...International Relation and Gender Introduction International relations could be defined in many different ways. Each school of thoughts distinguishes their understanding of international relations differently. For example according to realists “the international system is defined by anarchy—the absence of a central authority (Waltz). States are sovereign and thus autonomous of each other; no inherent structure or society can emerge or even exist to order relations between them,” where according to Liberalism “Liberalism makes for a more complex and less cohesive body of theory than Realism or Institutionalism. The basic insight of the theory is that the national characteristics of individual States matter for their international relations” (Anne-Marie Slaughter, 2011). Many looked at international relations in some other ways. In other words, each has looked at it according to their own agenda and benefits. In simpler words of my understanding, international relation is a study where it looks at the relationship between countries, which will of course include the role of different organizations and different policies. For a long time now, our world is highly filled with national security dialogues such as diplomats, statesmen and military positions, however, all of these managed to avoid women participation due to their lack of characteristics required to handle such heavy duties. Gender discrimination is not something new, proving that would be all of the feminist movements...
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...In this assignment I will outline the five approaches of gender development and consider which of these approaches provide the better explanation, I will do this by looking at various case studies and decide which has the best argument. Gender is the term used to refer to the socially formed roles of and relations between men and women, while 'Sex' refers to biological features which identify humans as male or female. These biological features are not absolute however, as it is possible for an individual to possess both. Gender roles are characterised by uneven power. The ‘norms’ of gender assign specific roles and rights of ways to men and women or girls and boys - for example, women may be expected to take on duties within the home and with their children, whilst men may be expected to be the sole earner and labourer, going out to work to earn a salary to support his family and to carry out manual tasks within the home. In terms of children, girls would be expected to play with ‘girl toys’ like dolls, prams and make-up, to be more sensitive and caring, whilst boys would be expected to play with cars and trucks, to be a lot more boisterous and active. As children grow from early childhood to adolescence, they are subjected to many aspects which influences their sense of behaviour and their attitude to gender roles. These behaviours and attitudes are generally picked-up in the home to begin with and are then strengthened by a child's peers, school, environmental experience...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Transforming gender relations in Ghana agenda will remain so for some time to come. In spite of decades of gender equity activism and public efforts which had been undertaken in the last three decades within the ambit of electoral policies, the transformation process was stalled with many challenges. In the gender equality intervention, especially following the Beijing declaration of 1995, the agenda has been pursued in some societies as if it is only women’s business. Initially, some gender equality activities were undertaken as if it was a battle between women and men. In certain instances some men thought that promotion of gender equality or women’s empowerment was an attempt to take their power from then and give to women such misconceptions have made gender equality measure for empowerment of women face some resistance from both males and some females who believe that governance of society and women must be under the control of men. A critical explanation of gender will, however, reveal that the gender strategy rather recognizes the relationship between males and females and for that matter the need to support each other to attain their maximum best in society, efforts have, therefore, been recently intensified at the international level to promote the involvement of males for attainment of gender equality. The question then is how do we harness the male support for the promotion of gender equality? It is within this context that this term...
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...Gender is a common topic in society, it has essential role in people’s lives. The word gender can relate to sex, but sex is biological differences between men and women while gender refers to cultural and social differences between men and women. Masculinity is a part of gender, it is a set of qualities, characteristics or roles generally considered typical of a man. There are many different kinds of masculinities, each one can represent a group of man. This essay will critically analyze the characters of masculinities in light of gender relations, and use the film, Billy Elliot to support the argument. In this film, Billy’s father, Jackie is a traditional man. He had traditional thought of the society and could not accept some new ideas. He thought a real man should do football or boxing rather than ballet, so he objected Billy to learn ballet. (Billy Elliot, 2000). Not Billy’s father, but also his brother Tony, has the traditional thought as his father. The important reason is that both Tony and Jackie are miners, they should take responsibility of the family. They had heavy pressure from their works, so they became more aggressive and are more close to macho. Coal-mining is essentially based on physical strength, coal-mining community can be seen as patriarchal society. So they had power to make decisions in family. Patriarchy is a social system in which the male is the primary authority figure central to social organization and father hold authority over women and children...
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...GENDER RELATIONS AND DIVORCE AMONG THE ELITES A CASE STUDY OF GULU MUNICIPALITY BY HENRY EGYEYU ABSTRACT This study is aimed at establishing the relationship between Gender relations and Divorce such that possible approaches are sought to mitigate them. The study set out to assess the sex-differentiated impact of divorce, which are normally part of family life. These include changes in residences by children to accommodate changes in their relationships with their parents, changes in parental employment, remarriage, and stepfamily formation still; most children suffer from declining father. The study found that such changes affect individuals within households differently. Some lose while others gain. Women, however, have been singled out as the most affected. Changes in marriage and divorce laws and policies have further affected individual household members in different ways that is, children live in many different family forms, but the most common pattern is that they live with their mothers and have less contact with their fathers. As a result, a common alteration that children are forced to make is an adjustment to life without their father at home. Most children share time between the mother's household and the father's household, and families are creative in finding ways for children to maintain meaningful relationships with both parents involvement after divorce The conflicts over ownership of...
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...Gender Disparity In Relation to Managerial Positions in the Organizations in Mombasa County: Case of County Government of Mombasa. Introduction This chapter introduces the study by looking at its background and stating the problem. It further gives the objectives of the study, research questions, and significance of the study, its scope, the assumptions and the conceptual framework. This research seeks to unravel the factors for gender disparity in managerial positions within Mombasa County. To increase understanding of factors affecting women this study focuses on diverse factors that affect the development of women in Mombasa County. Background of the Study Gender disparities in employment opportunities and economic investment patterns in Kenya have continued to widen across all sectors of the economy and at various levels of development intervention. This trend has led to increased unemployment, under-employment, poverty and powerlessness among many Kenyan women. Part of the reason for the persistent inequality is the slow process of mainstreaming gender into employment creation and poverty eradication policies, programmes and strategies in a coordinated, multi-sectorial and crosscutting way. The other reason relates to the existence of social, cultural and structural barriers to effective female participation in the labour force. These and other factors have jointly contributed to the low pay and productivity of women’s labour and to their continued under-representation...
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...Item A How male and female pupils and teachers act towards each other has a major effect on pupils experiences of education. Sociologists are interested in the reason why gender relations take the form they do and their relationship to classroom interaction, subject choice, achievement and identity. Gender relations affect many areas of school life, such as parents evenings governors meetings, senior management decision making, appointments and promotions, as well interactions in the classroom and staff room schools have gender equality policies. As a result, pupils and teachers may disguise their real attitudes towards gender and this may make it difficult for the researcher to get at the truth. Sociologists are interested in the reasons for gender differences in subject choice. These include primary socialisation in the home peer group pressure, subject images and gender career opportunities. Question: Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the strengths and limitations of participant observation for the study of gender relations in schools. There are two types of observation, covert and overt. The difference between them is that covert observation is when the people being observed do not know they’re being watched or studied, and overt observation is when they have been told and given consent to be observed by the researcher. Observation can also be done in two ways. This is called participant and non-participant observation. In participant...
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...AC571_relational_database_005-019 Male Page 1 of 5 AC571_relational_database_005 Welcome to this refresher on relational database concepts. Understanding relational database concepts is a key to mastering a key theme, REA modeling. As we progress through this refresher, please pay close attention to the objectives being covered as you see on the screen. The objectives are as follows: problems inherent in the flat file approach to data management that gave rise to the relational database concept, relationships among the defining elements of the relational database environment, stages in database design, entity identification, data modeling, constructing the physical database, and preparing user views, features of distributive databases and issues to consider in deciding on a particular database configuration. These objectives will serve as the foundation for understanding relational database concepts and REA modeling. AC571_relational_database_006 Before we can get into the heart of relational database concepts one must understand the differences between two common database environments, flat file and relational databases. As you know, computer systems process data. This processing involves two key components, data and instructions, or programs. This occurs no matter what database environment you have. In order to process the data you need an interface. Conceptually there are two methods for designing the interface between program instructions and data. File oriented processing...
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...Riordan Business-to-Business Web Site Use Case Scenarios Analysis In deciding which way to take Riordan Manufacturing’s business-to-business web site use case studies were performed and the top two scenarios were chosen for further analysis. Both scenarios present a way for Riordan to improve raw material ordering through different means. In order to decide which path to take the two scenarios will be discussed in greater detail including a brief synopsis on the technological role involving systems analysis and design, database design, programming, networking, and the web. Use Case 1 As described before, in use case scenario 1, a Riordan employee would log into a business-to-business web site and place an order with one of our partnered vendors as Figure 1 depicts. The employee logs into the secure website, chooses a vendor from a list, selects from the common list of products purchased from the vendor, chooses a quantity and enters a required by date, the vendor receives notification of an order, verifies credit status or requests credit card information, fills the order, generates an invoice, and ships the order to our warehouse. Use Case 2 In use case scenario 2, as shown in Figure 2, the approach to replenishing key inventory levels resides with the vendor. Triggers in the database alert the vendor via email that the level is at its threshold and then the supplier logs into the secure business-to-business web site, issues an order to ship replenishment supplies...
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...Database Management System Submitted by: NAMES Date Submitted 2. Table of Contents 3. Document Scope - Describes the goal of this document in a narrative. - Introduction 4. System Overview - Provide a brief overview of the system. 5. Business Rules - Brief, precise, and unambiguous description of policy, procedure, or principle of the Company or Organization. 6. Relational Diagram - Representation of the Relational database’s entities, the attributes within those entities and the relationships between those entities. Example 7. Crow’s Foot ER Diagram - A graph/ diagram that represents the conceptual database as viewed by the end user. Example 8. ERM Components - Summarizes the ERM’s components and names the entities and their relations. Example. . 9. Data Dictionary - Provides detailed accounting of all tables found within the user/designer-created database - Contains (at least) all the attribute names and characteristics for each table in the system - Contains metadata—data about data Example 10. Database Design Decisions - Discuss the decisions that were made when designing the database for the Application, including problems, alternative solutions, and design assumptions that had to be made. - Divide this section...
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...1. a) What is a database? A database is an organized collection of related data. b) How does an RDBMS store data? An RDBMS stores related data in tables. 2. What is one benefit of dividing data into tables? Dividing data into tables eliminates unnecessary data duplication, or data redundancy. 3. a) What is a database schema? A database schema is a description of the data and the organization of the data into tables in a relational database. b) Explain the considerations for dividing data into related groups. Considerations for dividing data into related groups includes grouping information so that there is little or no data redundancy. However, each table must have data related to at least one other table, which will require data duplication. This is not considered data redundancy. A table with no relationship to any another table does not belong in the database. 4. a) What is a field? A column in a table. Used to store data. b) Explain why a field that stores more than one piece of data is considered poor design. A field that stores more than one piece of data limits the sorting and searching capabilities of the database. 5. List four guidelines to follow when choosing field names. 1. Make field names unique. 2. Choose the shortest possible...
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...ranow, E. B. “Developing Good Data Definitions.” Database Programming & Design 2 (8) (1989): 36–39. Booch, G. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications. 2d ed. Redwood City, CA: Benjamin Cummings, 1994. Bruce, T. A. Designing Quality Databases with IDEF1X Information Models. New York: Dorset House, 1992. Chen, P. P-S. “The Entity-Relationship Model—Toward a Unified View of Data.” ACM Transactions on Database Systems 1 (March 1976): 9–36. Codd, E. F. “A Relational Model of Data for Large Relational Databases.” Communications of the ACM 13 (6) (1970): 77–87. Dutka, A. F., and H. H. Hanson. Fundamentals of Data Normalization. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1989. Finkelstein, R. “Breaking the Rules Has a Price.” Database Programming & Design 1 (June 1988): 11–14. Fleming, C. C., and B. von Halle. “An Overview of Logical Data Modeling.” Data Resource Management 1 (1) (1990): 5–15. Fowler, M. UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Object Modeling Language. 2d ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2000. Gibson, M., C. Hughes, and W. Remington. “Tracking the Trade-Offs with Inverted Lists.” Database Programming & Design 2 (January 1989): 28–34. Gottesdiener, E. “Turning Rules into Requirements.” Application Development Trends 6 (7) (1999): 37–50. Hay, D. Data Model Patterns: Conventions of Thought. New York: Dorset House, 1996. Hoffer, J. A., V. Ramesh, and H. Topi. Modern Database Management. 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011. Inmon, W. H...
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...1. List the advantages of a relational model specific to ACME Global Consulting. Relational models can provide some very significant advantages over other methods. First, they are very easy to read due to the nature of two-dimensional tables. Columns and row format is straightforward and consists of a collection of similar data among rows that allow for the user to easily locate what they need. One of the biggest advantages of the relational model of database design is that its foundation is formal mathematical theory. It allows its concepts to be defined and examined with great precision. In other systems, the calculations may need to be done separately prior to using the database. 2. Summarize in your own words the purpose of an E-R model specific to ACME Global Consulting. The E-R model can provide ACME Global with a specific, but open-ended design that is tailored to the company’s needs. This also allows us to sketch the design of a database informally and incorporate changes in order to avoid problems later on. The E-R model allows for growth beyond its ideas at inception. It lays the groundwork for later database relational designs. 3. List and describe essential components of the model such as entities, attributes, keys, relationships, roles, and dependencies specific to ACME Global Consulting. Entity: real-world object or thing with an independent existence and which is distinguishable from other objects. Examples are a person, car, customer, product,...
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...Language, the user describes the information desired without giving a specific procedural for obtaining the information. Relational Algebra Definition It is a procedure language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or more relations as input and produce a new relation as a result. The fundamental operations of relational algebra are select, project, union, set difference, Cartesian product and rename. Other operations are: Set intersection, natural join, division and assignment. • The basic set of operations for the relational model is known as the relational algebra. These operations enable a user to specify basic retrieval requests. • The result of retrieval is a new relation, which may have been formed from one or more relations. The algebra operations thus produce new relations, which can be further manipulated using operations of the same algebra. • A sequence of relational algebra operations forms a relational algebra expression, whose result will also be a relation that represents the result of a database query (or retrieval request). Keys • Let K ( R where K is a superkey of R if values for K are sufficient to identify a unique tuple of each possible relation r(R) – by “possible r” we mean a relation r that could exist in the enterprise we are modeling. – Example: {customer-name, customer-street} and {customer-name} are both...
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...OLAP In computing, online analytical processing, or OLAP ( /ˈoʊlæp/), is an approach to answering multi-dimensional analytical (MDA) queries swiftly.[1] OLAP is part of the broader category of business intelligence, which also encompasses relational database report writing and data mining.[2] Typical applications of OLAP include business reporting for sales, marketing, management reporting, business process management (BPM),[3] budgeting and forecasting, financial reporting and similar areas, with new applications coming up, such as agriculture.[4] The term OLAP was created as a slight modification of the traditional database term OLTP (Online Transaction Processing).[5] OLAP tools enable users to analyze multidimensional data interactively from multiple perspectives. OLAP consists of three basic analytical operations: consolidation (roll-up), drill-down, and slicing and dicing.[6] Consolidation involves the aggregation of data that can be accumulated and computed in one or more dimensions. For example, all sales offices are rolled up to the sales department or sales division to anticipate sales trends. By contrast, the drill-down is a technique that allows users to navigate through the details. For instance, users can view the sales by individual products that make up a region’s sales. Slicing and dicing is a feature whereby users can take out (slicing) a specific set of data of the OLAP cube and view (dicing) the slices from different viewpoints. Databases configured...
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