account for only a small percentage, an estimated ten percent, of cerebral palsy cases. In my interview with Mrs. Rachel Kagichiri, a parent to a recently diseased CP child, she explained to me that many of the misconceptions we have about the disease should be done away with. Karanja, her son, was often blamed on her ‘negligence’ by relatives and friends who openly thought she must have done something for her son to turn out this way. Current research suggests the majority of cerebral palsy cases result from abnormal brain development or brain injury prior to birth or during labor and delivery. Accidents, abuse, medical malpractice, negligence, infections, and injury are some known risk factors that may lead to cerebral palsy. An individual with cerebral palsy will likely show signs of physical impairment. However, the type of movement dysfunction, the location and number of limbs involved, as well as the extent of impairment, will vary from one individual to another. It can affect arms, legs, and even the face; it can...
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...TEEN TALK A Survival Guide for Parents of Teenagers WHAT'S NORMAL FOR TEEN DEVELOPMENT? Colleen Gengler, Extension Educator, Family Relations, University of Minnesota Extension What's teen development all about? Parents often blame the ups and downs of raising a teen on one or two things such as changes in hormones or the influence of peer pressure. The preteen and teen years are filled with many changes. Teens have many developmental tasks to accomplish, far more than those of infancy and early childhood. Normal teen development is made up of not only biological and physical changes, but also social, emotional, and intellectual changes. A teen is experiencing many changes in: Their friendships and relationships. How their brain functions. How they think. How they exist in the larger society. • • • • Teens are also figuring out who they are or in other words, their identity. Part of this process is working to become more independent while still maintaining ties with parents and family. Accomplishment of these developmental tasks happens gradually, sometimes independently and sometimes together with another task, and in no set order. Each teen matures on his or her own timetable. Teens can be ahead of the typical age in one area of development and at the same time, behind the average age in another area. For example, consider the awkward 15 year old boy who has not gotten used to the extra inches he grew in a few months; this same 15 year old boy might possess wonderful...
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...Epilepsy is a brain disorder and chronic medical condition with sudden abnormal electrical activity that produce seizures which affect a variety of mental and physical functions . It is a word that derived from the Greek "epilepsia" which means "to take hold of". Patients with epilepsy have recurrent seizures, strange sensations and emotions or behave strangely. "The seizures happen when clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain send out the wrong signals."(1) Epilepsy has existed for thousands of years but only in the past hundred years or so has it begun to be understood. Epileptic seizures were described in ancient cultures, including those of China, Egypt, and India. The seizure was attributed to the god of the moon. "They...
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...CASE 1 Incidental Finding Janet Lewis was a registered nurse at Hillside Community Hospital. She had been working numerous extra shifts to cover hours from vacant positions. On top of that, she was a single mother of a child with developmental disabilities, which frequently left her exhausted. Janet had no family to assist her, and she was new in town. Her work schedule did not allow time for socializing, so she had not yet established any close friends to help in times of need. Saturday afternoon, Janet was looking forward to going home after working 72 hours that week; she had just three more hours until she could go to bed. Next thing she knew, two of the second shift nurses called sick, and Janet agreed to cover for one of them. The shift was relatively quiet and uneventful until one of Janet's patients was found unresponsive in his room: a code blue at the end of her shift. Janet normally reacted very well in these situations, but she was barely coherent from lack of sleep. The patient had developed severe bradycardia. The physician attending the call requested atropine. Janet was having trouble focusing, so she asked the physician to clarify; again, atropine was requested. She grabbed a vial from the crash cart, inadvertently reading the label from the vial next to the one she grabbed: lidocaine. She drew up the ordered amount and handed it off to the doctor. The patient's condition worsened. The physician demanded more atropine. Janet was still holding the lidocaine...
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...Autism is a developmental disorder that appears in the first 3 years of life, and affects the brain's normal development of social, communication skills, and restricted and repetitive behavior. It affects the processing and organization of information to the brain. But this is only one of the recognized disorders in the autism spectrum, the other two are Asperger syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder. Autism has a strong genetic basis, and in rare cases, is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects. Parents usually notice signs in the first two years of their child's life. The signs usually develop gradually, but some autistic children first develop more normally and then regress. Early behavioral or cognitive intervention can help autistic children gain self-care, social, and communication skills. Although there is no known cure, there have been reported cases of children who recovered. Not many children with autism live independently after reaching adulthood, though some become successful. An autistic culture has developed, with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing autism should be accepted as a difference and not treated as a disorder. Social deficits distinguish autism and the related autism spectrum disorders from other developmental disorders. People with autism have social impairments and often lack the intuition about others that many people take for granted. Some unusual social development becomes noticeable in early childhood...
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