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Intergrated Marketing Communications

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Konsep Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) adalah suatu konsep perencanaan komunikasi pemasaran yang menyadari nilai tambah dari suatu rencana komprehensif yang mengevaluasi peran strategis dari berbagai disiplin ilmu komunikasi misalnya periklanan umum, penjualan personal, pemasaran langsung, promosi penjualan, hubungan masyarakat, dan menggabungkan berbagai disiplin ini untuk memberikan kejelasan, konsistensi dan pengaruh komunikasi yang maksimum melalui integrasi menyeluruh dari pesan – pesan yang berlainan, hal ini sesuai dengan yang diungkapkan oleh American Association of Advertising Agencies.

Terdapat beberapa langkah mengembangkan program IMC yang efektif, adapun langkah – langkahnya adalah mengenali audiens sasaran, menentukan tujuan komunikasi, merancang pesan dan membuat keputusan atas bauran komunikasi pemasaran. Komunikator pemasaran harus mengenali dan memiliki pikiran yang jelas tentang audiens sasarannya. Bagian terpenting dalam langkah mengenali audiens sasaran adalah menganalisis benefit yang diinginkan audiens serta mengukur citra perusahaan, citra produk, dan citra para pesaing.

Tujuan umum IMC adalah mempengaruhi atau memberikan efek langsung pada perilaku audiens sasarannya. Tanggapan terakhir yang sangat diharapkan dari audiens adalah pembelian. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, dibutuhkan perancangan pesan yang sesuai. Pada prinsipnya, pesan produk diputuskan sebagai bagian dari pengembangan produk, namun terdapat sejumlah kemungkinan pesan. Yang harus diperhatikan dalam merancang pesan adalah isi atau daya tarik pesan, sumber pesan, dan untuk periklanan penting juga untuk mengetahui gaya pesan yang sesuai.

IMC menekankan pada keharmonisan yang tercapai dalam pelaksanaan program komunikasi pemasaran. Bauran komunikasi pemasaran yang juga dikenal dengan bauran promosi terdiri atas :

a. Periklanan. Semua bentuk penyajian non personal dan promosi ide, barang atau jasa yang dibayar oleh suatu sponsor tertentu.

b. Promosi Penjualan. Berbagai insentif jangka pendek untuk mendorong keinginan mencoba atau membeli suatu barang atau jasa.

c. Hubungan Masyarakat. Berbagai program untuk mempromosikan atau melindungi citra perusahaan atau produk individualnya. \

d. Pemasaran langsung. Penggunaan surat, telepon, faksimili, dan alat penghubung non personal lainnya untuk berkomunikasi dengan pelanggan atau calon pelanggan.

Konsep dari IMC ini adalah komunikasi. Dengan komunikasi ini, IMC berusaha utnuk memaksimalkan pesan positif dan meminimalkan pesan negative dari suatu brand, dengan sasaran menciptakan dan menyokong brand relationship. Brand Relationship yang positif juga akan menghasilkan keuntungan dan meningkatkan nilai dari pemegang saham perusahaan tersebut.

Iklan (Advertising) Iklan didefinisikan sebagai bentuk komunikasi non personal mengenai perusahaan, produk, jasa atau ide yang dibayar (paid) oleh sponsor. Pengertian ‘dibayar’ (paid) dalam hal ini perusahaan harus membayar terhadap space (ukuran) atau waktu penyampaian pesan. Media komunikasi non personal dalam hal ini adalah : • Media massa yang dapat menjangkau kelompok besar individu dalam satu waktu seperti : TV, radio, majalah dan koran • Tidak langsung menghasilkan respon atau tidak interaktif

Ada beberapa alasan perusahan menggunakan iklan : • Cost – efektif atau efisien untuk mengkomunikasikan ke audience yang luas sehingga cost per rumah tangga atau per konsumen menjadi lebih rendah • Dapat digunakan untuk menciptakan brand image dan simbol yang diinginkan untuk produk maupun brand untuk membedakannya dengan brand atau produk lain. Contoh : Absolut Vodka menggunakan iklan – iklan kreatif untuk menonjolkan image seabgai produk minuman yang berkelas, fashionable dan mewah dengan menonjolkan nama ABSOLUT dan desai botolnya yang unik. • Kampanye iklan yang populer dapat menarik perhatian konsumen dan membantu mendorong penjualan. Kampanye ini juga dapat dimanfaatkan juga menjadi program IMC yang sukses Klasifikasi atau pembagian jenis iklan adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Iklan untuk Pasar Konsumer
a. Iklan Nasional
b. Iklan Lokal / ritel
c. Iklan untuk Permintaan Utama (Primary) atau Selektif. Iklan untuk Permintaan Utama adalah iklan yang dibuat untuk mendorong permintaan terhadap kelas produk secara umum (Misal : Teh Sosro). Sedangkan Iklan Permintaan Selektif adalah untuk menciptakan permintaan terhadap produk yang spesifik (Misal : Teh Sosro sekali minum kemasan kotak).
2. Iklan untuk Pasar Bisnis dan Profesional
a. Iklan Bisnis ke Bisnis (Business to Busines) : iklan yang ditargetkan untuk individu yang akan membeli produk atau jasa untuk keperluan perusahaan dalam menjalankan bisnis.
b. Iklan Profesional : iklan untuk segmen profesional seperti dokter, pengacara, teknisi atau profesor utnuk mendorong mereka membeli produk atau jasa untuk kebutuhan profesi mereka.
c. Iklan Penjualan (Trade) : iklan untuk distributor dan pengecer agar membeli, mempromosikan atau menjual kembali produk perusahaan ke customer.

Penjualan Langsung (Direct Marketing) Penjualan langsung tidak terbatas hanya dalam bentuk direct mail atau katalog. Ia mencakup juga aktifitas seperti : manajemen database konsumen, penjualan langsung, telemarketing dan iklan penjualan langsung melalui direct mail, internet dan berbagai media lainnya. Contoh perusahaan yang sering memanfaatkan tools ini adalah Tupperware dan Amway. Perangkat utama Penjualan Langsung adalah iklan yang bersifat respon langsung (direct response) dimana produk dipromosikan melalui iklan dan mendorong konsumen untuk langsung membeli dari perusahaan / pabrik (bukan melalui toko atau distributor). Umumnya berupa pencantuman formulir pemesanan di iklan, ajakan untuk menelpon saat itu juga atau penggunaan kupon dengan waktu terbatas. Pertumbuhan kartu kredit, layanan pemesanan via telepon toll free dan internet merubah proses dari iklan – respon langsung (direct response ad) dan mempercepat pertumbuhan direct marketing. Pemasar perusahaan telah lama mengandalkan direct marketing dan memegang peranan penting dalam IMC untuk product consumer maupun B2B. Contoh – contoh penerapan direct marketing antara lain : • Telemarketing • Direct Mail • Iklan baik di media cetak maupun elektronik dengan penyertaan formulir pemesanan • Product sampling • Dan lain – lain

Promosi Penjualan (Sales Promotion) Merupakan aktfitas pemasaran yang menyediakan nilai tambah atau memberikan insentif pada tenaga pemasar, distributor atau konsumen yang ditujukan untuk mendorong penjualan dengan cepat. Ada 2 jenis promosi penjualan :
1. Promosi penjualan berorientasi Konsumen : ditargetkan untuk konsumen (pengguna) dalam bentuk kupon, sampling, hadiah, rabat, kontes dll
2. Promosi penjualan berorientasi Dagang : ditargetkan untuk penyalur, pengecer atau distributor dalam bentuk bonus, harga khusus, kontes penjualan dll

Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, banyak perusahaan yang menggeser anggarannya dari strategi iklan menjadi promosi penjualan. Pertimbangannya adalah karena menurunkan brand loyalty dan meningkatkan sensifititas konsumen terhadap penawaran – penawaran promosi dari pesaing. Promosi dan Promosi Penjualan merupakan 2 istilah yang sering membingunkan dalam dunia pemasaran. Promosi merupakan elemen pemasaran dimana perusahaan berkomunikasi dengan konsumen. Sedangkan Promosi Penjualan merupakan strategi pemasaran untuk meningkatkan penjualan langsung dalam jangka pendek.

Penjualan Personal (Personal Selling) Merupakan bentuk komunikasi orang per orang dimana penjual mencoba membantu atau menawarkan konsumen untuk membeli produk atau jasa perusahaan. Tidak seperti iklan, personal selling menyangkut hubungan tatap muka dengan konsumen atau berinteraksi melalui media komunikasi seperti telepon. Interaksi ini memberikan fleksibilitas dimana penjual dapat melihat atau mendengar respon atau reaksi dari calon pembeli dan menyesuaikannya dengan pesan penjualannya.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Duncan, Tom. 2005. Principles of Advertising & IMC, Second Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Olson, Jerry and Paul Peter. 2008. Consumer Behavior & Marketing Strategy, 7th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill.

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