...Unit 2, Ind. Project , American Intercontinental University Theories of Crime causation Criminal justice 105 Abstract This paper discusses the merits of the idea that genetics are a source for criminal behavior. The author of this paper includes examples that she found through research studies. The author also includes the results and findings for twin, adoption and testosterone studies that were conducted by top professionals in the study of genetics and the biological environments that surround us. The author also has listed some of the dangers of suggesting that there is in fact a criminal gene in the field of Criminal justice that is in existence and what the repercussions would be if it was proven to be the truth. This paper is informative and professionally cited. Discuss the merits of the idea that genetics are a source for criminal behavior. Criminality is definitely influenced by genetic factors as well as environment. For example studies were conducted among adopted children that have a biological parent that is a criminal these children have a higher risk of engaging in criminal activities, according to Richard J. Hernstein. He asserts that there have been many other studies that confirm certain physical traits, such as muscularity, gender and some have an extra Y chromosome, these children were also at a higher risk of committing crime. Therefore the late Hernstein argues, it’s refutable that criminal behavior has a genetic source. All...
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...Unit 2, Ind. Project , American Intercontinental University Theories of Crime causation Criminal justice 105 Abstract This paper discusses the merits of the idea that genetics are a source for criminal behavior. The author of this paper includes examples that she found through research studies. The author also includes the results and findings for twin, adoption and testosterone studies that were conducted by top professionals in the study of genetics and the biological environments that surround us. The author also has listed some of the dangers of suggesting that there is in fact a criminal gene in the field of Criminal justice that is in existence and what the repercussions would be if it was proven to be the truth. This paper is informative and professionally cited. Discuss the merits of the idea that genetics are a source for criminal behavior. Criminality is definitely influenced by genetic factors as well as environment. For example studies were conducted among adopted children that have a biological parent that is a criminal these children have a higher risk of engaging in criminal activities, according to Richard J. Hernstein. He asserts that there have been many other studies that confirm certain physical traits, such as muscularity, gender and some have an extra Y chromosome, these children were also at a higher risk of committing crime. Therefore the late Hernstein argues, it’s refutable that criminal behavior has a genetic source. All...
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...Abstract This paper analyzes what epigenetics precisely is as well as the effects of epigenetics on our human body throughout time. I further my analysis by going in depth on the effects epigenetics can have on a child going all the way back to their grandparent’s medical history and life experiences. The different articles provide a better understanding on how epigenetics can impede a person drastically, but also ensuring us that scientist are working efficiently to find out ways to manipulate the epigenome. This paper examines my own personal Family History Questionnaire findings and how they are relative to epigenetics. The last part of this paper explores a Bluzone Life Expectancy Questionnaire which identifies the longevity of my life by asking me various questions about everyday experiences and how I can improve my health. Life expectancy Epigenetics is defined as superior to the genome (Epigenetics, 2007). It simply commands the genome on how to work, how much to work and when to react in a specific way. The epigenome tells our cells precisely what type of skin, hair type, and heart we should have. Twins may be born exactly comparable with the same gene structure, but the epigenome is the part of a person’s gene structure that is altered from the day they are born. A genome can be linked to a computer’s hardware that makes up a computer while the epigenome is seen as the software the runs the computer entirely. Epigenome can change a cell just by a person’s diet...
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...Are Imprinted Genes Adaptive or Maladaptive? Epigenetics is referred to be the study of heritable changes other than those in the DNA sequence that encompass two major modifications of DNA or chromatin: DNA Methylation, the covalent modifications of cytosine, and post-translation modification of histones including methylation that is a highly intricate process that occurs within each cell as well as supplying fluid in the brain and within the liver, acetylation , phosphorylation and sumoylation (Callinan and Feinberg 2006) which is the is a post-translational modification involved in various cellular processes, such as nuclear-cytosolic transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, protein stability, response to stress, and progression through the cell cycle . Epigenetics is the mechanism that leads to parent-of-origin effects via imbalanced expression of maternally and paternally inherited copies of a gene. It plays a role in several Mendelian diseases and there is growing evidence for its role in common diseases as well as cancer. It is a dynamic mechanism with varying degrees of monoallelic expression between tissues and developmental stages (Wolf et al. 2008; Kong et al. 2009; Skaar et al. 2012; Lawson et al. 2013; Peters 2014). In addition, recent evidence suggests that noncoding RNAs predominantly microRNA contribute to the stock of epigenetic mechanisms that are found in major diseases and that can occur at critical developmental times (Esteller 2011)...
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... aiming to infer the unknown sample donor’s appearance from DNA, is expected to reduce the number of potential suspects (4, 5). To date, the most well studied externally visible characteristic (EVC) markers are the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with pigmentation, e. g., the variations in the coloration of the iris, hair, and skin (6–8). However, such pigmentation markers may not be useful in certain populations such as Asians and Africans with little color variation. More recently, age has been suggested as an EVC that can be used regardless of ethnicity to predict an individual’s appearance, thereby providing an investigative lead to track an unknown suspect or identify a missing person....
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...cancer development in the United States is radon gas radiation that generated from radioactive radium. Annually it is leads to 21.000 deaths. It is observed that approximately 1 out of 15 houses in the US have radon level higher than recommended. Air pollution with nitrogen dioxide, sulfate aerosols and other dangerous substances cause 1-2% of lung cancer cases. Genetic inheritance related to polymorphism in chromosomes 5, 6 and 15 provokes 8% of all lung cancer cases. ( American cancer society, 2014) . Lung cancer also called pulmonary carcinoma or carcinoma of the lung. It is characterized by abnormal cell growth in the lung tissue that caused by DNA damage and epigenetic changes. It provokes disorders in cell functioning that include apoptosis or programmed cell death, cell growth or proliferation and DNA repair. Lung cancer divided to two types. They are small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung...
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...• HDAC is so important because... • HDACs are grouped into class I, II, III and IV based on their sequence homology to their yeast orthologues. HDAC 1, 2 and 3 are subunits of multiprotein nuclear complexes. HDAC4, 5, 7, 9 are defined by a large, functionally important N-terminal domain regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling and specific DNA-binding. HDAC6 contains two tandem deacetylase domains and a C-terminal zinc finger. • Many HDACs exist as components of multiprotein complexes and then targeted to specific genomic regions by interactions with DNA binding factors that include transcription factors, nuclear receptors, and other epigenetic modifier genes. • Based on data of siRNA knockdown or enforced expression. Targeting of the same HDAC can have different biological effects depending on the cellular context. • Expression level of HDAC1 in primary human gastric cancer tissues through semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. The expression level of HDAC1 was compared in paired normal and GC tissues. The expression pattern was also topologically examined through an immunohistochemical method. • Overexpression of HDAC1 was detected in 68% of GC tissues • Increase in the expression of HDAC1 protein was detected in 61% of GC samples, also high HDAC1 mRNA levels. • Immunohistochemical staining was considered positive only if a strong nuclear staining was observed, since HDAC1 is known to be present in nuclei. • In normal pyloric glandular epithelium,...
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...Personalized medicine Personalized medicine is defined as a medical model of customized healthcare in which the medical decisions, practices, and/or products are tailored for the individual patient. In this model, the diagnostic test is often used to select appropriate and optimal treatments based on the context of a patient’s genetic content, other molecular or cellular analysis. The application of genetic information has played an important role in certain aspects of personalized medicine such as pharmacogenomics, and the term was first invented in the genetic background although it has been broadened to encompass a variety of personalization measures [1]. Some use cases of personalized therapies, devices, or technologies that demonstrate...
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...Chapter 6 Blast program for sequence comparisons and blast p-values- test whether 2 or more sequences (protein or DNA) share a common evolutionary origin (p >10^-3 = due to chance) Lack of relationship between number of genes in a genome and its biological complexity 10-nm versus 30-nm chromatin fibers – condensed chromatin= 30nm wide, “beads-on-a-string” =10nm wide nucleosome core histone composition (2 each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) – Histones exists as octamers. Core is wrapped by 147 bp, about 2turns of DNA= CONSERVED IN ALL EUKARYOTES two turns of DNA around histone core (147 bp) variable size of DNA between nucleosomes (15-90 bp) – depends on species structure of 30 nm fiber and role of H1 histone – resting chromatin will be 30nm wide, H1 binds where DNA enters and exits nucleosome core histone tail modifications (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation) – methylation & DEacetylation condensing of chromatin (30nm) acetylation DE-condensing of chromatin (10nm) phosphorylation & ubiquitination chromatin remodeling euchromatin versus heterochromatin chromosome scaffold – hold the 30nm chromatin loops attached, genes far apart on the chromosome are close at the base of the loops called SARS (Scaffold Associated Proteins) width of fully condensed metaphase chromosomes (500-750 nm) – 500-750nm wide chromosome banding and FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) – identification of karyotypes (chromosome composition) allows painting of each...
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...F after Lecture, in front of Campbell Hall and by appointment (after Oct. 22, T at 9 AM in Bio II, Rm. 5123). Approximate Lecture Schedule for Biochemistry/Molecular Biology Date | TOPIC | Reading in Text*[chapter (pages)] | | | | 9/27 | Introduction to class and Biochemical Principles | 1 (1-20); 2 (21-37) | | | | 9/30 | Introduction to Macromolecules/ Lipids and Polysaccharides | 3 (39-42; 51-61);6 (105-109) | | | | 10/1 | Macromolecules: Polysaccharides and Proteins | 3 (42-51) | | | | 10/2 | Macromolecules: Proteins and Nucleic Acids | 4 (62-67);13 (259-280) | | | | 10/4 | Macromolecules: Nucleic acids as Genetic Material | 13 (259-280) | | | | 10/7 | The Central Dogma: DNA Replication | 13 (259-280) | | | | 10/8 | The Central Dogma: Transcription and Translation | 14 (281-303) | | | | 10/9 | The Central Dogma: Translation and Mutations | 14 (281-303)15 (304-308) | 10/10 | First Honors Meeting | | 10/11 | The Central Dogma: Post-Translational Modifications, Alternative RNA Splicing and MicroRNAs | 14 (300-304;312-313) 16 (346-349) | | | | 10/14 | Energy, Enzymes and Metabolism | 8 (144-164) | | | | 10/15 | Chemical Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy | 9 (165-184) | | | | 10/16 | Chemical Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy | 9 (165-184) | 10/17 | Second Honors Meeting | | 10/18 | Finish up, loose ends, special topics (time permitting) | ...
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...purpose of this paper was to analyze the data and investigate many of the factors that contribute to human longevity. The first and longest study of centenarians centered around the centenarian population of Okinawa, a tiny island in Japan that is isolated culturally and geographically from the rest of the country, and not subjected to acculturation. The Okinawans live a distinctive lifestyle that includes social identity, language, and religion, as well as dietary habits, physical activities, and art forms. The centenarians of Okinawa typically marry and bear children with individuals residing primarily on their own island, which suggests a high rate of inbreeding that may contribute to genetic mutations responsible for long life. An analysis of the data illustrates that the ApoE (apoplioprotein) gene is a possible contributor to human longevity, specifically ApoE2, whereas ApoE4 is associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Centenarians in Okinawa have relatively low rates of dementia compared to other elderly populations. Okinawa centenarians also possess a polymorphism of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) that lower occurrence of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and disorders, and higher levels of heart-protecting HDLs (high-density lipoproteins) contributing to cardiovascular health. A key gene is the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) polymorphisms found in centenarians and animal models of longevity, suggesting that defective IGF-I receptors may increase sensitivity to...
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...DNA profiling (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic fingerprinting) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing.[1] It is used in, for example, parental testing and criminal investigation. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another, unless they are monozygotic twins.[2] DNA profiling uses repetitive ("repeat") sequences that are highly variable,[2] called variable number tandem repeats (VNTR), particularly short tandem repeats (STR)s. VNTRs loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs. The DNA profiling technique was first reported in 1984[3] by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England,[4] and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. Dr. Jeffreys's genetic fingerprinting was made commercially available in 1987, when a chemical company, Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), started a blood-testing centre in England.[5] Contents [hide] 1 DNA profiling process 1.1 RFLP analysis 1.2 PCR analysis 1.3 STR analysis 1.4 AmpFLP ...
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...CURRICULUM VITAE CHUAN-CHAO WANG Place of Birth: Liaocheng, Shandong, China; Date of Birth: 1th August, 1987 Nationality: Chinese Email: Chuan-Chao_Wang@hms.harvard.edu, wang@shh.mpg.de Research experience 2015~now: Research Fellow at Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, US; Postdoc at Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Germany. Research Interests Using population genetics, genomics, ancient DNA and computational biology approaches to study genetic structure, origin and migrations, complex diseases and anthropological traits in human populations. Education 2006-2010 2010-2015 BSc in Marine Biology, Ocean University of China PhD in Human Biology, Fudan University, China Intern 2011.7-2011.9 Intern at Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, USA Grants Awarded 2011 Innovation Grant for Excellent Graduate Student (Fudan University), No. EZH1322301. Proposal: Discovery of phylogenetic relevant Y-chromosome variants using targeting sequencing. 2012 Academic Youth Science Grant (Ministry of Education, China), No. JFH1322006. Proposal: Y chromosomal substitution rate estimation in deep-rooting pedigrees. Grants Participated Genographic Project, funded by IBM National Excellent Youth Science Foundation of China (31222030) National Natural Science Foundation of China (31071098, 91131002) Shanghai Rising-Star Program (12QA1400300) Shanghai Commission of Education Research Innovation Key Project (11zz04) ...
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...Genetics and Neurotransmitters in Autism Abstract Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by the inability to relate and perceive the environment in a realistic manner. Brain development is affected in the areas of communication, cognition, and social interaction. There is a great variability in the disorder from person to person. There has been evidence to show that 60-90% of autism can be considered hereditary. Many researchers are attempting to understand the genetic determinism of the disease in order to pinpoint treatment. There are gene mutations and variants that have been discovered but due to the disease being heterogeneous and complex it is difficult to find consistency. There is also research indicating that the cause is neurological. The gap between genetics and neurology concerning autism is where the connection needs to be made in order to understand the disability wholly. Autism is a complex developmental disability as the result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain. The onset of the disability is in infancy or early childhood with males being affected four times as often as females. Autism shows no racial, ethnic or social boundaries. The term Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is used because it is covering a group of disabilities with similar features. There are three categories of autism spectrum disorder known as Autistic Disorder...
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...damaged due to the accumulation of this altered protein over time. Progeria also releases heterochromatin from the nuclear periphery, changes epigenetic regulation, alters signaling and gene expression and disrupts telomeres, causing genome instability.(b) All of this contributes to premature aging. In the paper, “Progressive vascular smooth muscle cell defects in a mouse model of Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome” a mouse model was created by moderating the genome of the mouse so that it carried a human bacterial artificial chromosome that had the same HGPS mutation. These mice were found to have a gradual decline in vascular smooth muscle cells in the medial layer of the large arteries. This case is similar to what is seen in children with HGPS. It was hypothesized that mice with the G608G mutation would display phenotypic similarities to that of children with the HGPS mutation. In order to test this a human bacterial artificial chromosome, BAC, containing the modified gene with the HGPS G608G mutation was inserted into Escherichia coli bacterium. G608G transgenic mice were created by injecting that BAC DNA, both as circular construct and after linearizing with a unique PI-Scel restriction site. As a control, transgenes were also produced carrying a wild-type LMNA BAC. Sixteen founders who carry the transgene as determined by PCR analysis were born and bred for the G608G constructs, eight from the circular and eight from the linearized BAC. Consistent vascular pathologic changes...
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