...Behaviors By Lynne Wood PSY 330: Instructor Kimberly McCann April 8, 2013 . Behavior I selected behaviors to learn about why people react or do some things, things we observe and hear about as well. I feel that by assimilating and learning more about behaviors, how they work and how they came into place, it will assistance me with not only my future classes, but the path I chose for a career. Digging into some of the theories of behavior and what constitutes abnormal and normal behaviors, and then attempting to understand why some people possibly develop disorders, while under the same or adverse conditions others do not, greatly aroused my interest. In this paper I will attempt to touch on a few of the founders of behavioral theories and models that have influenced our ways of thinking and brought about what we have come to know today as Behaviorism or Behavioral Psychology which is one of the key points in understanding theories of personalities. Behaviorism is a theory that encompasses the idea that all behaviors are learned, and through modifying or changing ones behavior can bring about and the desired response obtained. A strength related to the behavioral theories would be attempting to learn and understand what are the causes or reasons for our behaviors, focusing on behaviors and learning how they came about, are either observed, taught or both we may have a better understanding of why people act or do things. So what we observe or can manipulate would...
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...Perspectives Paper In the world of psychology there are many perspectives, a few which will be looking at is of John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner and also that of Edward C. Tolman. They will also be contrasted and compared to each other in their views as to regarding how each perspective relates to the modern-day psychology. You will see the differences in their perspectives as well as what motivated them to come up with them. Each man had ideals of his own and ways that they expressed them and these were just some of those ways. They were behaviorist in their own right and their ideals to expand on their knowledge and to help society better itself come to pass with those ideals. Starting with John B. Watson, his perspectives were centered on classical conditioning. He believed that behaviorism was the way to go. It was the new movement. He believed that introspection forms no essential part of methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon readiness with which lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness (Goodwin, (2008). He felt more comfortable around animals than he did humans when it came to studying psychology so he settled for studying functionalist psychology, especially comparative psychology. He started out his first study with rat mazes and the hypothesis about kinesthetic sense. It was done in 1907, in which they would remove parts of the rat’s senses in some, like the eyes, middle of the ears, whiskers, or...
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...Unnatural? Animal research has had a vital role in many scientific and medical advances of the past century and continues to aid our understanding of various diseases. Throughout the world, people enjoy a better quality of life because of these advances, and the subsequent development of new medicines and treatments are all made possible by animal research. However, the use of animals in scientific and medical research has been a subject of heated debate for many years. Opponents to any kind of animal research, including both extreme sides of animal-activist groups believe that animal experimentation is cruel and unnecessary, regardless of its purpose or benefit. There is no middle ground for these groups; they want the immediate and total abolition of all animal research. If they succeed, it would have enormous and severe consequences for scientific research. Animal experimentation has been practiced since ancient times, when the ancient Greeks killed and dissected animals for scientific and religious purposes. Vivisection continued throughout ancient times and into the Christian era, becoming a replacement for human dissection when the Catholic Church banned autopsies. Animals were treated as insensitive objects, mere automatons incapable of pain or emotion. By the 1800s, science and medicine were moving forward at unprecedented rates. Germs were discovered and vaccines invented; pills were created and diseases eradicated. Animals were involved in many research ventures, ranging...
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...Tuskegee Study Ezequiel W. Ferreras EN1320 - Composition 1 ITT Technical Institute ABSTRACT This paper is to prove how the Tuskegee study was morally and ethically wrong. Many of the men involved in the study died due to the experiments. This study has made it important for all patients to understand their options for treatment and outcomes and know that they have a choice. Any one can deny treatment if they wish to do so. Many doctors devote their lives to their patients and have learned from this major medical error. Tuskegee Study Some people may believe they don’t need to try as hard if they already achieved their goal, but if a physician does not do their best a patient can die and if no one did their best then there would be no doctors, lawyers or even teachers. However, when you apply the unethical concepts in this study it violates the professional code of ethics and the moral reasoning of the study. Albeit it is for a test to make history the obligations of a nurse are very important and must be followed. In Miss Evers’ Boys, physicians investigate in a medical study that takes place in Tuskegee Alabama, which dealt with watching African-American subjects discover the effects of untreated syphilis. The major objective of the study was to search for African-American males in the second stage of syphilis, and then from time to time perform exams on these men to find out the effects that syphilis had on their bodies. (Grey 1998) Raymond A. Vonderlehr...
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... is emerging in the area of cancer research, which is sometimes called the “dark matter” of the human genome. Dr. Croce has turned his decades-long pursuit of cancer remedies into a research empire. He has been the recipient of over $86 million in federal grants. He has also earned more than 60 awards. Some accusations have stated that Dr. Croce overstated his expansive claims for therapeutic promise and that his laboratory is focused on creating more papers than on carefully assessing the data from their experiments. Dr. Croce has been fending off allegations of data falsification and other scientific misconduct. An anonymous critic contacted authorities with allegations of falsified date in Dr....
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...showed interest in works by Charles Darwin and Francis Bacon. In his early adult life he attended Hamilton College in Clinton, New York where he studied English language and Literature, during his time at University he was heavily engaged in the campus magazine, and was known for his hand in pranks. After graduation he was exposed to Behaviorism by the literary magazine Dial, and read further into Conditioned Reflexes by Ivan Pavlov, he soon realized that he was interested in human behavior and was convinced by a close friend that science was the next big thing, he decided to engage in work in psychology. He enrolled at Harvard in 1928, and began experimenting on animals in a lab at the school, after he earned his Ph.D Skinner remained at harvard, continuing his research in the lab. In a number of papers during the 1930’s skinner emphasized the distinction of Respondent behavior, also known as conditioned reflexes, and Operant behavior, which is commanded by the consequences the behavior produces, these could either increase or...
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...However, some companies have taken advantage of its effectiveness to deceive customers. This paper will delve into the Whole Foods marketing deception. Whole Foods Market (WFM) is one of the most popular food markets in the United States. As its name suggests, it is supposed to sell foods that have undergone little or no processing or refinement and have no added ingredients. The stores used to have a very large logo on the side of the building saying, “Nothing Artificial, Ever!” Perhaps this is one of the biggest factors that led to their popularity, because most people shop at Whole Foods Market because of the health benefits associated with them. In October 2012, a controversial video was released exposing WFM. The video had evidence that WFM had been selling genetically modified (GM) foods to the public without their knowledge. The video shows customers who regularly shop at WFM that had been under the impression that the food there was completely organic. In an interview, they expressed their shock and dismay when they discovered that they had been buying genetically modified products (Adams, 2012). Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can certainly taste good, but we cannot forget that they can also have adverse health effects. A study carried out by a French Research Team illustrated some of these terrible outcomes of rats who were fed a lifetime of Monsanto’s GM corn. The rats in question grew massive cancer tumors, and the study...
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...Perspectives Paper Name PSY/310 July 23, 2012 Instructor Perspectives Paper Introduction Even though psychological perspectives evolve as psychology matures, there are some perspectives that remain relevant even today. Behaviorism is, simply speaking, the analysis of a person’s response to his environment. John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and Edward C. Tolman would include their own varying details to accompany that definition. Most researchers in behaviorism concur that psychology should be considered as the study of behavior, not the study of the mental processes, and that behavior is caused by stimuli that abide in the external environment, not from the internal mind (Goodwin, 2008). From Watson’s first findings, which pushed behaviorism forward, Skinner proposed his own theory of behaviorism called radical behaviorism. Tolman believed that the important concepts of psychology could be deduced from the behavior displayed by rats traveling through mazes that he created (Goodwin, 2008). Even though they were thought of as behaviorists, their concepts and theories contrasted on a wide scale that went from Pavlov’s conditioning one end to the start of cognitive theory on the other end (Goodwin, 2008). Fundamental Perspective of John B. Watson John Watson (1878-1958) attended the University of Chicago where he studied under John Dewey. Dewey’s teachings did not satisfy him, and he soon decided to study under a functionalist psychologist named James Rowland Angell...
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...Perspectives Paper Psychological perspectives have changed as the field of psychology has progressed. There are few perspectives that have core values that have remained steadfast even in today’s pool of theories. John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Edward Tolman, all of these men had theories that remain the foundation for many schools of thought in psychology today. John B. Watson John Watson believed that psychology should be a purely objective science with its sole purpose as the study of observable behavior, prediction, and control. He adamantly thought the removal of introspection and consciousness would promote psychology as an experimental science (White, 2011). Watson believed that introspective studies had not scientific value and observing varied states of consciousness had not place in the true science of psychology. Watson’s greatest challenge was his inability to assimilate psychoanalysis into behaviorism. He was fascinated with Sigmund Freud’s theories and struggled for years to understand some of his processes without success (Goodwin, 2008). His “Little Albert” experiment was an effort to explain psychoanalytic concepts by using classical conditioning (Goodwin, 2008). He believed behavior was purely elicited, and that people did not experience emotions, but emotions were a response to some other stimuli. In his “Little Albert” experiment, Watson conditioned the young child to fear a rat by pairing the rat with a loud disturbing sound (Cherry, n.d.). His...
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...have expressed their opinions. Most concerns about Genetically Modified Foods fall into three categories: environmental hazards, human health risks, and economic concerns, which brings me to my first contention. Contention 1: Environmental Hazards. In 2012 a lab study was published in nature showing that pollen from B.t. corn caused high mortality rates in monarch butterfly caterpillars. Monarch caterpillars consume milkweed plants, not corn, but the fear is that if pollen from B.t. corn is blown by the wind onto milkweed plants in neighboring fields, the caterpillars could eat the pollen and die. Even though the Nature study was not conducted under natural field conditions, the results seemed to support this viewpoint. Unfortunately, B.t. toxins kill many species of insect larvae indiscriminately; it is not possible to design a B.t. toxin that would only kill cropdamaging pests and remain harmless to all other insects. This study is being reexamined by the USDA, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other nongovernment research groups, and preliminary data from new studies suggests that the original study may have been wrong in some ways. This topic is the subject...
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...abused in other ways in the US labs every year. Today, there are still too many people that do not see that animal testing is cruel and unnecessary. “But can these people imagine being squeezed into restraints and forced to breathe toxic vapours for hours?” (“Chemical” par. 1)” From cleaning supplies to harmful drugs and pesticides, chemical substances and products of all purposes are still being experimented on cats, dogs, mice, rabbits, chimpanzees and other animals. Right now, millions of animals are being the victims of human’s cruelty and inhumanity. Different kinds of animals are exposed to all kinds of tortures in order to research. Millions of helpless animals are being killed each year. According to Humane Society International, there is a long list of testing procedures that animals can be exposed to in scientific or commercial testing. “Some of them are forced chemical exposure, oral forcefeeding, forced inhalation, exposure to drugs, chemicals or infectious disease, tailclipping, food and water deprivation, infliction of wounds, burns and other injuries to study healing and even killing by neckbreaking and decapitation” (“Chemical” par. 4). Some of these testings are extremely cruel and require thousands of animals to suffer. According to Humane Society International, there is a test called “Development Toxicity” which requires one thousand three hundred rats. In this test a pregnant female rat is exposed, usually by forcefeeding...
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...Position Paper – The Pros and Cons of Animal Experimentation The Pros and Cons of Animal Experimentation Animal research has had a major role in many scientific and medical advances. It has both its advantages and disadvantages. “Moreover,” animal experimentation is an extremely controversial subject that has divided people into a group that either support animal testing or oppose it all together, and another that advocates the use of alternatives. There are many pros and cons when it comes to this subject. People all over the world have different opinions on weather animal lab testing is humane and necessary. Animal experimentation is unethical due to the practice of animal torture and suffering, animal choice and death of these animals. Animal experimentation (noun): any type of experiment performed on living animals, especially in order to test the effects of chemical compounds such as new drugs, cosmetics, food additives and pesticides (Animal experimentation, 2001). All over the world, people think differently on whether animal experimentation is an appropriate way to test medicines and products. Each year in the United States, an estimated 70 million animals are maimed, blinded, scalded, force-fed chemicals, genetically manipulated, and otherwise hurt and killed in the name of science, by private institutions, household product and cosmetics companies, government agencies, educational institutions, and scientific centers. Substances we use every day, such...
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...Introduction IgG is an antibody probe that has an affinity for binding specifically to the IgG protein antigen. The research goal was to identify how closely the IgG of the tested species are related. This was accomplished by examining how goat IgG, specific for goat protein, responded to the same protein from cows, pigs, rats, and humans, and it was determined which animals have the most similar antigen binding reactions. The variability in each animal’s IgG protein was revealed by the level of affinity that the anti-goat IgG probe had for the species tested. Since the variability in each animal’s proteins is due to their genetic coding sequence this study clarified which species have the most similar genetic code. Immunoglobulins are the antigen-recognition molecules of B cells and are used as the main effector function in adaptive immunity. (Janeways, 2001) Their are five major immunoglobulin classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM and all five Ig classes are present in mammals and are produced from B lymphocytes as part of the immune response system. (Urich, 1994) IgG antibodies are large molecules, having a total molecular weight of 150kDa, composed of two heavy (H) peptide chains weighing approximately 50kDa and two light (L) peptide chains approximately 25kDa. (Janeways, 2001). The region of Light and Heavy chains connected by a disulfide bond makes up the Fragment antigen binding (Fab) structure, while the remaining Heavy chain region is referred to as the...
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...RESEARCH ARTICLE CRITIQUE Biomedical Science Brief summary The article selected for this paper is “A study into the potential role of Survivin localisation in resistance to drug-induced apoptosis” written by Helen Angell. The paper is about the role of an anti-apoptotic factor from the class of caspases. The subcellular localisation of surviving can play important role in the therapy of breast cancer. Cancer is an abnormal process in which the cellular apoptosis is inhibited. Survivin is a protein known to regulate cell division and apoptosis. Chemotherapy in cancer patients in targeted to induce apoptosis. Surviving has been known to be localised in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cells. The main therapeutic role of Survivin comes from the fact that the sensitivity of the breast cancer cells to chemotherapy is increased in its presence within the nucleus. Description of the methods and techniques used Various methods have been used by the author. All lab-based methods are used for the determination of localisation and presence of the protein in the cell. • The fourth method used is tissue culture, for the purpose of over expression the protein in the selected cells. • Second method subcellular fractionation was done for the separation of the cellular components. • Immunoblotting was chosen...
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...products and ingredients on animals in an effort to assure safety for consumers. The FDA “urges cosmetic manufacturers to conduct whatever tests are appropriate to establish that their cosmetics are safe”, but “does not specifically mandate animal testing for cosmetic safety.” The issue that is being raised is it ethical to harm an animal for the sake of marketing a new cosmetic product. Facts: Every year, an estimated 70 million animals are maimed or killed for cosmetic testing in the US alone, and nearly $12 billion taxpayer dollars are spent yearly on the practice. Labs that use mice, rats, birds, reptiles and amphibians are exempted from the minimal protections under the Animal Welfare Act (AWA). The AWA authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to promulgate standards and other requirements governing the humane handling, housing, care, treatment, and transportation of certain animals by dealers, research facilities, exhibitors, carriers, and intermediate handlers. The AWA defines animal to mean “any live or dead dog, cat, monkey (nonhuman...
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