...Should kids have a smartphone? There is no doubt cell phones have vastly increased the speed in which people can contact one another. They have become quite the convenience in the modern world today. Cell phones can be seen in constant use anywhere you look, however, people struggle to know the proper age in which we should be able to obtain one of our own. It is apparent not many people have reached an agreement on how old one should be based on the range of age when children are given these devices. As opinions vary, it is evident young children before the age of fifteen are not ready to have a mobile phone based on the lack of responsibilities it requires to obtain one. Children in our modern generation have gotten use to technology being all around them. Most children from the ages of fifteen and younger can’t remember a time when cell phones and computers did not exist. In households today, seventy percent of families with small children have a tablet (Kids Wireless Use Facts). Parents with infants in society this generation use games and apps on their devices to preoccupy young ones attention. Studies show that thirtyeight percent of children under the age of two use mobile devices for media (Kids Wireless Use Facts). While infants and children should be learning and developing their own sets of skills, their minds are inside of a touchscreen or glued to a television. These unhealthy behaviors can leave them open to a lack of imagination and creativity...
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...Evidence Based Practice: Nursing Care of Infants Affected by Heroin Abuse Christina Anderson Cochise College Lisa Benson February 16, 2011 Evidence Based Practice: Nursing Care of Infants Affected by Heroin Abuse According to Wang (2010), the prevalence of prenatally exposed newborns to one or more illicit drugs averages approximately 5.5 percent. Substance abuse during pregnancy can negatively affect the fetus and neonate. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center (n.d.), heroin is a highly addictive and rapidly acting opiate that is produced from morphine. According to Murray & McKinney (2010), the signs and symptoms observed in the neonate will be different depending on the type of drug used by the mother, but common signs seen in a neonate experiencing neonatal abstinence syndrome include: irritability, jitteriness, diarrhea, frequent regurgitation, and tachypnea. In cases where heroin is used, these signs and symptoms most commonly become apparent 1 and 144 hours after birth, and may last from 7 to 20 days (Cloherty, Eichenwald, & Stark, 2008). Nursing Diagnosis An appropriate nursing diagnosis for an infant experiencing withdrawal from heroin would be disturbed sensory perception related to altered sensory reception as manifested by irritability, jitteriness, and restlessness (Ackley & Ladwig, 2008; Cloherty, et al., 2008). This disturbed sensory perception could exacerbate the infant’s already increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and fluid loss...
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...Humans are the only species that have acquired the ability to combat evolution. Our ancestors relied solely on genetic adaptations to survive. This principle is defined by natural selection. Today, humans are changing the world so quickly that natural selection cannot keep up. Humanity is able to achieve this by controlling environments and aiding “bad” mutations in circulating throughout the genetic pool. Humans are learning how to control environments before natural selection can change them. We have increased the rate of mutation while slowing natural selection by releasing many mutagenic chemicals and radiation into our environment in a condensed period of time. From the culture of the hunters and gathers until the agriculture revolution...
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...Infants with Intrauterine Drug Exposure Between 400,000 and 440,000. That is the number of estimated infants affected by prenatal alcohol or illicit drug exposure each year according to the National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare. That is between ten and eleven percent of all births and frankly that number is way too high. Major maternal substances of abuse that affect newborns are amphetamines, opiates, cocaine, tobacco and alcohol. These substances can have severe adverse neonatal and long term effects. What is to blame for this extremely elevated statistic? Well, illicit drug use by a mother-to-be or even the use of legal substances such as alcohol or tobacco coincides with several other influences that can also impact a child’s life. Examples include lack of prenatal care, socioeconomic status, role of the father, support systems, and the caregiving ability of the mother, all of which play enormous roles in child development and maternal drug use. Almost all drugs of abuse follow a similar mechanism of action in the adult brain; this mechanism alters the pathways for reward by flooding the circuits with dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that exists in areas of the brain that power movement, motivation, emotion, and feelings of pleasure. The overstimulation of this system produces euphoric effects in response to the drugs. This reaction initiates the cycle that tells people to keep abusing drugs. As a person...
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...proteins to stop or prevent bleeding. (AmericanRedCross, 2012) Each part needs to function properly otherwise we have issues such as, iron deficiencies, sickle cell, and thrombocytopenia. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by low levels of iron in the body you might have low iron levels if you, have heavy menstrual bleeding, don’t get enough iron in the food you eat, people who need a lot of iron, such as small children, teenagers, and pregnant women, or if you have bleeding inside your body, caused by ulcers, hemorrhoids, or cancer. Symptoms of an iron deficiency could be, feeling weak, feeling dizzy, having frequent headaches, and being grumpy or moody. Children or infants may be fussy, have a short attention span, and don’t develop as quickly as other children or infants. Lily’s symptoms of being tired all the time, and being a picky eater could give reason for a trip to the doctor to check for an iron deficiency. Lily is not getting the proper amounts of iron in her daily food intake, so she needs a healthier diet that focuses on the iron intake to get that iron deficiency to go away, it is also possible that Lily will have to take iron pills as well. Sickle cell anemia is what happens when a sickle cell changes a normal, round, healthy red blood cell into cells that are shaped wrong, such as in the shape...
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...Diagnosis Beaver Medical Group is the one of the leading medical associations in the Inland Empire. After interviewing multiple OB doctors, it was found that they do not have time to discuss breast-feeding with their patients during prenatal care visits. This is due to time constraints because of a multitude of patients needing to be seen by these doctors. We have representatives from Redlands Community Hospital that have spoken to the same OB doctors regarding breast-feeding education during prenatal visits. Research has been sent to the doctors regarding exclusive breast-feeding and how the results are better if the patients are educated about it during their prenatal visits. The hospitals in the Inland Empire offer birthing classes and breast-feeding clinics. Most do not have the money to advertise these free classes. More advertising to promote these classes would be helpful. The high schools that have classes for pregnant teens also need to address breast-feeding to a further extent. They can also educate about the resources and classes in the area that are free. Once the patients get to the hospital and deliver the baby they are usually taken care of by lactation educators and experienced nurses and are allowed to breast-feed on demand. We simply need to continue the support outside of the hospital setting. Outcomes or Goals If the doctors and nurses would make it a priority to speak to their patients about breast-feeding during their prenatal visits at Beaver Medical...
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...December 4, 2012 Article Summary According to the first article How TV Affects Your Child, children under the age of six (including two-thirds of infants and toddlers) watch two hours of some sort of media screen a day. These hours increase to almost six hours a day for children ages eight to eight-teen years of age. This is a huge difference to what the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends; children under the age of two years should not watch any TV (screen time could interfere with brain and social development) and children older than two years of age should not watch any more than two hours of quality programming a day (screen time could interfere with social, academic, and physically actives). There are a lot of positive attributes TV can offer: quality programming can teach young children the alphabet or interesting facts about nature and adults can stay current with the evening news. However, a little TV goes a long way. Children who watch violent media are less likely to trust the outside world and more likely to have aggressive behaviors. American children watch, on average, two hundred thousand violent acts on TV by the time they reach the age of eight-teen years old. All this violence gives children a mixed message. While us adults say it is “not nice” to hit the so-called “hero” shows hitting is the way to fight the “bad guys”. How is this showing our youth the difference between right and wrong? Young children cannot distinguish between what is real and...
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...acceleration and deceleration is very dangerous and causes blood vessels to rupture, tearing in the brain, and bleeding of the brain. AHT is the most common cause of traumatic brain injury in infants. Around 25% of victims die from AHT. Infants are at a high risk of AHT due to their large head size relative to the rest of their body and their inability to support their head with their...
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...Running Head: FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME 1 FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME 2 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most recognizable form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). FAS is characterized by a pattern of minor facial anomalies, prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, and central nervous system abnormalities. Those born with FAS often have behavioral and learning difficulties. The consequences of the damages caused by the mother's drinking is lifelong (Wattendorf & Muenke, 2005). To date, there has been no extensive population-based studies done (Vaux & Chambers, 2012). However, data in one sample demonstrated that approximately 1 in 100 children have alcohol-related effects. In high-risk pregnancies, predicted incidences of fetal alcohol syndrome are approximate and differ because of varied definitions of heavy drinking and inconsistent methods of diagnosis. For this reason, rates range from 4% to as much as 44%.The estimation of FAS in the United States is 1-2 cases per 1000 live births (Wattendorf & Muenke, 2005) . Fetal alcohol exposure is the leading known cause of mental retardation in the Western world. The term Fetal Alcohol Syndrome was first published in a 1973 article in the British medical journal The...
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...Balanced diet and dietary needs of different life stages A general definition of a balanced diet is food intake that not only includes all the dietary needs of the organism (person), but includes the required dietary components, e.g. water, carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fibre, etc., in the correct proportions. A healthy diet includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, dietary fibre, water, vitamins and minerals. A person's dietary needs change as he or she passes through the different stages of life from birth to childhood, to adulthood and eventually later life. Dietary needs change in terms of the amount (energy value) and type (nutritional content) of foods required for good health. An important general principle is that more energy is required to support periods of growth and to fuel active lives. ‘Diet’ is the word used to describe the type and amount of food we eat on a daily basis. The term ‘balanced diet’ describes the type and amount of food we need to eat to stay healthy and avoid malnutrition Food supplies the body with energy to function and be active. Eating too much (over nutrition) or not eating a balanced diet upsets the energy balance unless excess energy is used up. For example in physical activity, overeating leads to ill health caused by being overweight. On the other hand, too low an intake of food can lead to under nutrition, nutritional deficiency diseases and starvation. Dietary reference values (DRVs) give guidance about the energy and food requirements...
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...designs crystal clear. Also the high demand of cellular phone productivity has increased the security and communication of cell phone users everywhere across the globe. Though the effects aforementioned are incredible, a child does not view these technological advances the same way as an adult may. Therefore, the effects of technology on children tend to be more negative mainly because of excessive use. Television has become a necessity in every household and can be found in almost every room of the house. A study by the Kaiser Family Foundation shows that seven in ten children in the District of Columbia have a television set in their room, and time spent watching television has increased by an hour and a half within the last five years (Lamontagne, Paloski, and Singh, 2010). Television viewing has increased because programs are designed to immediately grab anyone’s attention. If the program fails to do so, the viewer just simply changes the channel. As for a child, the child can subconsciously relate the same concept of changing the channel and quickly tuning out what is not immediately attention grabbing to everyday routines like conversations. Though television causes short attention spans, there are programs that may help a young child learn quicker like the show Sesame Street. That does not mean a child should watch countless hours of television; a limit should be in place for the amount of time a child is...
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...Perinatal depression – which occurs from the time of conception to one year after childbirth – is a significant health issue. The research literature indicates that ten to twenty percent of women are affected by perinatal depression while BC data indicate that twelve percent of women between nine months prenatal and nine months postnatal receive physician services for depression (BC Reproductive Mental Health Program, 2006). Postpartum depression is used loosely to refer to a collection of emotional symptoms associated with pregnancy and childbirth. It can be conceptualized as a continuum with symptoms worsening over time in some women (Clemmens, Driscoll, & Beck, 2004 as cited in Bowles B, Coleman N, & Jansen L, 2011). There are three levels of severity: baby blues, postpartum depression, and postpartum psychosis. Baby blues are experienced as mood swings, crying spells, sadness, anxiety, or dependency (Bennett & Indman, 2003 as cited in Bowles B, et al, 2011). Other symptoms might include impatience, irritability, restlessness, or loneliness (USDHHS, 2002 as cited in Bowles B, et al 2011). These symptoms are sometimes attributed to rapid physical and hormonal changes. The hormonal fluctuations include decreased thyroid, oestrogen, and progesterone levels (Baker, Mancuso, Montenegro, & Lyons, 2002 as cited in Bowles B, et al 2011). Psychological manifestations include emotional letdown after birth, anxiety about the increased responsibilities of motherhood, fatigue...
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...Abstract The specific aim of this paper is to identify the effect of swaddled infants in the management of symptoms during painful procedures. A broad research for five scholarly articles began with an on-line search of State College of Florida’s library, where links to Cochrane, Ebsco, Google Scholar and PubMed were accessed. A Boolean search began with infants, swaddling and pain, with filters that included full-text, in English, free articles, and articles less than five years. Key words included swaddling, infant pain, heel sticks, painful procedures, neonates, facilitated tucking and infant care during painful procedures. Many of the articles required a fee to access the article. Continual searches on Google Scholar finally obtained five scholarly articles. The ancestral search proved the most fruitful in obtaining five strong sources of research, each rated at an evidence level of one. Overall, the studies used in this paper supported the theory and PICO question that swaddling infants during painful procedures manages symptoms and even decreases infants’ pain. Even more favorable is that swaddling (for infants less than three months of age) is recommended for clinical practice as a cost-effective, non-pharmacological, non-invasive, evidence-based method that is easy to teach and implement and offers comfort to tiny infants! Introduction Swaddling, also known as infant-wrapping, binding, bundling or facilitated tucking, is a customary newborn technique that is utilized...
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...introduced by going through a brief history, the different types of genetic testing available, as well as the controversies that surround them. History Genetic testing had a very positive and productive start. The first usage of Genetic Testing occurred over half a century ago, beginning with the testing of infants for PKU, or Phenylketonuria, “an inborn error of metabolism in which an amino acid buildup in the blood causes mental retardation.” (Lewis) To test infants, a drop of blood was taken from their heel while at the hospital after birth. If a child was found positive for PKU, dietary treatment was used to prevent loss of brain function. Testing was reliable and results were accurate. The disease being tested for was easily treatable, and every child that came through was tested without a problem. (Lewis) In the 1970’s, doctors began the process of testing individuals for sickle cell anemia and Tay-Sachs disease. The testing for these two diseases became mandatory in twelve states. However, because of the small amount of information available to the general public, misunderstanding of test results became common. Another factor for disappointment at the time was the fact that these diseases could not be prevented, tested for before birth, or...
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...intestine, the purine-nucleotide cycle and amino acid transamination in skeletal muscle, and other metabolic processes in the kidneys and liver. Increased entry of ammonia to the brain is a primary cause of neurological disorders associated with hyperammonemia, such as congenital deficiencies of urea cycle enzymes, hepatic encephalopathies, Reye syndrome, several other metabolic disorders, and some toxic encephalopathies. Ammonia is a productof the metabolismof proteinsand other compounds,and itis required for the synthesis of essential cellular compounds. However,a 5- to 10-fold increase in ammonia in the blood induces toxic effects in mostanimal species, withalterations in the functionof the central nervous system. Bothacuteand chronic hyperammonemia result inalterationsof the neurotransmitter system. Based onanimal study findings, the mechanismofammonia neurotoxicityat the molecular level has been proposed.Acuteammonia intoxication inananimal model leads to increased extracellular concentrationof glutamate in the brainand results inactivationof the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.Activationof this receptor mediatesATP depletionandammonia toxicity; sustained blockingof the NMDA receptor by continuousadministrationofantagonists dizocilpine (MK-801) or memantine prevents both phenomena, leading to significantly increased survival time in rats.[1] TheATP depletionis due toactivationof Na+/K+-ATPase, which, in turn,is a consequenceof decreased phosphorylation by protein kinase...
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