...Although Latin America has faced many social, political, and economic issues within the last three centuries, inequality remains one of the most important, historical, and omnipresent aspects of the region’s culture. As Europeans took over Latin America during the time of colonization, they implemented many elitist social structures that have held strong and are evident today (Harris). Income inequality is the most visible and greatest disparity that the region faces; yet inequality between gender, ethnicities, and education remain strong and significant problems with a necessity for improvement. Inequality of wealth and disparity of power and influence are Latin American’s greatest curses and are at the root of many of the developmental, social, criminal, and political problems that continue to plague the region (De Ferranti). Since inequality has pervaded into every feature of Latin American society, it is important to measure inequality accurately in order to obstruct the causes of the discrimination and prevent new ones from beginning. The Gini Coefficient is an effective way that people indicate the inequality of a country by measuring a frequency distribution of income or wealth. Using the "Gini Index" of inequality in the distribution of income and consumption, the researchers found that Latin America and the Caribbean, from the 1970s through the 1990s, measured nearly 10 points more unequal than Asia, 17.5 points more unequal than the 30 countries in the Organization...
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...Poverty generally means scarcity or the state of being inferior in quality or insufficient in amount. Mostly, poverty is caused by social and economic problems which result in changes in social behavior and financial problems. Some countries suffering from poverty from the past have still not recovered as it is one of the greatest factor preventing the development of these countries. Nowadays, these countries are facing recession which is causing problems for both the governments and societies. Several causes and effects of poverty on society will be discussed in this essay. Firstly, one of the most common and main causes of poverty is due to social problems. Because of high levels of illiteracy, people are not aware of their rights; as a result, they might commit a wrong action. Therefore, they tend to lose their respect and social status to those who are educated. These people do not just suffer from poverty because they are poor, but also because they are deprived of their rights. Furthermore, they are not provided with necessities such as clean drinking water, education, health, employment and housing (Easterly, 2009). Moving on, there is an indirect relation between poverty and globalization. In addition, the rising inequality of wealth has been associated with globalization as the profits received from the trade are not always shared with the poor. In the developing and advancing world, the poor are overpowered by the powerful, which keeps them dependent; hence, this...
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...Education’s Effect on the “Wage Gap” A hot-topic that continues to be a point of emphasis across not only the United States economy but the world economy as a whole is the ever-increasing gap between the upper-class and lower-class. The recent recession in the United States has intensified the subject seeing the top one percent of incomes in the country rise 20% in 2012 as opposed to some other lower-class incomes falling as much as 18% throughout that same timeframe. Other countries have seen similar issues between the two classes and the path toward extinction for the “middle-class.” In-order to combat this trend, some countries have instituted economic policy changes specifically around education. The following will explain how education and the wage gap are related, what the situation is currently in the United States, and what other countries are doing to combat the wage gap which the U.S. can learn from. In order to understand how education has an effect on the wage gap, it is first important to understand the labor market and how wages are determined. “The Marginal Productivity of Labor” is the additional output produced by the addition of one more labor worker holding all other inputs fixed. “The Law of Diminishing Marginal Productivity of Labor” says that the more workers there are (again, holding all things constant) the lower the total productivity per worker will be. This is comparable to having a factory with only one machine. If more...
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...dishonestly as worthy of a universal law.” While this ethical failing, by Kantian standards, is evident in the US, the ethical failings of tobacco corporations are compounded when this marketing is done in developing countries with even more vulnerable populations. In her March 2010 article, “Phillip Morris Pushing Smoking Hard in Foreign Countries,” Anne Landman outlines the tactics that Tobacco giant Phillip Morris had begun to use in developing countries to sell their product because the market for tobacco products in the US had decreased. These tactics included utilizing strategies that had proven successful in the US prior to the decline of tobacco, fear mongering and exploiting the shortcomings of these populations including their high illiteracy rates and poverty (Landman, 2010). It is clear from these practices that an ethical dilemma arises at the corporate level when these businesses in the tobacco industry must weigh the survival of their company against public safety. However, in utilizing these strategies, tobacco corporations...
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...you understand the question that is being answered. After each of the example answers, an IELTS examiner has written a short commentary analysing the good and bad points of the answer. We hope this will give you an insight into how the writing answers should be written for IELTS Academic module. Academic Writing Practice Test 1 Task 1 In this report I will describe a bar chart that shows the estimated world illiteracy rates by gender and region for the year 2000. First I will look at male illiteracy for the 6 areas shown. The lowest rates were in Developed Countries, Latin America/Caribbean and East Asia/Oceania with rates of 1% (approximately), 10% and 8% (approximately) respectively. The rates for the next three areas were much higher and quite similar to each other. Sub-Saharan Africa, the Arab States and South Asia had rates of approximately 31%, 29% and 34%. Female illiteracy was much higher relatively in each area except Latin America/Caribbean where it was only slightly higher. The lowest rates for female illiteracy were again Developed Countries, Latin America/Caribbean and East Asia/Oceania with rates of approximately 2%, 12% and 20%. Again the rates for the next three areas were much higher and quite similar to each other. Sub-Saharan Africa, the Arab States and South Asia had rates of approximately 48%, 52% and 56%. This ends my report. (168 words) Estimated IELTS Writing Band 9 Commentary on the above answer. This letter was...
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...ABSTRACT Society has experienced a revolution in information and communication during the last fifty years. This revolution is likely to continue to impact not only on the administration of the Nigeria, but on the society at large. The argument proposed here asserts that equality of opportunity of women and men is more likely to be achieved if both genders embrace the changes now occurring in communication and information use with similar vigour. This term paper seeks to highlight on the concept of gender discrimination, even as sundry instances of the persistent issue is well sustained. The argument proposed here provides an anecdotal rather than theoretical overview of the way in which the use of information technology has come to dominate modern decision making in a variety of contexts. The dimension of women disparity and the need to correct such inequality is elaborated. Finally, the areas of applications of information technology in curbing gender differences and the probable outcome of such applications is well addressed. INTRODUCTION Women are key to the development challenge. Throughout the developing world, women are at a disadvantage at the household, community, and societal levels. Within the household, women have less access to and control over resources and limited influence over household decisions. Beyond the household, women have limited access to communal resources, are under-represented in public decision-making bodies; have limited bargaining power in...
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...candidates have offered to the public that are meant to give solution to these problems. The strategy that the paper will use is that it will be taking an issues address the impact it has on the U.S citizen then give the opinion and plan of the candidates. Poverty According to study done it is estimated that more 46.6 million Americans are poor. It means that these number of citizens live in conditions that are not conducive to human beings. Poverty means that many of the citizens cannot afford basic needs. Mostly these basic needs are a decent meal, shelter, education, and health care("Medicare For All: Leaving No One Behind"). It unfortunate that in this era the U.S cannot afford basic health care to all its citizens. The main causes of poverty in the U.S is unemployment, whereby many people cannot secure a stable job that was caused by the great recession. It has been hard for the U.S government to rise from the great recess that happened where many industries closed down thus lay off majority of their employees. Another cause for poverty is the cost of health care in the U.S. Majority of the U.S citizens are not medically covered making them vulnerable to poverty because if a family member falls ill the family is forced to sell off their property to attend to the medical bills. Others are forced to quit their jobs as a result of...
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...A CASE OF POVERTY IN KENYA INTRODUCTION MEANING OF POVERTY The synonyms of poverty can be said to be beggary, indigence, neediness, hardship, a state of being extremely poor inferior in quality and in amount or the scarcity and deficiency, shortages, absence or lack more in amount. Therefore is a condition where people’s basic needs for food, clothing and shelter are not being met. Poverty is generally of two types i.e. absolute and relative poverty. Absolute poverty is synonymous with destitution and occur when people cannot obtain adequate resources (measured in terms of calories or nutrition) to support a minimum level of physical health. It also includes deprivation of basic human needs including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. The graph below shows the proportion of the world population in extreme poverty between 1981-2008 according to the World Bank . Relative poverty occur when people do not enjoy a certain minimum level of living standards as determined by the government (enjoyed by the bulk of the population that vary from country to country or within the same country. 1964, in a joint committee, economic presidents’ report in US, Republicans endorsed the concept of relative poverty, ‘no objective definition of poverty exists… The definition varies from place to place and time to time. Different people and organizations view poverty differently. For example, Adam Smith in 1776 in Wealth...
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...out amongst the rest and how developed that country is. Without out them, the country can never advance into the stage of being able to qualify themselves as a developed country, such as those found in Europe, North and South America and some in Asia. These “developed” countries have these benefits of using technology such as the internet, cell phones, and scientific innovations whenever they need too and abundant education opportunities to expand ones knowledge with the hopeful benefit of getting a higher paying/better job. However this is where the developing countries, especially countries in Africa, struggle. The benefit of technology and education isn’t just around the corner for Africa, rather it’s barely within a hands reach for one to use. Because of this, many problems will ensue for these African nations. Without the full use of technology and education, African countries may never know the benefits of having such medical treatments, the expanded international network from the internet and cellular devices, and a more educated population. Medicine has been, literally speaking, a life-saver for millions upon millions of people. It has helped us overcome many different sicknesses and diseases and has also increased the life expectancy of the human race substantially. Without it, life would be rough and not as abundant and thriving as it is in some countries on Earth today. This is one of the biggest problems that Africa faces as a whole continent, famine. This isn't to...
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...Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article XXVI: Right to Education The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted in 1948 and one of the articles, article XXVI deals with protection of the fundamental rights, right to education: (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. The right to education is a universal right and is recognized as a human right. It includes the right to free, non biased and non political primary education for everyone, to make secondary education at least accessible to everyone and make access to higher education. The right to education also provides the obligation to avoid discrimination at all educational levels and to improve quality of education. Furthermore, the European Court of Human Rights defined „education...
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...financial and commodities markets, and is one of a group of four emerging economies called the BRIC countries. Although struggling with social inequality and infrastructural deficits we think that Brazil is already a great world power. Also what attracted us to Brazil as a case study for this report is it’s exotic character. Not many people really know the extent of Brazil’s recent growth and improvements in social security and in overcoming poverty. We expect the labor force and operational costs to be low, like in the other emerging countries like China. However we take in to consideration higher costs involving security and bureaucracy. Chapter 1 – Short presentation of the country The Federative Republic of Brazil is the largest country in both South America and the Latin America Region. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population, with over 193 million people. It is the largest Lusophone country in the world, and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km. It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other...
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...Political * Political system * Change in government * Lula administration focus area * Law | | Economic * Economy of Brazil * Industrial output * Key industries * FDI | | Sociological * Culture * Language * General attitude * Personal appearance | | Technological * Technology research * Information technology * R & D * Technology policy of Brazil * Brazilian industry and Technology | | Legal * Legal system of Brazil * Municipality * Court and justice | | Environment * National * The Future | | Introduction Brazil is the largest and most powerful country in South America and has become one of the world's most attractive emerging markets in recent years. Brazil accounts for almost half of South America's total population and landmass and has established itself as the dominant power in South America. Moreover, Brazil's rapid economic diversification is allowing it to transform itself into a modern economy, playing a key role in a variety of industries. Brazil accounts for three fifths of the...
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...transformation of landscapes and communities within Appalachia from an ecological, economic, and geographic view points. In correlation with the different systems and properties practiced by the communities within Appalachia, I will delve deeper into the more specific subcategories with the intention of making the information easier to understand. The primary ecological impacts that will be addressed are exploitists, mountaintop removal and its repercussions, annihilation of wildlife and endangered species, and the destruction of the surrounding natural environments driven by human goals. On the economic side of things the primary topics of discussion will be income, living conditions, isolationism, homogeneity, maximization of overall utility, timber and natural resources exploitation without resilience. Geographic view points, the final topic of discussion will pertain to environmental monitoring systems, human habitation, evolving spatial patterns, and the outcome of relative location isolation. A major issue behind the driving force of Appalachia's ecological impacts starts with the exploitation of natural resources. Timber is one of the primary resources Appalachia has to offer and it began being harvested in the very early ages. Around 1930 the federal government decided to begin buying acreage in Kentucky. Having the land already stripped, timber companies were the first to sell disappearing leaving the land with little hope for resilience or profits for decades to come....
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...America is a lot better than it was 50 years ago. Although America had had some setbacks in the past, we now have much better lives. We have more advanced technology that improves our lives, medicines that cure diseases that Americans couldn't cure 50 years ago, better educations for children, and the economy today has improved substantially during these few years. More opportunities for a better life today in America there are plenty of jobs/careers that people are looking for. Some years ago you had a choice of one job or the other and now there is a whole pool of careers. Not just a bunch to choose from but, to be able to choose from something that you know you will love to do. Yes, life in America today is better than it was 50 years ago. Life in America today is much better than it was 50 years ago. We see that people are statistically living longer and living a happier life. We have more luxuries now than ever before. We see an increase in technology that allows us to live a more sophisticated life overall. Cash flow now all people love cash and we are making more cash now than ever before. That is a prime reason why life is better now than it was 50 years ago. Also, technology has influenced many things today and make even more cash. The main thing about life today is cash flow. America is better now because there is more opportunity. America has long been hailed as "the land of opportunity". While this has proven true in the past it is truer today than it has ever...
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...universally recognized as one of the most fundamental building blocks for human development and poverty reduction (World Bank, 2010). The development of a country can be defined to make nation grow stronger and more harmonious. It is measured with the sustaining improvement in the standard of living and the quality of citizens’ life such as income per capita (per person GDP) growing, medical security consummating, having the right to vote, et cetera. It will be argued in this essay that education is beneficial to different countries’ development in the areas of economics, society, politics and technology. Gary (1964) states that the education level of a country determines a country’s knowledge level and human capital which affect the growth of economy. More specifically, education and training of a country's workers are two major factors in determining the success of the country's economy will do. Furthermore, educated workers who are able to read and write always have more accessible way to master the latest technique and they will be more innovative to come up with many creative ways to do their job better or produce goods using less time with higher quality than those uneducated people (Ashton et al, 1999). In Benin, a study of programme quality over 2000-2005 showed possible positive outcomes, 60 percent of participants professed that turnover and profits in their companies had increased while costs had fallen owing to more workers getting trained as well as...
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