...are the three types of crime: Crimes against the person: These are crimes in which an act of violence is either threatened or perpetrated against a person. A mugging is an example of a crime against the person. Crimes against property: These are crimes that involve the theft of money or property belonging to other. Arson is an example of a property crime. Victimless crimes: These are crimes in which laws are violated, but there is no Identifiable victim. Prostitution is often classified as a victimless crime. Question 3 chapter 9 Hate crime: is a criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias. A hate crime may express hostility toward someone's race, religion, ancestry, sexual orientation, or physical ability an example of hate crimes in 1998 , people across the country we stunned by brutal killing of Mathew shepard , a gay student at the university of wyoming by two men filled with hatred toward homosexual . Chapter 10 q 5 social stratification is a system by which a society ranks categories of people in hierarchy. Societies began to elevate specific categories of people above others, giving some part of the population more wealth, power and prestige than others. 1-Social stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual's differences 2 – social stratification carries from generation to generation. 3- social stratification is universal but variable. 4 – social stratification involves...
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...possible cause is the media. Mass media includes mainly TV, newspaper, social network service and it has a huge power to dominate people. Due to the fact that most of the young generation uses social network service, media are also part of our life. According Professor Stephen Balkaran at Yale University, “media perpetuate racial stereotypes by linking young African-American males as gangsters or drug dealers . . . [and also] the media have focused on the negative...
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...Social Inequalities To understand what this paper is pertaining one must first understand what a hate crime is. What is a hate crime? Congress has defined a hate crime as a "criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, ethnic origin or sexual orientation." (Federal Bureau of Investigation) On October 22, 2009 Congress passed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act and on the 28th President Obama signed it into law. It added to the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim’s actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. To create a profile of someone who may commit a hate crime we have to look at the psychology of the offender. Knowing what motivated the crime is the first step in preventing future hate crimes and helps in teaching ways to prevent them from happening. Hate crime offenders usually have adolescent issues. No one theory explains all evil behavior; numerous variables, including social, psychological, biological, and genetic factors, are involved in a dynamic interplay that results in evil behavior. (psychiatryonline) A link between at risk teens and their lack of the fulfillment of basic needs being meet has been linked by Young-Bruehl’s psychoanalytical approach. A typical youth who feels rejected and isolated from family and friends will use hatred to cover for their...
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...Deviance – violation of a social norm Conformity – adherence to social norm Range of tolerance – a scope of behaviors considered acceptable and defined as conformity Extreme deviance – beliefs, behaviors, or physical traits that are so unacceptable that they elicit extremely strong negative reactions Crime – any act that violates a criminal law Hate crime – criminal acts against people and their property that are motivated by racial and ethnic prejudices and other social biases Stigma – any characteristic that sets people apart and discredits or disqualifies them form full social acceptance and participation Medical model – views deviance as analogous to illness Pornography – sexually explicit materials intended solely for sexual arousal Social pathology – a problem that potentially threatens the survival of society Strain theories – the view that deviance is a result of the tensions or strain experienced by people because of their position in the social structure Anomie – a state of social strain, normative confusion, or rapid change in norms when people’s behavior is no longer restrained by conventional norms Conflict theories of deviance – view deviance as arising when groups with power attempt to impose their norms and values on less powerful groups Elite deviance – includes all aspects of white-collar crime as well as other deviant acts perpetrated by those in power Labeling theories – view deviance and conformity primarily as labels assigned to...
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...Introduction Thus, far, I have learned that “Social problems” are the central issues and conflicts that are not “personal problems”. These problems can never be resolved by a single human. It takes many people of the given society to work together in order to reach a solution. Social problems are very much complex that it threatens the values of society. The cause and the solutions are responsibilities of the society Affected Population The meaning of being homeless in the United States helps define who is able to receive shelter and assistance from health and social service providers. In order to live a normal life requires having a home to live in. Yet people with no home and unable to afford anything can be found in all countries. The main reason is the individual cannot get the housing loans or welfare accessible to others. The causes of homelessness can be caused by family altercations or tragedy (or prison), or even a natural disaster. The larger proportions of homeless parents who are separated from their children in the US and the larger number of families in the homeless population are both likely because of the US social policy. Higher levels of inequality and lower levels of social benefits are associated with higher rates of homelessness. The Stewart McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987 describes a homeless person as any place not meant for regular sleeping accommodation by humans. In 2005, an estimated 744,313 men, women, and children were homeless...
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...Social Inequality Unit 07 What is the relationship between ethnicity and inequality? Learning targets: • There are ethnic differences in life chances in the UK. • Some ethnic minorities appear to be the victims of racism and discrimination in the UK • There have been strict laws to prevent racism and ethnic inequality in the UK. • There are those who believe that the social changes that have come about because of legal controls are more cosmetic than deeply embedded into our social structure. Key questions (AO1) What evidence is there of ethnic inequality in UK? (AO1) How are ethnic inequalities being challenged by government policies? (AO2) To what extent is British culture racist and ethnically unequal? (AO2) What are social implications of racism in our society? Summary of Key Points 1 2 What is racism? Racism is the belief that some ethnic groups are superior and others inferior. This belief is often associated with notions of skin pigmentation or the minor physical differences that are sometimes apparent between different groups of people. However, racism is not always associated with skin colour, but also with culture, ethnicity, with religious belief or language differences. The notion of racism itself is also a very recent idea in our society. In the past, the idea that people from certain ethnic groups were superior to and different from others was so deeply...
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...The demand was particularly needed in the National Health Service, in public transport and especially in manufacturing. Caribbean and subcontinent Skilled and unskilled men, especially the young and single, were invited to meet the demands in Britain. Studies show regardless of these migrants’ social origins or qualifications the Caribbean and Asian people were restricted to low paid manual work to cut costs. Racial discrimination in recruitment was rife even though this against the law at the time (Daniel, 1968; smith, 1977). Discrimination against these immigrants was effecting them in terms of having shelter forcing them live in poor private rented accommodation or buy crumbling houses, this meant they were reduced to where they could live and ended in ethnic communities gathering in these poor areas (Rex and Moor, 1967) In today’s society the ethnic community have access to a plethora of properties, locations and much better...
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...testing needs to be reevaluated (Farley, 2012). Likewise, the influence of teacher expectations in regards to learning ability and achievement must be dealt with. Addressing Inequities in Education As previously mentioned, America is undoubtedly a culturally diverse nation. People from all different walks of life make this country their home. However, society has been slow to truly embrace and celebrate everyone’s differences and therefore inequities endure. Inequality has become embedded in the very structure of American society and by extension in the educational setting. Thus, the learning process and one’s achievement often falls along racial, ethnic, and class lines. The educational system is structured so that the racial and ethnic minorities, along with the poor, stay disadvantaged. For example, those of lower means tend to not only receive less years of school, but they also receive as worse education (Farley, 2012). Funding has a role here, as dollars spent per student impact the quality of education. However, inequality also arises from the cultural bias that runs rampant in the education system. Teacher expectations tend to fall along racial and class lines, so that less is expected of minorities and the poor. This influences a student’s learning process and ultimately impacts one’s progress and performance. The “negative and incorrect labels” have consequences, that present themselves in achievement scores. Obviously funding disparity needs to be addressed. One way to...
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...Slide 1 No act is inherently deviant. It depends on 4 factors: time, place, consequence, identity of victim/offender How you perceive yourself is strongly based on how others perceive you Your interactions with others shape who you are. Master – the role that defines who you are (eg. CEO) Self fulfilling prophecy – you embrace what others label you Driving While Black Study (New Jersey)– study to see if blacks are pulled over or arrested more, to see if there is an official or de facto policy of targeting blacks * Determine the total % of black drivers, and the total % of black drivers stopped on the road * They also drove 5 mph above the speed limit and looked at the racial composition of people driving cars that drove past them * They violated traffic laws at approximately the same rate * 73% of drivers stopped and arrested were black, while only 14% of drivers on the road were black. * 35% of all who were stopped were black * Very small probability of this being a fluke * CONCLUSION: Blacks are several times more likely to be stopped than non-Blacks * Studies in Maryland yielded similar results for all minorities Howie Becker – the group creates rules and people that break those rules are labeled outsiders and deviants. Moral Entrepreneurs – people that make a career out of enforcing morality eg. Police Primary deviance – committing a deviant act before the rules are formed. You aren’t stigmatized as being deviant. Person who...
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...Associate Program Material Racial Diversity in Society Worksheet Part I Complete the following using the MySocLab Social Explorer Map: Income Inequality by Race (located on the student website) as a reference: • Select 1 racial group from the list below: o African American o Asian American o Arab American o Hispanic American/Latino o White/Caucasian • Write a 150- to 300-word summary of the economic, social, and political standings of that group. Use additional resources if necessary, from the University Library or your textbooks. Provide citations for all the sources you use. The white racial group has always been viewed as one of political power, financial weath, high social standing. This is very true for so many white families in the United States. Many white families come from Old Money and have made careers in politics.We have a social class where the wealthy and the most social is at the top of the pyramid. Compared to other races, such as Black and Hispanic, our average yearly income is much higher. White/Caucasians are usually at the top of the economic scale. According to the Income Inequilaity Map, " White Median Income” it is indicating $25,000 to $30,000. The Hispanic income shows less than $15,000. African American population is displaying $20,000 to $25,000." Though this does not reflect all cities in America it has been proven that Whites do earn higher wages than minorities. It is also more likely a White candidate...
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...Hate Crimes COM/172 August 5, 2014 Hate Crimes The term “hate crime” may seem new, given the attention it has received in the past several years, these types of offenses have been around for many years. Ever since and before the 1964 Civil Rights Act, people have been victims of crimes and perpetrators have committed those crimes against others based mainly or solely on the victim being “different” in one respect or another from the perpetrator. With many reasons why people commit crimes against other people, the burden of proof to prove a hate crime has become easier with the wording of newer laws directed at “hate crimes.” What is the main reason hate crimes are committed? Simply because of a different race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, or other minority group status as the motivation for perpetrating those crimes against people. The world is full of hate. What makes someone hate someone else enough to kill or harm another human being? Hate crimes are criminal actions intended to harm or intimidate people because of their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, or other minority group status. They can also be referred to as bias crimes. Hate crimes have been going on in the world for a long time. Jesus was crucified by the Romans because of religious reasons they did not agree with. Was the crucifixion of Jesus the root of hate crimes going on in our society? There is no way to say what really was the actual root of hate crimes, but there are a...
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...realist approaches to crime and deviance Right realism sees crime, especially street crime as a real and growing problem that destroys communities, undermines social cohesion and threatens society’s work ethic. Right realist views correspond with conservative governments as they see it as a workable solution to curb rising crime. It’s led to a shift in thinking, away from researching the causes of crime and towards a search for practical crime control measures. They view the best way to reduce crime was through control and punishment rather than rehabilitating offenders or tackling causes of crime such as poverty. Right realism reflects this political climate. They criticise other theories for failing to offer any practical solutions to the problem of rising crime. They regard theories such as labelling and critical criminology as too sympathetic to the criminal and hostile to law and order. Right realists are less concerned to understand causes of crime and more concerned to offer realistic solutions. Although their main emphasis is on practical crime reduction, they do offer explanation for causes of crime.Right realists reject the idea put forward by Marxists and others that structural or economic factor such as poverty and inequality are the causes of crime. For example against Marxists they argue the old tend to be poor but have a low crime rate. Wilson and Herrnstein (1985) put forward a biosocial theory of criminal behaviour. They argue crime is caused by a number of...
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...dropout rates are least among Whites and highest among Hispanics, and college enrollment rates are least among black and highest among whites. Racial gaps in education are supported by the concepts of concerted cultivation and the accomplishment of natural growth. In the text, Unequal Childhoods: Class Race, and family Life, Annette Lareau illustrates how parenting styles differ by social class position and the effects of these different parenting styles on children’s growth. Parents living in the middle/upper-middle class follow concerted cultivation, which includes parents cultivating the talents of their children with questions and discussions and having children be involved in organized activities to provide wide range of experiences. Students are exposed to more resources and opportunities that allow them to be prepared for college applications. Accomplishment of Natural Growth is a parenting style exercised by parents in lower and poor class. Economic constraints put the focus on housing and providing food. The inequalities between urban, working class school and suburban school reflect inequalities in society: parents’ education and careers,...
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...that by its nature it inevitably causes crime. As item B states, Marxists see crime in the capitalist system as ‘a tool of the ruling class’ where they can control the working class and crime is an unavoidable result because of the oppression the working class are subject to. They also believe that laws are enforced mostly to benefit the interests of the ruling class. (An example of this is 80% of laws exist to protect private property.) NeoMarxists (also known as critical criminology) are another branch of Marxism which was established in the 1970s. They discuss more contemporary ideas of crime and their ideas, such as saying crime results out of political anger. They note that the traditional Marxist perspective is too deterministic and try to implement an element of free will in their theory. Traditional Marxist’s view of crime has 3 key aspects: The Criminogenic capitalism, the state and law making and ideological functions of crime and law. As previously stated, criminogenic capitalism is the Marxist idea that crime is inevitable because of the nature of capitalism. They believe that because of capitalism as the unequal divide between classes, committing crime is sometimes the only way people can live. For example, a young woman who is living in poverty may have to resort to prostitution in order to survive. In addition, sometimes the working class may feel frustrated that they are under the control of the bourgeoisie and act out in crimes such as violence and vandalism as a...
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...History Human inabilities place challenges on individuals and minor groups. The challenges are healthy social development and economic success. Human inabilities are a haven for victimization due to stratification and economic deprivation. Illiteracy is an human inability. Illiteracy influences stratification and economic deprivation. The economic deprivation creates a sense of envy or injustice from the awareness of inequality resulting in deviant behavior (Jacobs, 2013). The cycle of crime, punishment, and poverty rise from victimization and collateral sanction for individuals and minor social groups from stratification and economic deprivation. The collateral sanction limit resources for the improvement of social status, employment...
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