...Leukemia Description: Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow. Types of leukemia- acute or chronic: Acute leukemia gets worse very fast and may make you feel sick right away. Chronic leukemia gets worse slowly and may not cause symptoms for years. And Lymphocytic or myelogenous: lymphocytic affects the white blood cells called lymphocytes and myelogenous affects the white blood cells called myelocytes. Sign and symptoms: fever/ night sweats, headaches, bruising/bleeding, bone or joint pain, swollen or painful belly from enlarged spleen, swollen lymph nodes in armpit/neck/groin, gets a lot of infections, feeling very tired or weak, losing weight or not hungry. Cause: experts are unknown of the cause, but there are risks of some kinds of leukemia. The risks are exposed to large amounts of radiation, exposed to certain chemicals at work such as benzene, some type of chemotherapy to treat another cancer, Down syndrome or some other genetic problem, or smoking. Diagnosis: often found after a routine blood test. If you contain symptoms of leukemia your doctor will run a blood test to figure out what’s causing the symptoms. They may find chronic leukemia before you have symptoms. Treatments: chemotherapy- can be received by induction, consolidation, or maintenance. Also radiation therapy. If cancer gets worse they may use the system of stem cell transplant, or more chemotherapy. Prognosis: outcomes- Active disease: Leukemia is still present during...
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...Running Head: Research Critique Part 1 1 Research Critique Part 1 CLABSI in the Pediatric Oncology Population Cathy Frederick Grand Canyon University NRS-433V Introduction to Nursing Research October 11, 2015 Research Critique Part 1 2 Purpose of the Research This paper will perform a research critique on a qualitative research study published in the Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, March 2013, Vol. 34, No.3. The study was presented with contributions from multiple individuals, Dr. A. Gaur, Dr. D, Bundy, C. Gao, PhD, Dr. E. Werner, Dr. A. Billett, Dr. J. Hord, Dr. J. Siegel, Dr. D. Dickens, C. Winkle, RN., and Dr. M. Miller. The research was to identify the host and organism characteristics of the hospital-acquired condition, central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in pediatric hematology/oncology patients. Problem Statement CLABSIs increase the risk for increased mortality and morbidity, extended hospital stays, and raises the overall cost of healthcare. Children’s Hospital Association Hematology-Oncology Quality Transformation Collaborative Project (CHAHQTCP), was a qualitative research project that began on November 1, 2009 and ended July 31, 2011. This project was initiated to identify the contributing factors to blood stream infections (BSI) in pediatric hematology patients. The goal of this research was to reduce CLABSIs by 50%. To be included, the CLABSI needed occur 48 hours after being hospitalized or...
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...The Challenges of an Engineer April 15, 2010 Name Department of Electrical Engineering University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 Name April 14, 2010 ELCT 361 ABET Paper The Challenges of an Engineer As technology gets more advanced, there is a higher need for power. Even though we are in a recession, the demand for power has not decreased as much as most areas. Of course there are power plants present and specifically placed in certain locations, but there are other factors that needed to be taken into account. One of these factors is how the power is going to be delivered to the upcoming businesses. The answer to this question is power lines. Power lines are one of the cheapest was to deliver power across a distance. They are connected to tall posts which are convenient for the business and the power company. The heights at which they are located are far enough above ground that there is less noise and interference. Things such as builds or walls interfere with the electric and magnetic field that is being given off by the power lines. The problem really affects cities the most. In most major cities such as New York, there is no land to really build on so much business and homes build up. This is quite apparent because New York houses some of the world’s tallest buildings. One of which is the Empire State Building. Aside from this, the power companies still have to run and deliver power to the homes and businesses. The problem is the health problems...
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...* What Is a Blood Disorder? Bottom of Form Blood disorders are physical conditions that prevent the normal function of blood in the body. A disorder may involve factors that interfere with the production of the individual components found in the blood, such as hemoglobin or blood proteins. The nature of a blood disorder may also include situations where the blood does not coagulate properly, or the blood cells themselves are malformed or infected. There is a wide range of blood diseases known today. Anemia is one of the more common examples of a blood disorder. Sometimes referred to as tired blood, a person who is anemic is likely to have a lack of proteins and other elements in the blood. As a result, the blood cannot carry the needed nutrients to various parts of the body and the individual is likely to feel fatigued more often. Over time, anemia can also have a negative impact on the emotions, as the blood is unable to supply proper nutrition to the brain for the production of chemicals that help to maintain an even mood. Sickle cell anemia is one of the more serious types of anemic blood disorder. In addition to fatigue, a person suffering with this disorder is also likely to experience a great deal of pain. The pain may be localized in one part of the body or migrate to different areas throughout the course of the day. Ad Hemophilia is another relatively common blood disorder. Hemophiliacs suffer with a condition in which the blood lacks the normal ability to coagulate...
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...Christina Freeman PUBH 6145 Epidemiology in the News The Atlanta Journal Constitution article “Study: cell phone-brain cancer link inconclusive” (Jordans, 2010) a major international study into the link between cell phone use and two types of brain cancer has proved inconclusive, according to a report due to be published in a medical journal Tuesday. A ten year survey of almost 13,000 participants found most cell phone use didn't increase the risk of developing meningioma — a common and frequently benign tumor — or glioma — a rarer but deadlier form of cancer. There were suggestions that excessive usage of cell phones can cause brain cancer. Researchers also looked at the effects of using handsfree devices during calls or the risk of having cell phones in a pocket or next to the bed. Cell phones beam radio-frequency energy that can penetrate the brain's outer edge, raising questions about cancers of the head and neck, brain tumors or leukemia. Most research has found no risk, but a few studies have raised questions. While U.S. health officials insist the evidence shows no real reason for concern, they don't give the phones a definitive clean bill of health, either, pending long-term data on slow-growing cancers. The authors acknowledged possible inaccuracies in the survey from the fact that participants were asked to remember how much and on which ear they used their mobiles over the past decade. The authors said further investigation is necessary before they can conclude...
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...Epidemiology NUR 408 October5, 2015 Epidemiology Epidemiology is the basic principle of public health. According to Hilfinger Messias, McKeown, and Adams (2012, p. 255 ), “Epidemiology has been defined as the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states, and the application of this knowledge to control the health problems” (Porta, 2008, p 81). The goal of epidemiology is optimal health for the entire community. It is important to remember that health does not merely mean medical treatment for specific diseases, but also assurance of available services and development and implementation of policies and programs to meet the needs of the population as a whole. Descriptive epidemiology is the study of the “association of health events to person, place, and time” (Stroup, D. & Thacker, S., 2009, p. 262). Analytical epidemiology studies the causes and risk factors of health events. In order to evaluate the health events in a population, both descriptive and analytical epidemiology are important (Stroup, D. & Thacker, S., 2009). Three categories of data sources commonly used in epidemiologic studies including surveillance data, census data, and vital records, data collected for other purposes, and epidemiologic data (Hilfinger Messias, McKeown, and Adams 2012). The epidemiological triangle is composed of three elements of disease, and includes...
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...and other chemicals * Drinking excess alcohol * Environmental toxins, such as certain poisonous mushrooms and a type of poison that can grow on peanut plants (aflatoxins) * Excessive sunlight exposure * Genetic problems * Obesity * Radiation * Viruses However, the cause of many cancers remains unknown. The most common cause of cancer-related death is lung cancer. Some cancers are more common in certain parts of the world. For example, in Japan, there are many cases of stomach cancer, but in the United States, this type of cancer is pretty rare. Differences in diet may play a role. Some other types of cancers include: * Brain cancer * Cervical cancer * Hodgkin's lymphoma * Kidney cancer * Leukemia * Liver cancer * Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma * Ovarian cancer * Skin cancer * Testicular cancer * Thyroid cancer * Uterine cancer Symptoms Symptoms of cancer depend on the type and location of the cancer. For example, lung cancer can cause coughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain. Colon cancer often causes diarrhea, constipation, and blood in the stool. Some cancers may not have any...
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...Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V 11/23/13 “In 1895 varicella infection (chickenpox) was not reliably distinguished from smallpox until the end of the 19th century. The first vaccine to reduce the risk of herpes zoster was licensed in May 2006.” (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013) Chickenpox is a highly infectious childhood disease. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox, and also shingles. When infected with chickenpox the most well-known symptom are the skin lesions present that appear on the torso then spreading to the rest of the body in rapidly, can take a couple of hours. The skin lesions that are present occur in the stages of macule, vesicle, and granular scabs, the size varies from one to four mm. It only takes a few hours for the first step, macule lesions to spread from the torso which is where the most of the fluid filled vesicles are seen, then to the rest of the body such as the mucous membranes, arms, legs, mouth, head, upper respiratory tract, vaginal/penis areas, and even the conjunctivae/ cornea. The vesicle stage of chickenpox happens when the lesions which resemble blisters can appear raised or depressed in appearance, and the third stage occurs when the blisters open, then dry and become scabs. Approximately by the third day of having chickenpox it is common to see all three of the different stages of vesicles at the same time. The skin lesions commonly two hundred to five hundred are referred to as one crop, with chicken pox...
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...Pathophysiology of cellulitis in adults. Cellulitis, a bacterial infection of the skin and underlying tissue, is a common presentation to Emergency Departments (ED). The clinical spectrum of presentation can vary from local inflammation to diffuse inflammation involving a whole limb, to more severe, even life threatening presentations of necrotizing fascitis and associated sepsis. The rationale for choosing this condition is to enable me to efficiently differentiate between those cases that require immediate medical or surgical intervention and treatment and those that can be managed effectively as an outpatient, and to gain a keen understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition. The terms cellulitis and erysipelas are often used interchangeably and current usage tends to regard erysipelas as a form of cellulitis rather than a separate entity, making clear distinction difficult (Hay 2004, Kilburn et al 2010). Erysipelas affects the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, with distinctly raised lesions and clear lines of demarcation between involved and uninvolved tissue. Cellulitis extends more deeply, involving the deeper dermis and subcutaneous fat and lacks the distinctive anatomical features of erysipelas. For the purpose of this essay I will be using the term ‘cellulitis’ to refer to both conditions. This essay will endeavor to discuss the incidence, its clinical presentation, risk factors, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology and classification according...
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...Although, cancer is the third cause of death in Iran, it`s mortality are on the rise during recent decades. This mini-review was carried out to provide a general viewpoint on common cancers incidence in Iran and to explain incidental differences that may help us to establish early detection programs and investigate population risk factors. A detailed PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar search were made from 2000 to 2009. The basic inclusion criteria were all relevant studies focused on cancer epidemiological data from Iran. Overall age-standard incidence rate per 100 000 population according to primary site is 110.43 in males and 98.23 in females. The five most common cancers (except skin cancer) are stomach, esophagus, colon-rectum, bladder and leukemia in males, and in females are breast, esophagus, stomach, colon-rectum and cervix uteri. The incidence rates of gastrointestinal cancers are high in Iran (it is one of the known areas with a high incidence of GI cancers). Breast cancer mainly affects Iranian women about a decade earlier than Western countries and younger cases are affected by an increasing rate of colorectal cancer in Iran, near the Western rates. Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 13, Number 2, 2010: 143 – 146. Keywords: Common cancer ● incidence ●Iran ● risk factors Introduction ran, which is located in southwest Asia, is in an epidemiologic transition and faces the double burden of diseases. The demographic and epidemiological transition that is underway will have...
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...Scientists can study the disease’s epidemiology, to find the underlying causes and risk factors that are associated with the disease. Also by the study of molecular epidemiology, researchers can analyze cellular and molecular characteristics to find out the reasons why people suffer from certain disease. Another alternative is to study patients over an extended period of time to see if prescribed diet or change in sedentary (sitting) lifestyle have an impact in the disease. For example a patient with heart problem could be prescribed a low fat diet and regular exercise to slow down the disease. Lastly, the use of In- Vitro Testing. This is testing done with cell culture techniques; they can be stem cells to mimic a particular tissue, such as skin or can be human tissue. If done, no more rabbits would suffer from Draize testing or other testing,...
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...Cancer Brian Street COM/172 12/01/2011 Don Glaze Cancer The definition of cancer can best be described as the uncontrolled growth cell in the human body. Cancer cells are also called malignant cells. Cancer grows out of normal cells in the body, which normal cells multiply when the body needs them, they die when the body doesn’t need them anymore. Cancer appears to occur when the growth of a cell in the body is out of control and the cell or cells divide too quickly. This can also occur when the cell forgets how to die. Cancer can acquire itself within any one of any age and at any time. It doesn’t matter whether it is a new born infant or if someone is in their teens or if someone is in their elderly stages of life. The approximate percentage of people diagnosed with cancer is about 1 in 3 people. This number is very staggering and very real and unfortunate. The U.S. alone back in 2008 was 0.47% about ½ of 1 percent. Now in the U.S. this number has increased dramatically. With everyday more and more people are being diagnosed with different types of cancer. There are so many types of cancer and causes of cancer. Some of the most common causes are: drinking excessively, too much exposure to the sun, obesity, and many types of viruses. Even though there are many causes of getting cancer so many remain unknown. One of the most commonly known cancer is Lung cancer and it has the highest death rate among the types of cancer. Different types of cancer occur in men than women...
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...Proceedings of the International Conference on Non-Ionizing Radiation at UNITEN (ICNIR 2003) Electromagnetic Fields and Our Health 20th – October 2003 22nd Recent Research on Mobile Phones Effects Dr. Abdullah AlOrainy Inst. of Electronics Research, KACST P. O. Box: 230471, Riyadh 11321, Saudi Arabia E-mail: alorainy@kacst.edu.sa ABSTRACT The use of mobile phones always accompanied by the issue of health implications for human. Previous research studies show no evidence of the impacts of mobile phones to human health. New studies suggest that mobile radiation might double the risk of developing cancer on the side of the head used, increase brain activity, can cause damage to nerves around ears and, more importantly, damages the BBB. Also new research shows that biological effects are possible without any warming of tissues which impose of the current radiation exposure levels. KEYWORDS Mobile Radiation, Health Effects INTRODUCTION There are now about 1 Billion mobile phones in use worldwide, and it is expected to reach 1.6B lines by year 2005. In many countries, penetration rates of more than %50 has been reached. At present, there are approximately 4.5 million GSM subscribers in Saudi Arabia and STC has commissioned Ericsson and Nokia to expand its GSM network to 5.5 million lines (~ %20 penetration rate). This wide use of mobile technology have often raise the question about if there are health implications for human. In fact, there are conflicting reports relating to possible...
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...malignant tumors which spread throughout the body (Straub, 2012). Though some cancers can be caused by lifestyle choices and others have a stronger genetic component, none discriminates. Cancer can affect every gender, age, culture and ethnicity (Straub, 2012). Though HIV/AIDS can also be found throughout the population, the way that it is acquired is much different than cancer which cannot be passed from person to person (Straub, 2012). The paper will cover the immune surveillance model of cancer in psychoneuroimmunology and address how it compares to the biphasic model. We will also explore the effects of psychosocial factors on cancer and HIV/AIDS, specifically strategies for coping and stress management in cancer patients as well as the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. According to Straub (2012), cancers can be divided into four types. The first and most common of these are carcinomas, which make up about 85 percent of all cancer that is diagnosed in adults (Straub, 2012). This type of cancer attack epithelial cells or the inner and outer surfaces of the body including the major organs and the skin (Straub, 2012). Because this accounts for such a large amount of the body it is no surprise that this is the most common cancer type. Second are sarcomas, which affect the muscles, bones and cartilage and account for only two percent of adult cancers (Straub, 2012). Next is lymphomas, which include cancers such as Hodgkin ’s disease, affecting the lymphatic system, specifically the lymph nodes...
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...ÚVOD Sjögrenův syndrom (SS) je chronickým zánětlivým onemocněním, při němž jsou výrazně postiženy exokrinní žlázy, což způsobuje narušení žlázového parenchymu, které vede ke ztrátě funkčnosti postižených žláz. SS je jedním z nejčastějších autoimunitních onemocnění (Manthorpe, 1999). Příčiny vzniku tohoto syndromu nejsou dosud známé, nicméně se pravděpodobně jedná o kombinace několika faktorů, např. poruchy funkce lymfocytů, apoptózy či genetické mutace. HISTORIE První případ příznaků nemoci, dnes známé jako Sjögrenův syndrom, byl popsán v roce 1882, německým fyzikem Theodorem Leberem. Ve 30. letech 20. století pak Henrik Sjögren publikoval svou studii, ve které popsal a pojmenoval projevy onemocnění jako syndrom suchého oka neboli keratoconjunktivitis sicca. S přispěním Williama Morgana a Benjamina Castlemana byla Sjörgenova práce v 60. letech znovuobjevena. Od té doby je neustále rozšiřována o další poznatky. Stále však není zcela jasné, co tento syndrom vyvolává (Wallace, 2005). SYNDROM Sjögrenův syndrom je chronickým zánětlivým onemocněním s výrazným postižením exokrinních žláz, zejména slinných a slzných, dále velkých i drobných žlázek trávicího, respiračního, urogenitálního a kožního ústrojí a dalších žláz (Miller, 2011). Mohou být ale poškozeny i neexokrinní orgány a také se může jednat o projevy dalších onemocnění, například revmatologické příznaky. Choroba vede k částečné či úplné destrukci žlázového parenchymu, a tím ke ztrátě funkcí postižených žláz. Může být vyvolána...
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