...ent Applied Behavioral Analysis and Case Studies Bobby, Jackie, and Emma Joshua Stewart Kaplan University PS360- Unit 4 Assignment Prof. Chrystal Ayala June 15, 2015 Applied Behavioral Analysis and Case Studies Bobby, Jackie, and Emma Applied Behavioral Analysis is a natural science that aims to systematically apply intervention processes using the behavior learning theory in order to remove or change undesirable socially significant behaviors (Cooper, Heron, Heward, 2007). Applied behavioral analysis can be applied in many setting and situations and the intervention process and techniques depend on those settings and individual situations. Applied behavioral analysis is used to modify target behaviors that can occur in the home, in the community, in an educational setting, and is even used to aid in treatment for rehabilitation programs. Through the use of different components of ABA such as operant conditioning, reinforcement, modification programs, and extinction to name a few, one will develop a behavioral modification plan to best suit each client’s specific needs. In the first case, Bobby is an 8-year-old boy who cannot keep his room cleaned or organized despite the fact that he is constantly reminded by his father to do so. Mr. Kelley would like to establish a modification process for Bobby to encourage him to keep his bedroom clean on a regular basis. First the target behavior and modification process must be identified in order to determine the appropriate...
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...Instructor’s Manual with Test Items to accompany Applied Behavior Analysis Second Edition John O. Cooper ● Timothy E. Heron ● William L. Heward All, The Ohio State University Prepared by Stephanie Peterson, Idaho State University ● Renée K. Van Norman, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Lloyd Peterson, Idaho State University ● Shannon Crozier, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Jessica E. Frieder, Idaho State University ● Peter Molino, Idaho State University ● Heath Ivers, Idaho State University ● Shawn Quigley, Idaho State University ● Megan Bryson, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● David Bicard, University of Memphis [pic] Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio ____________________________________________________________ ______________________ Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education...
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...to date that includes video modeling to increase food acceptance in a participant’s home. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use video modeling to increase food acceptance by one child in his home. A multiple-baseline design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of video modeling on increasing food acceptance. Video modeling was effective in increasing food acceptance with this one participant in his home. The results of this study suggest that this treatment program was responsible for the observed changes, which were maintained during 3, 4, 5, and 6th month follow-up. Video modeling 6 Using Video Modeling to Increase Food Acceptance Many children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder exhibit maladaptive feeding behaviors. These behaviors may include gagging at the site of certain foods, food refusal, expulsion, and limited intake (Munk & Repp, 1994). Parents of children with these problems are frequently desperate to get their children to eat and may go to...
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...In psychology, two important behavior concepts that are taught are classical and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning, invented by B.F. Skinner, (or instrumental conditioning) is a type of learning that is modified by consequences of an individual’s behavior. Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs establishing associations between different events. Both of these types of conditioning are used to treat phobias. Some say that they both also treat nightmares, obsessions, depression, compulsions, anorexia and anxiety. Both techniques are used by cognitive behavior therapist. An inheritance of a behavior is a result of both types of conditioning. To illustrate classical conditioning, Pavlov used dogs in his famous analysis. When doing this experiment, Pavlov measured the dogs salivary secretions by presenting the dog with food which showed the existence of the unconditioned response. The food was the unconditioned stimulus and caused an uncontrollable response when presented alone because of the salivation of the dog. Extinction is the existence of the unconditioned response by presenting a dog with a bowl of food and the measuring its salivary secretions. Extinction also occurs in operant conditioning. Operant conditioning’s goal is reinforcement. Reinforcement is any event that increases the chances that a response will occur again. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs if reinforcement is withheld. Also involved in conditioning is a factor...
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...concepts become various stages of environmental stimulus. These environmental stimuli processed through sensation and perception converts the classical conditioning concepts into changed behavioral patterns. Classical conditioning concepts also introduce the repetitive exposure of different stimuli within any individual’s learning environment. The purpose of this paper is to explain, analyze, and evaluate classical conditioning and the factors that affect this process, such as the four phenomena, and awareness. The analysis of these factors helps professionals understand the application of classical conditioning in the learning process. Stimuli Processes Environmental stimuli become processed by sensation and perception converting the information into data used to modify learned behavioral patterns (Davis, 2004). This physical process of sensation shows in the use of the five senses responding to the stimulus. The sensory means of perception becomes the analysis of the stimulus. The brain continually sorts the information gathered to make decisions. This unique concept stores unnecessary information from the interpretation of the stimulus. The ability to decide on multiple options shows the subject responding to only the priming prompt (Davis, 2004). Classical Conditioning Technique The classical conditioning technique teaches a subject to respond to the same stimuli every time (Izard, 2009). A top researcher, Ivan Pavlov unexpectedly discovered the associative learning...
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...included 2 children whose functional analysis revealed attention was a maintaining factor in aggression, self-injury, and disruptive behaviors. Not only did the results show that FCT with the added component of punishment was more effective than either FCT alone, or FCT with extinction, it also demonstrated a clear preference by the children for the FCT with punishment. The punishment phase consisted of a 30-second hands down procedure involving physically holding the participant’s hands to their sides for both participants, with the addition of a visual screen through placement of the therapist’s hand over the participant’s eyes in addition to the FCT component. Only...
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...rat (Sniffy) showed freezing behaviors. There were three conditions to our study acquisition, extinction and spontaneous recovery. During the acquisition stage, Sniffy’s freezing behavior increased when the light was paired with the shock. In the extinction stage Sniffy’s behavior declined since the light was not paired with the shock. During the spontaneous recovery, Sniffy was removed from his environment and then put back in which Sniffy was presented with the light but no shock. Freezing behavior increased after he was put back in, but after sometime...
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... The most notable theory from this time the Socratic Method, which consists of posing probing questions to students rather than espousing a hierarchy of knowledge. Brief History of its Founding Modern theories such as behaviorism, founded in the early twentieth century, are associated with theorists including Watson, Skinner, Pavlov and Thorndike. Watson known as the father of behaviorism proposed an alternative to the views of Wilhelm Wundt the founder of the discipline of psychology in1879. (Moore, 2011, p. 1). According to Moore, “Wundt assumed that the study of consciousness or subjective mental life was the appropriate subject matter for psychology.” (Moore, 2011, p. 1, para.1). Watson proposed that study and analysis should focus on observable behavior and that concerns with consciousness only hampered the process. (Driscoll, 2005, p. 31)...
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...Chapter 5: Learning I. Definition of Learning any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice relatively permanent aspect of learning refers to learning being associated with physical changes in the brain experience although physical changes may be present we may not always be able to “get” to the information Maturation * Not all change is accomplished through learning. Changes like an increase in height or the size of the brain are another kind of change controlled by a genetic blueprint. * is due to biology, not experience II. Classical Conditioning learning to elicit an involuntary reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. Ivan Pavlov focused on observable, measurable behavior; worked with salivating dogs * Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) * unconditioned means “unlearned.” * ordinarily leads to the reflex response * Unconditioned response (UCR) * involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus * Natural Stimulus (NS) * stimulus that has no effect on the desired response * the sight of the food dish itself became a stimulus for salivation before the food was given to the dogs. Every time they got food (to which they reflexively salivated), they saw the dish. It had no effect on salivation. ...
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...PAPER #1: CONDITIONING Definition of classical conditioning Classical conditioning is defined in Psychology as “a process by which a stimulus that previously did not elicit a response comes to elicit a response, in reflex—like fashion, after it is paired with one or more trials with a stimulus that already elicits a response” (Gray, 1999, p 100). Having to do with the reflexes, the definition of classical condition can be abbreviated into the idea of involuntary behavior. The example of Pavlov’s dog illustrates this as the dog came to associate the sound of a bell with food, causing a reflexive action of salivating, resulting in salivation even when the bell was not paired with food. Personal experience with classical conditioning My boyfriend has two dogs whom he loves very dearly and spends much time playing with. They are both extremely affectionate and smother people with kisses. However, their over¬zealous behavior often leads to fighting between the two of them, especially over attention from any new corner to the house. They also have two different personalities: one is passive and one is very nervous, and sometimes has a problem with uncontrollable urination when very excited. On one occasion when I was at my boyfriend’s house, I was sitting with the passive dog in my lap, watching television when I saw the other dog approaching. Thinking nothing of it, I remained seated, stroking the fur of the dog on my lap. The other dog, watching this, suddenly ran towards...
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...Behavior Change Behavior Change with Positive and Negative Reinforcements Vickie Christian, Tiffany Smith, Natasha Butcher, Rochelle Dial University of Phoenix There are several forms of operant conditioning that can be used to change a person’s behavior. The four forms are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and omission training. Positive reinforcement is the use of a stimulus to make a certain behavior response increase. A good example of this would be that when you rub a cat on its back it will make a purring sound; the purring is the positive reinforce. If you want the same results the next time then you must rub it in the same manner. Negative reinforcement is when you take something away from a person to increase a behavior. For instance, if your child has a chore of doing the dishes and you tell that child that if they say please and thank you they will not have to do them, then in order to avoid the dreaded chore of the dishes they will continue to give you the behavior you are looking for. Punishment is when you decrease a behavior response by an adverse stimulus. An example of this would be yelling at a child for doing something they know they should not be doing. Omission training is removing the stimulus to get a certain behavior. An example of this would be to take away a television that the child might use as a night light for not going to bed when they are supposed to. There are primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers. The primary...
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...Behavior Change with Positive and Negative Reinforcements Vickie Christian, Tiffany Smith, Natasha Butcher, Rochelle Dial University of Phoenix There are several forms of operant conditioning that can be used to change a person’s behavior. The four forms are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and omission training. Positive reinforcement is the use of a stimulus to make a certain behavior response increase. A good example of this would be that when you rub a cat on its back it will make a purring sound; the purring is the positive reinforce. If you want the same results the next time then you must rub it in the same manner. Negative reinforcement is when you take something away from a person to increase a behavior. For instance, if your child has a chore of doing the dishes and you tell that child that if they say please and thank you they will not have to do them, then in order to avoid the dreaded chore of the dishes they will continue to give you the behavior you are looking for. Punishment is when you decrease a behavior response by an adverse stimulus. An example of this would be yelling at a child for doing something they know they should not be doing. Omission training is removing the stimulus to get a certain behavior. An example of this would be to take away a television that the child might use as a night light for not going to bed when they are supposed to. There are primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers...
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...Classical Conditioning Ashley Stringer-Franco PSY/390 Dr. Erin Hunt-Carter January 30, 2012 Classical Conditioning The thing that is defined in the world of psychology as a process by which a stimulus that previously did not elicit a response comees to elicit a response, in reflex-like fashion, after it is paired with one or more trials with a stimulus that already elicits a response is called classical conditioning (Gray, 1999). Classical conditioning is basically described as the idea of involuntary behavior since it has a lot to do with the reflexes. For example Pavlov’s did an experiment with his dogs where he showed that the dog came to associate food with the sound of a certain bell, which caused the dog to salivate as a reflex. At the end of the experiment Pavlov showed that the dogs would salivate even when they just heard the bell ring without seeing the food. That in a sense in how classical conditioning is best described. My Experience with Classical Conditioning My mom has this dog named Lacie Renee Stringer who she loves very much. They spend a lot of time with each other and they even sleep together on my mom’s bed. She is a very loving dog and she loves to lick people so much that they are covered in saliva. However when we first got her she was so scared of people that she stuck close to my mom. Her personality was that of a shy scared little puppy. When she was first brought home she would run and hide from everyone and she would not even go near...
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...behaviorists is nothing more than the world in which they grew up. Behaviorism is the theory that human nature can be fully understood by the laws inherent in the natural environment. As one of the oldest theories of personality, behaviorism dates back to Descartes, who introduced the idea of a stimulus and called the person a machine dependent on external events whose soul was the ghost in the machine. Behaviorism takes this idea to another level. Although most theories operate to some degree on the assumption that humans have some sort of free will and are moral thinking entities, behaviorism refuses to acknowledge the internal workings of persons. In the mind of the behaviorist, persons are nothing more than simple mediators between behavior and the environment (Skinner, 1993, p 428). The dismissal of the internal workings of human beings leads to one problem opponents have with the behavioral theory. This, along with its incapability of explaining the human phenomenon of language and memory,...
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...Student Name: | Rae Loulache | Check | Requirement | | This checklist is the first page of my paper. | | The “Title Page”, which is formatted in accordance with APA Guidelines, is the second page of my paper. | | The page following the Title Page is marked page #2 and subsequent pages are numbered sequentially. All page markings appear in the lower, right hand corner of the each page. | | My entire paper (everything) is double spaced. | | I have not included an “introduction” or “opening paragraph” and have instead launched right into the review of the assigned topic. | | Each claim or fact presented in my paper is supported with a reference citation. | | For each quotation, there is a citation of the page number(s) from the original source. | | On average, there are no more than one quotation every two pages. | | I have not cited or mentioned the first and last names of authors in the body of my text. I have included first initials and last names of authors on the “Reference” page, which is the last page of my paper. | | I have not cited or mentioned the title of an article or book in the body of my paper, but have instead included this information on the “Reference” page. | | I have made sure that when citing a reference at the end of a sentence that I have placed the period after the parentheses which contains the reference (example). | | My paper does not include any personal stories from my own life or experience. | ...
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