...Carmen Lopez Professor Sykes English 101 4 November XXXX “A Question of Ethics” Left Unanswered In her essay “A Question of Ethics,” Jane Goodall, a scientist who has studied chimpanzees for years, tries to resolve a complicated ethical dilemma: Under what circumstances is it acceptable to cause animal suffering to prevent human suffering? Her answer, however, remains somewhat unclear. Although Goodall challenges scientists to avoid conducting unnecessary tests on animals, she does not explain the criteria by which scientists should determine necessity. Goodall argues that her readers have an ethical obligation to protect animals from suffering, but she also implies that it might be necessary sometimes to abandon that obligation. She points out that animals share similar traits with human beings: they have a capacity for certain human emotions, and they may be capable of legitimate friendship. Goodall’s evidence for this claim is an anecdote from her research. She recounts that one chimpanzee in her study, named David Greybeard, “gently squeezed [her] hand” when she offered him food (62). Appealing to readers’ emotions, Goodall hopes to persuade readers that the chimp is “sociable” and “sentient,” or feeling (62). According to Goodall’s logic, if researchers are careful to avoid tests that cause human suffering, they should also be careful to avoid tests that cause suffering for other life forms. When Goodall asserts that scientists shouldn’t mindlessly ...
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...Animal Testing Animal testing is use of animals in experimental ways for the benefit of biomedical research, and it has been a topic long argued about. To every argument, there are two sides: The American Medical Association (AMA) and the People for the Ethical Treatment of Humans (PETA). AMA’s opinion on the topic states that animal testing is necessary, while PETA highly discriminates it. These two major groups of people have been “at war” with each other on this topic of animal testing in biomedical research for decades. The AMA has recently published an article on this topic titled “Use of Animals in Biomedical Research.” AMA’s argument in this article is effective, they use persuasive techniques to support their claim, and their evidence is clear; however, the author fails to make some of his counterarguments convincing. AMA’s claim convinces you that animal testing is needed for biomedical research in many different, but persuasive ways. For example, they express that without all of the information gathered from animal testing, either man kind will be tested on, or we wouldn’t have the health benefits and treatments for diseases that we have today. In this statement, the author uses appeal to fear, by stating that humans everywhere will pay the price in terms of human pain and suffering, thus increasing fear and prejudice towards the audience. Another way the author uses persuasive techniques to support the claim, is by saying that there are limitations to the use of...
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...Argument Essay Animal Testing Twenty million animals are killed annually as a result of animal testing. Approximately fifteen million of these deaths can be attributed to medical research. The belief that animal testing is necessary in the development of medical treatments, prescription drugs, cures and vaccines, is a common misconception; test results are often inaccurate therefore using animals for medical testing is not only cruel to the animals but it’s also dangerous for humans. There are a rising number of scientists, doctors and healthcare professionals who are extremely opposed to medical testing on animals. It is believed among this group that results obtained from animal experiments cannot be safely applied to humans because 83% of substances are metabolized differently by animals than humans. Records show that less than 2% of illnesses found in humans exist in the animal kingdom; that is until scientists put them there. Most drugs available today were originally tested on animals; however, four out of ten patients who take prescription drugs will suffer from severe side effects. Over two million people are hospitalized annually because of prescription drug side effects and hundreds of thousands die. There are also the many prescription drugs that are recalled after they’ve been on the market for several years; this is a direct result of inadequate testing before FDA approval. Pharmaceutical companies claim to have positive results from animal testing;...
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...millions of animals undergo painful suffering or death as a result of scientific research into the effects of drugs, food additives, cosmetics and other chemical products. While most people think animal testing is necessary, others are upset by what they see as needless suffering. This essay looks at some of the positive and negative aspects of animal testing. Many medical treatments and procedures have been developed from experiments on animals. Since animals share many features with humans, scientists use animals to test the safety and effectiveness of newly developed drugs before pilot testing on small groups of patients. Medical teams practice new operating techniques such as transplants on animals. Without animal testing, many procedures or new drugs would be extremely unsafe. However, many people are concerned that animals are suffering unnecessarily and cruelly. They do not believe that every new drug needs to be tested on animals, especially with the huge database of knowledge and modern computer models. They also are worried that many animal tests are ineffective, pointing out that any drugs have had to be withdrawn from the market despite extensive testing. They particularly feel that animal testing should not be used for non-essential products such as cosmetics, shampoos, soaps, and cleaning products. Furthermore, some campaigners would like to see certain tests replaced and more humane methods used. We need to make sure that the millions of animals who are used...
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...Imagine this situation: a new company is testing an eye care product on a subject. In the test, a substance is placed in one eye of the subject, with the other eye serving as a control. The subjects are restrained, preventing them from responding naturally to the irritation, and their eyes are evaluated after one hour and then at 24-hour intervals for up to 14 days. Some continue to be evaluated up to three weeks later. The level of irritation to the eyes is scored numerically by observation of the three major tissues of the eye (cornea, conjunctiva, and iris). The subjects suffer from redness, bleeding, ulcers, and even blindness, and are likely killed upon completion of the experiment. The subjects were in fact rabbits in tests called “animal testing.” Animal testing has raised huge debates worldwide that has raised many questions. How important is animal testing for us humans? Are the results going to be the same? Most importantly, should we ban animal testing for the sake of the animals? Animal testing is a phrase that most people have heard but are perhaps still unsure of exactly what is involved. Whether it is called animal testing, animal experimentation or animal research, it refers to the experimentation carried out on animals. It is used to assess the safety and effectiveness of everything from medication to cosmetics, as well as understanding how the human body works. Animal testing, also known as animal research, plays a crucial role in scientists' understanding of...
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...Argumentative Essay Animal Testing All around the world, animal testing has been a controversial and talked about topic. It has helped the human race become more advanced in sciences and technology. Could the human medicine be as advanced if animal testing not allowed? Animal testing has opened many doors for medicine and helped so many people with tragic illnesses like cancer and AIDS. Animal experiments and testing is a good thing because it makes safe drugs, safe cosmetics, and helps people with deadly illness. Animal research has played a major part in the development of medicine to make it safer for people to take. First, testing new medications on animals is very important before releasing it to the public. For example, a drug called Thalidomide was prescribed to pregnant women in Europe to reduce nausea. The Thalidomide medication caused 10,000 babies to have birth defects. “It was largely avoided in North America because federal health and drug agencies believed Thalidomide had not been adequately tested on animals” (Research). Another reason why it is important to test drugs on animals before giving it to humans is because back in 1937 an antibacterial drug was released and killed 107 people. Manufacturers at the time did not have to prove if drugs were safe to take before being sold. Drug testing on animals goes to prove how important it is for drugs to be experimented on animals before being released to the public. Second, since people are so much like animals, we...
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...Jason Kimel English 122 Essay #3 Animal testing is a very controversial topic to discuss. The research of animals is defined as the use of chemicals to test on different parts of the animal’s body. Products such as mascara are applied to an animal’s eye, or lipstick is applied to an animal’s lips to see any reaction it may impose on a human. The results based on the animal experimentation will let the scientists know if the chemical or product is safe to use for all ages of people. “Scientists are closer than ever to finding the cures for AIDS, cancer and other deadly illnesses. But more research and testing are needed and much of it must be done on animals.” (Epstein and Brook 604) There are many aspects to animal testing that are for the better, but there also is a bad side to this topic. Animal testing has become a big issue of debate. Some people agree with it, and some disagree. No matter what anyone thinks about the issue, the fact remains that most animal testing is done for a reason and has its benefits and drawbacks. Animal testing was first discovered by Charles Darwin to better study human beings. Since then, animals have been subjected to every test science has to offer. One of the most pointless and cruel tests done on animals, in my opinion, is testing cosmetics. Everything from perfume to soap is tested on the animal to see if it will be harmful in any way to humans. This test is done by pouring some kind of chemical or substance onto the animal's skin...
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...Why do we use animals to be tested on? Is it ethical or unethical? Many animals are used every year to test on human products, medications, and possible cures for diseases. These animals range from anywhere from rats to dogs and cats. Some tests are to help other animals as well, but are these test necessary and do we benefit from them? In the Journal essay I will discuss the benefits of animal testing and I will also discuss the downside of animal testing. When animals are used for testing cures and medicines, it helps us know if it is safe for humans to use them. The ethical side of animal testing is that it is good for us humans, because it helps us with answers and experiments. Researchers think that animals can feel no pain because they do not have a conscious. In pence’s book it says, “Animals are like fleshy machines: their eyes reflected no soul, and no pain lay behind their external “pain behavior”. So why do people get all worked up over animal testing if animals do not feel pain like us humans do? Animals have no pain or conscious, therefore they are tested on so humans do not have to suffer the pain from experiments. If we kill animals for food, why can we not use them for beneficial experiments as well? Animals are produced all the time for our food sources, and they have to be killed to become our food. If people think animals suffer from testing, they have to suffer in being raised for our food as well. If we allow animals to be produced and slaughtered for...
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...In this photo by PETA, it demonstrates an experiment which needs doesn’t need to be researched as the public is aware that smoking decreases life expectancy on humans by a few years. Furthermore, dogs have a short life expectancy to begin with, compared to humans. Which is why I think researchers need to use their research, resources, and funding to more promising research projects rather than testing animals on research we’ve already discovered — such as the effects of smoking and how it can shorten the average humans lifespan. The act of making dogs smoke and declaring it as research just seems malicious, cruel, and pointless research since there is no real benefit for the dogs to being smoking, similar to how there is no health benefits...
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...HUYNH PHUC HOANG SAMPLE ESSAY IELTS Writing Sample Essay IELTS Writing Some people think that in order to prevent illness and disease, governments should make efforts in reducing environmental pollution and housing problems. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? The prevention of illness and disease is a challenging problem for any community. Although many people may be skeptical about the effectiveness of an investment in improving the environment and providing more housing for the public, I believe that it is a good solution to the issue, as will now be discussed. On the one hand, ameliorating environmental contamination can hinder the spread of disease and illness. Today, people’s health is deteriorating due to the adverse effects of poor air quality, making us more vulnerable to viruses and health problems. A number of urban citizens suffer from lung cancer and throat cancer due to the dangerous level of exhaust emissions from traffic and industrial activities in many big cities such as Beijing and Hanoi. Therefore, improving the environment should be treated as the top priority among other concerns of the government. For example, an outright ban on the use of private vehicles can decrease the amount of harmful fumes released into the atmosphere, contributing to the clean-up of the environment. On the other hand, the provision of more accommodation for the public is also a highly effective measure to reduce health risks....
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...database. The aim of this article is to explore the impact of childhood neglect on cognitive development. The author has studied different sources, animal studies and childhood reports to compare the effects. Research suggested that nurturing is most critical in early childhood, without positive experiences neurodevelopment may not be successful. The first investigation showed that animals in enriched environments thrived with larger complex brains rather then those in deprived conditions. In comparison the studies of neglect in early childhood indicate when necessary experiences are not provided neural systems are underdeveloped. Overall its believed that positive experiences allow genetic potential to thrive therefore a combination of nature and nurture has effect. The focus of this article exemplifies the crucial aspect of relationship experiences and whether they positively or negatively impact cognitive development. The author discusses the complex neurone system and how it is during childhood growth, the brain is most sensitive. This is key as it relates to lecture concepts on the importance of ‘early care in relation to the sensitivity of the brain’ and without exposure to positive experiences there is a lack in the build up of axon-dendrite connections. This information will be further discussed within the essay with links to non-stage theory and Piaget’s ‘constructivism’ where children develop their own sense of the world due to experiences such as ‘neglect’. ...
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...Argumentative writing Planning Stage For an argument essay to be effective, it must contain certain elements. For this reason, you must take a few minutes to plan before you jump into writing an argument essay. Find a Good Topic To find good topic for an argument essay you should consider several issues that will have two conflicting points of view or very different conclusions. As you look over a list of topics you should find one that really sparks your interest. While a strong interest in a topic is important, it's not enough. You next have to consider what position you can back up with reasoning. It's one thing to have a strong belief, but when shaping an argument you'll have to explain why your belief is reasonable and logical. As you explore the topics, make a mental list of points you could use as evidence for or against an issue. Consider Both Sides of Your Topic and Take a Position Once you have selected a topic you feel strongly about, you should make a list of points for both sides of the argument. One of your first objectives in your essay will be to present both sides of your issue with an assessment of each. Of course, you will conclude that one side (your side) is the best conclusion. In the planning stage you will need to consider strong arguments for the "other" side. Then you'll shoot them down! Gather Evidence When we think of arguments we might picture two red-faced people speaking quite loudly and making dramatic gestures. But that's because...
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...Argumentative Essay The function of an argumentative essay is to show that your assertion (opinion, theory, and hypothesis) about some phenomenon or phenomena is correct or more truthful than others'. The art of argumentation is not an easy skill to acquire. Many people might think that if one simply has an opinion, one can argue it successfully, and these folks are always surprised when others don't agree with them because their logic seems so correct. Argumentative writing is the act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true. It clearly explains the process of your reasoning from the known or assumed to the unknown. Without doing this you does not have an argument, you have only an assertion, an essay that is just your unsubstantiated opinion. Argumentative essays are often organized in the following manner: 1. They begin with a statement of your assertion, its timeliness, significance, and relevance in relation to some phenomenon. 2. They review critically the literature about that phenomenon. 3. They illustrate how your assertion is "better" (simpler or more explanatory) than others, including improved (i.e., more reliable or valid) methods that you used to accumulate the data (case) to be explained. Finally revise and edit, and be sure to apply the critical process to your...
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...UNIT 1 Special Note: The argumentative essay is a very useful test of a student’s ability to think logically. Argue: v. 1. to persuade someone to do or not do something. 2. to give the reasons for your opinion, idea, belief, etc. Argumentative: adj. someone who is argumentative often argues or like arguing. Argument: n. a set of reasons that show that something is true or untrue, right or wrong etc. When you have an opinion and try to convince your listener or reader to accept your opinion, you are agreeing with or disagreeing with something. For example: In an everyday situation, you may try to convince a friend to go somewhere or in a composition or speech class, the instructor may make an assignment in which you must support or oppose the use of nuclear energy to produce electricity. If you agree or disagree on an issue, you will want your reader or listener to accept your point of view. There are a few types of argumentative compositions such as: 1. Advantages and disadvantages 2. Expressing opinions/providing solutions to problems 3. Expressing arguments for and against a topic 4. Compare and contrast something or somebody PURPOSE of ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS * An argument follows when two groups disagree about something. * People can have different opinions and can offer reasons in support...
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...discussion centered around not just the animal to human transplant but also the actual organ. The heart is not just the body’s fuel pump but also having significant symbolism, “many believed that if you transplanted the heart, you transplanted the soul.” organs or tissues between different species (Oxford, 2018) has numerous medical and scientific benefits. Ethically, politically, culturally, socially, economically it is viewed as a complex issue, this will focus on how xenotransplantation is regarded as an advantage. First and foremost, xenotransplantation is practiced and is considered because of the increase in people requiring a transplant. In 2015, more than 123,000 people in the United States were waiting for an organ transplant. (Warmflash, 2015) Around 1,400 people are on Australian organ transplant waiting lists at any time. (Australian Government, 2014). Xenotransplantation is an avenue which provides virtually has an endless supply of resource of cells, tissues, and organs that have potential to be used in humans. Which could potentially make it economically beneficial in the long term, except if xenotransplantation...
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