...James Gwinn BIOL 840 Infectious Disease - Fall 16 Case Study Scenario: Earlier this week, a middle-aged man came into an urgent care facility referencing a high fever and severe chills for a couple days. He has also been experiencing muscle aches, headache, and an overall tiredness. He has not been feeling well for the past two weeks. Since the patient revealed that he did not receive a seasonal flu-shot, he was prescribed Theraflu and sent home. After a couple more days, the patient returned to the office with no improvement with additional nausea and vomiting. The doctor prescribed a simple blood test and noticed that the man was suffering from hemolytic anemia. The man is from New Hampshire and spends most of his time outdoors. He enjoys hunting, fishing, and trail-hiking. He has...
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...INFECTIOUS DISEASE >pathogens (bacterium, virus, parasites) invades the body and multiplirs in its cells and tissues >ex. flu, malaria, tb, measles *Bacteria >single-celled organisms that multiply rapidly on their own >most are harmless and beneficial >some are infectious ~bacterial disease - results from infection as bacteria multiply and spread throughout the body *Viruses >smaller bacteria working by invading a cell and taking over genetic machinery to copy themselves ~viral disease ex. flu, AIDS TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE (contagious/communicable disease) >can be transmitted ~bacterial disease (tb, gonorrhea, strep throat) ~viral disease (cold, flu, AIDS) NONTRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE >caused by something >does not spread >develops slowly and have multiple causes ex. cardiovascular disease, cancers, asthma, diabetes, malnutrition **since 1950, incidence of infectious diseases and death rates from them reduced: >better health care >antibiotics >dev't of vaccines Infectious Diseases are still Major Health Threats >in less-developed countries >diseases can be spread through air, water, food and body fluids >reasons: •disease carrying bacteria has developed genetic immunity to antibiotics •disease transmitting insects (mosquitoes) became immune to pesticides (DDT) *epidemic - large scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area or country *pandemic - global epidemic like TB or AIDS Case Study The Growing Global Threat from Tuberculosis ...
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...The Effects of Zoonotic Diseases Case Study #13 April 17, 2011 Zoonosis refers to an infectious disease in animals that can be transmitted to people. An animal serves as the natural reservoir for such an infectious agent, ("MedTerms," 2001). Many zoonoses, which is simply the plural meaning of zoonosis, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites can be transmitted to humans by various routes. Some of these routes consist of animal bites, vectors (i.e., insects), and animal-to-human contact (i.e., inhalation of respiratory droplets or skin-to-skin contact), (Bauman 613-14) & ("Infectious Diseases," 2009). Most emerging infections that have occurred world wide are said to be a zoonotic disease. Many of these diseases are fatal or have the potential to be fatal if not treated quickly and properly identified. An example of a zoonosis case that has the potential to arise annually is listed below: Case Study#13 “You work in a small family practice in rural VA. A man in his early 50’s comes in with a complaint of intermittent fever (102-103°F) and headache for the past two weeks. The physician examines him and takes a history. The only clinical finding is a wound about the size of a quarter on his right thumb. Axillary lymph nodes are swollen and tender. The man says he cut himself while skinning a rabbit three days ago. On the basis of these observations the physician prescribes streptomycin and asks the man to call if his symptoms don’t...
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...Infectious Diseases: The Greatest Crisis of the world ____________ A Thesis Presented to The Division of The Arts and Sciences Voorhees College ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science ____________ Acknowledgements I am whole-heartily thankful to my Professors at Voorhees College for their tremendous effort in my maturilication through Voorhees College. Lastly I would like to acknowledge all of the people who had any hand in the completion of this thesis. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION * What are infectious Diseases? * Types of infectious diseases * Worldwide distribution of infectious diseases * * CHAPTER 2: THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IS THE WORLD * Top Countries * Top Diseases * CHAPTER 3: MOST DISEASES ARE PREVENTABLE * Why are statistics so high * Minorities prevalence, morbidity, and mortality * How to prevent yourself from being a statistic * Understanding the emotional burden brought upon families who suffer from infectious Diseases * * CHAPTER 4: TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE: COUNTRY TO COUNTRY * Thorough testing while entering and exiting countries * Childhood and adult Immunizations * * CHAPTER 5: FOOD BOURNE PATHOGES * How do they affect America...
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...prevent or contain diseases. Epidemiology estimates have changed over time related to changes in the definition and diagnosis of diseases. Epidemiology is practiced as a broad scientific discipline that addresses occurrences of diseases and distribution of health status of populations. Integration of casual concepts at the clinical, social and environmental levels will allow faculty to work to maintain an intellectual environment that will facilitate the integration of biological, social and, analytical approaches of epidemiology. This type of environment allows faculty and students to develop the knowledge to fully appreciate the complexities of biosocial system to understand, modify, and use this information to maximum potential. The focus of this paper will be on immigrant/migrants as a vulnerable population with emphasis on infectious disease a major health concern. The paper will define epidemiology and identify steps and methods of the type of epidemiology and examines relationships of illnesses and education related to infectious diseases. Epidemiology defined Stanhope & Lancaster (2008) defines epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determination of health- related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems.” Epidemiology originated from the Greek words (epi) meaning upon, (demos) meaning people and (logos) meaning thought. Epidemiology was the study of infectious diseases visited upon mankind...
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...vaccines overwhelming the immune system, the preservative thimerosal, which some think might still be present in MMR (Mumps, measles, rubella) shot but as of the 1900’s it has been removed. Research has been conducted on these issues and studies have shown vaccinations to be safe. In this publication from the American Academy of Pediatrics which is a well known organization that is dedicated to the health of children I find an extensive amount of data that supports my theory of vaccinations being beneficial to children. They have compiled studies from a lot of sources in order to prove that there is no harm in vaccinations. Buttenheim, Alison, PhD., M.B.A., Jones, Malia, PhD., M.P.H., & Baras, Y., B.A. (2012). Exposure of California kindergartners to students with personal belief exemptions from mandated school entry vaccinations. American Journal of Public Health, 102(8), E59-E67. Retrieved from; http://search.proquest.com/docview/1039278619?accountid=158639. Personal Belief Exemption (PBE) from mandated school entry vaccines in California have increased over the past decade. More than 7000 kindergartners in California attend schools with PBE rates greater than 20 per 100, including 2700 kindergartners with PBEs. Infectious disease outbreaks in the state may be associated with the aggregation of intentionally unvaccinated children within schools. This information while very informative of the PBE rate in California, the research showed the highly populated areas of...
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...of vaccinations has deeply affected the occurrence of many types of infectious diseases. Without the use of vaccines, the death rate from viruses and diseases would be extremely high. Due to a new strain of avian flu has formulated in China, I suggest that a vaccine should become mandatory in this United States in order to stop this virus from becoming a pandemic. It is important to remember the impact of what vaccines have done, how productive and unproductive our immune system are against infectious diseases, and the effectiveness of vaccines that has stopped our country from encountering a pandemic. The impact of vaccines caused some diseases to eradicate from the world. The last occurrence case of Smallpox was in 1977, and vaccination against smallpox stopped. The last occurrence of Polimyelitis in the United States was in 1979 and it is on the verge on eradicating. Because so many babies are born every day in the United States, it is still a need to continue vaccinating the population. There is a continuing threat that still exists from importation of diseases from other countries. Our immune system is a complex system consisting of interacting cells whose primary purpose is to identify antigens. However our bodies are not capable of fighting every virus or disease it encounters. Once a person encounters a certain disease or virus, the antibodies are stored and if the person encounters the disease again, they would have the antibodies to fight it off. The problem that...
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...recent article, “Many Americans Don't Get Recommended Vaccines Before Travel” by Rachael Rettner, the study of Americans visiting travel clinics found that more than half of people who did not get a measles vaccination before traveling. Another study found that more than two dozen Americans were sickened with hepatitis A while visiting a resort town in Mexico in early 2015. The studied were presented here at IDWeek 2015, a meeting of several organizations focused on infectious diseases. “People did not inject vaccination before travelling because they were not concerned about illness”, the study said. “About half of all U.S. measles case are tied to people who catch the disease while traveling abroad”, said Dr. Emily Hyle, an instructor at Harvard Medical School in Boston, who led the measles vaccine study. Measles and hepatitis A are most infection diseases effect American’s health and outbreak. As a result, Americans should be aware of the dangers of infectious diseases. Injection recommendation vaccination when they go travelling. This article is relevant to me because I do not inject vaccination before travelling. I have never been to realize the importance of vaccines. Many adults think of measles as a child's illness , they don't have a chance to get sick. The article gave helpful information on how vaccination prevents people to get infection diseases. When you have some travelling plans, you can...
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...In 2011, there were 19,454 reported cases of vaccine preventable diseases in the United States alone (Rouch 2011). Most of these cases could have been prevented simply by getting a vaccination for certain diseases. There has been much discussion in recent years over whether or not parents should have their children vaccinated. Parents hear a great deal of information in the medi about the effectiveness and side effects of vaccinations. After hearing all sorts of negative things about vaccinations, it is easy to see why parents would be reluctant to have their children injected with all sorts of chemicals. In the end, the reason that children are not required to be vaccinated is that it is illegal to force someone to be vaccinated, but is it right to send unvaccinated children to school with other children? The fact of the matter, is that immunizations do their job and all children who attend public schools should be vaccinated and protected from preventable diseases. Some people assume that because certain diseases like Polio have been eradicated from the United States it is now unnecessary to be required to receive the vaccination. This assumption could not be any farther from the truth. Polio is still a huge problem in other regions across the globe (WHO 2007). If it were re-introduced into disease free places, the results could be devastating for those unprotected from such viruses. In 2008, an unvaccinated 7 year old contracted measles while he and his family were traveling...
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...Lecture 1 Here the goal is to familiarize you with the basic terminology of infectious disease epidemiology relevant for the spread of infectious diseases including the basic reproduction number (R0), herd immunity, index patient, endemic disease, epidemic disease, and pandemic. An important concept in infectious disease transmission is the so-called transmission chain. A transmission chain is a sequence of transmission events from the origin to the secondary case. In this figure, one can see a transmission tree of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 2003 in Singapore where we can note the secondary cases generated by each infected case that was reported. We can see that only a few cases were able to generate most of the secondary transmission events. This is an HIV transmission network that clearly shows the structure of transmission events. We can see here that each infected HIV person generates from 1 to 27 secondary cases. We can also see that most of these infected cases generate only a few secondary cases while a few of them generate many secondary transmission events. A central quantity in infectious disease epidemiology is the so-called basic reproduction number, R0. This is defined as the average number of secondary cases generated by an infectious individual in a susceptible population. In this figure we can see that each infected person generates exactly two secondary cases for illustration purposes. Here R0=2 and the arrows denote the direction of transmission...
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... Introduction to Clinical Applications Objectives In this chapter we will study • various approaches to the study of disease; • the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; • common causes of disease; • the distinction between signs and symptoms of disease; • terms used to describe the time course of a disease; and • common abbreviations for medical specialists and specialties. Homeostasis and Disease The body’s tendency to maintain internal stability is called homeostasis. Examples include the body’s relatively stable temperature, blood glucose concentration, hormone levels, acid-base balance, and electrolyte balance. When physiological variables deviate too much from their set point, the body activates negative feedback loops that tend to restore stability and maintain health. In some cases, such as the stoppage of bleeding, positive feedback loops are activated to bring about rapid change. If the attempt to regain homeostasis fails, disease results. There is a strong emphasis in medicine today on promoting wellness through prevention. However, this manual focuses on what happens when prevention fails, homeostasis is disrupted, and disease occurs. The Study of Disease Disease (illness) is any deviation from normal that interferes with correct, life-sustaining bodily function. Literally, the word means dis-ease, the opposite of ease (comfort and normal function). Disease may have underlying structural foundations, such as a broken bone, and its effects...
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...used to help better understand a diseases process, how they work, and how they are transmitted. This helps us to better treat the disease. The process of epidemiology is lengthy but must be followed accurately to ensure correct diagnosis and treatment. Epidemiology is used when a new disease is found and when a disease reappears in high numbers. A common disease in the elderly is congestive heart failure (CHF). The epidemiology process can be used to better understand the disease, what causes it and how to treat it. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems. Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations, such as surveillance and descriptive studies that can be used to study distribution and analytical studies are used to study determinants (WHO, 2011). Epidemiology tries to determine what causes disease and what people can do to prevent disease. Epidemiology was first used when scientists tried to discover causes of diseases, such as smallpox and polio (Cornell University, 1993). Epidemiology is no longer limited to transmissible diseases. Epidemiology usually cannot prove a cause of a disease; it can only show certain risk factors that correlate with a higher rate of a specific disease. For example, epidemiology could...
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...Evolution of New and Old Communicable Diseases According to Gordis (2004), epidemiology is defined as “the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states and event of diseases in specified populations and the application of this study to control of health problems”. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is contagious and potentially life threatening form of pneumonia which was first detected in February 2003 in Asia and it spread to various countries in Europe, North America and South America before it was declared as SARS 2003 global outbreak (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). SARS is an acute respiratory tract illness caused by an infectious virus transmitted from person to person. Various pathogens that cause acute respiratory diseases are respiratory syncytical virus, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (WHO, 2007). In 2003, various scientists across the world started investigating the virus with the help of electron microscopy and virus discovery microarrays. The new coronavirus was inoculated in monkeys which caused interstitial pneumonia similar to SARS (Holmes, 2003). This newly identified acute viral respiratory syndrome caused by a novel coronavirus is a positive-stranded RNA virus with genome containing nucleocapsid protein, membrane proteins and spike protein which forms the typical “coronavirus” structure (Lashley & Durham, 2007). Spreading...
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...Case Study 1-The Children with Lead Poisoning 1) What is the etiology of the mental and physiological signs shown by these patients? -The cause of the mental and physiological signs shown by these patients is lead poisoning. The toxins within the lead are effecting the brain and nerves of the patients. 2) What risk factors for lead poisoning can you identify in this case study? -In this particular case study the risk factors include: Occupation-children collecting scrap metal with in a lead infested old factory for money Age- children from ages 6 to 15 were the ones salvaging the scrap metal Diet- the elderly woman’s habit of compulsively chewing on nonnutritive substances 3) Is lead a toxin? -According to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), “No amount of lead is safe. Eliminating all lead exposure in our environment is our best course of action. New findings from NIEHS-supported grantees, as well as the National Toxicology Program (NTP) have found many adverse health effects in both children and adults at blood levels below 10 micrograms per deciliter (ug/dL) and for some below 5 ug/dL.” (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2014.) 4) Do any of the people in this story exhibit idiopathic lead poisoning? Why or Why not? -No, the term idiopathic is defined as a disease in which no cause can be identified. Due to the fact that the reason for all the signs...
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...Chronic and Infectious Disease Paper Lakeshia Jackson HPE 170 December 19, 2011 Jackie DePaulis Chronic and Infectious Disease Paper In today’s society many individual are living with a chronic or infectious disease. Chronic disease is one the most common and preventable of health problems in the United States. Although, chronic diseases are more common in older adults, but it can affect people of all ages. Some infectious disease is caused by bacteria or viruses in an individual body. These types of disease can be passed from person to person. This paper will discuss the characteristic of chronic illness, the relationship between healthy nutritional program and cardiovascular disease, effects of chronic and infectious disease on the immune system, how exercise affects the immune system, and last it will focus on the importance of awareness and education as it relates to health enviorment and chronic illnesses. Characteristic of Chronic Illness Chronic disease can be caused by different factors such as heredity, lifestyle factor, and emotional and psychological factors (CNS, 2011). Chronic illness does not match the common pattern of how illness unfolds. Chronic illnesses are illnesses of long duration and are usually slow progressing meaning it can last for long periods and slowly progress worse many times leading to severe damage to the body and eventually death in most cases. Sometimes the long term effects of chronic illness can be difficult to anticipate...
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