...Comment on the factors that affect fertility Fertility: the number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15-49 in 1 year. It is also the average number of children each woman in a population will bear. In some areas, for example in LEDC countries (Kenya), children are economic assets. Having more children provides a family with more “hands” or people to work and produce for the family. Therefore, children are seen as “producers” rather than “consumers”. By having more children this means the family have more people to help produce and make money for the family, possibly on the farms helping to grow crops, for example. This gives the family more potential to improve their quality of life where they live as more children leads to more income for the family. This is why women are more likely to have more children, as they are economic assets. This may lead to high fertility rates in this area, as more children are likely to be born for economic purposes. On the other hand, fertility rates may be affected if children are now economic burdens. This has become the case in MEDC countries, for example Italy, due to industrialization. People have moved into the cities to gain jobs, however in cities there is less space to rear children, as the housing is often smaller and more expensive. The length of time children spend in education also makes them more expensive, as does the cost of childcare. This means that children are now economic burdens in MEDC countries, which leads to...
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...demography departments.[2] Formal demography limits its object of study to the measurement of populations processes, while the broader field of social demography population studies also analyze the relationships between economic, social, cultural and biological processes influencing a population.[3] The term demographics refers to characteristics of a population. Contents * 1 Methods * 1.1 Direct methods * 1.2 Indirect methods * 2 Common Rates and Ratios * 3 Basic equation * 4 History * 4.1 Science of population * 5 See also * 6 Notes * 7 Further reading * 8 External links Methods There are two types of data collection — direct and indirect — with several different methods of each type. Direct methods Direct data come from vital statistics registries that track all births and deaths as well as certain changes in legal status such as marriage, divorce, and migration (registration of place of residence). In developed countries with good registration systems (such as the United States and much of Europe), registry statistics are the best method...
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...Assignment 2 – Part 1 MKTG127 DEMOGRAPHIC FUNDAMENTALS A.) I.) Briefly discuss the projection methods used by each organisation. After thorough analysis of the population projections created by the Australian Intergenerational Report, the United Nations (UN), the World Bank (WB), US Census Bureau (USCB), IIASA- INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE for Applied Systems Analysis, and the Population Reference Bureau (PRB), it is highly apparent that each organisation employs the cohort-component method in terms of the development of their population projections. This can be seen as each population projection utilises the grouping of cohorts to update the age and sex specific components of population change fertility, mortality, and migration. (Idea/concept Provided from DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH, VOLUME 4, ARTICLE 8, PAGES 203-288 PUBLISHED 13 JUNE 2001). However it is evident that each organisation also has subtle variations within their form of the cohort-component method in comparison to each other. These are only subtle differences such as Different age grouping. ii. Compare and contrast the main characteristics of the long term population projections produced by the UN, the WB, USCB, IIASA and PRB (mention at least two points for each organisation) It is highly clear that amongst all the population projections produced by the UN, the WB, USCB, IIASA and PRB that there are both similarities and differences, which occur in terms of the characteristics of each population projection...
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...Demographic transformation: the dilemma of sub-Saharan Africa Demographic transformation or transition is referred to as the process by which a country moves from high birth and high death rates to low birth and low death rates with population growth in the interim. The demographic transition model is comprised of 5 stages. The Sub- Saharan African region is believed to be still in stage 1, which refers to having high death rates and high fertility rates (birth rates) although the condition is far better than it was just a few years back. The demographic transition started in European populations living in Europe and elsewhere around 1880 and at present, almost all developing countries have entered the demographic transformation, i.e. mortality rates are declining and fertility rates follow. It was believed that countries in Sub-Saharan Africa will also follow the same pattern. But the demographic transformation has taken the speed of a slug in this part of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa mostly consists of countries regarded as underdeveloped or developing and is part of the so-called Third World. Third World countries share many characteristics but at the continental level they are not the same. For instance, sub-Saharan Africa is sparsely populated, in contrast to South and East Asia, and it is much less urbanized than Latin America. It stands out amidst the other major regions of the Third World for having the slowest rate of economic growth in recent years: an average annual...
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...population growth has been the implementation of voluntary family planning programs that provide information about, and access to, contraceptives. In the developing world, 137 million women who don't want to get pregnant are not practicing contraception (United Nations, 2007). The key cause of this unmet need for contraception is that contraception is often quite costly to individuals in terms of commodities (pills, condoms, Intrauterine devices (IUDs) etc.), transportation, and provider fees for contraceptives and health care services, even when subsidies are provided by the government. Therefore, this paper seeks to discuss whether family planning programmes are obsolete and alternative programmes must be derived in amelioration of high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. It will start by defining key terms that will be used in the discussion, and discuss possible...
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...Health, Vol. 16, No. 3, November 2003, 318 – 327 COMMUNITY-RELATED ISSUES A Conceptual Model for Empowerment of the Female Community Health Volunteers in Nepal SARALA SHRESTHA Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal ABSTRACT Context: The existing top-down approach of the training is not appropriate to empower the community health volunteers to produce a sustainable change in their performance. Objective: To propose a conceptual model that relies on Freire’s theory of empowerment education and the participatory action research methodology to empower the female community health volunteers (FCHVs) to increase their consciousness, competence and confidence in performing their job responsibilities. Method: The model explains the empowerment phenomenon as a process and outcome. As a process it occurs in the form of repeated reinforcement cycles with alternating activities of action and reflection and includes developing awareness, skills and confidence among FCHVs through small group activities. As an outcome, it results in the change in FCHVs’ performance in increasing contraceptive acceptance among the rural women of reproductive age group. Conclusion: It is hoped that empowerment of FCHVs will bring sustainable change in their performance and will consequently produce notable improvement in the health of women and children in particular and in the community in general. KEYWORDS Empowerment, community health volunteer, participatory action...
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...Yes To preserve mental health Yes Rape or incest No Foetal impairment No Economic or social reasons No Available on request No Additional requirements: Third-party authorization by a medical professional is required. The legal period allowed is 120 days and the woman’s consent is required. Government view on fertility level: Too high Government intervention concerning fertility level: To lower Government policy on contraceptive use: Direct support provided Percentage of currently married women using modern contraception (aged 15-49, 1988): 31 Total fertility rate (1995-2000): 3.2 Age-specific fertility rate (per 1,000 women aged 15-19, 1995-2000): 25 Government has expressed particular concern about: Morbidity and mortality resulting from induced abortion Yes Complications of childbearing and childbirth Yes Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births, 1990): National 80 South-eastern Asia 440 Female life expectancy at birth (1995-2000): 74.3 Under the former language of section 312 of the Penal Code of Malaysia, which was in effect until 1989, the...
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...years. The 2003 total fertility rate in the country remains at 3.5 children per woman, much higher than the desired fertility rate of 2.5 children per woman. The contraceptive prevalence rate has increased gradually from 15.4 (1996) to 48.9% (NDHS, 2003) in 35 years. There are about 3 to 4 million women getting pregnant every year. In developing countries, about 85% of all pregnancies are expected to progress full term. The National Demographic and Health Survey of 2003 revealed that about 44% of women got pregnant with their first child at ages 20-24 and 6.1% at ages 15-19. The FP unmet needs had declined from 26.2% in 1993 to 17.3 in 2003 with a physiologic process, the health sector aims to make pregnancy for the women and gestation for the fetus as safe and medically uneventful as far as possible. The high fertility rate coincides with the low contraceptive prevalence rate of 47.3% among all Filipino women of reproductive age (15-49 yrs old) and 70.6% among married women. The highest percentage of using contraceptives belongs to the 35-39 age group and the 15-19 years old have the lowest percentage of ever using any contraceptive method. Among currently married women in 2003, it was found that 48.8% use any form of contra captive method and 51.1 do not use any form of contraceptive method at all. Of all the currently married women who use any form of contraception, 33.45% use any modern method of contraception and 15.5% use any traditional method of contraception. ...
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...Mathematics plays an important role to real life. As one saying goes “Life started from erection to resurrection “. The quotation simply implies that life started when God planned someone to have life until He want it back to Him. Mathematics evolves with life. When life exists, math also starts. This the reason why we should teach mathematics. As the couple live together, they may plan to have or not to have yet a child. Taking into consideration their biological capabilities of having a child. They may also opt to have a male or a female offspring by natural method. This plan can be realize through natural family planning. We know the fact that this natural method is the safe method and relates to a woman’s fertility. According to one recent study, if the conception happened before the peak of the fertility of a woman, there is a big chance of having a baby boy while if the conception is after the peak of fertility, expect for a baby girl. Looking back into the phenomena, mathematics is very much involved. As the baby meets the world, parents look into the baby’s physical and health development. As the baby starts to utter words, parents were excited to let the child say one, two and many more. The parents at home start teaching the child to reason out, learn to count and learn some basic skills to deal with life. In school, we enhance and develop that basic learning. We teachers as agent of learning much be equipped with math. A simple assessment of learning needs...
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...What is Demography? Demography is the scientific study of human population, including its size, distribution, composition, and the factors that determine changes in its size, distribution, and composition. Objects: Dynamic VS Static Demographic Focuses 1. Size: the number of population in a given areas at a given time. 2. Distribution: population dispersion in geographic space at a given time. 3. Composition: the number of person in sex, age, and other “demographic” categories. 4. Population dynamics: birth, death, and migration. 5. Socioeconomic determinants and consequences of population change --- Population Study. Population Characteristics Population has three compositions (in terms of static): natural composition: by age and sex spatial composition: by province and by urban-rural areas social composition: by marital status, educational status, nationalities, working status, etc. Accordingly, population has three changes (in terms of dynamics): natural change: birth and death migration change: emigration and immigration social change: marriage and divorce, enrollment and drop out Population dynamics affects the population composition. Population composition can be expressed at a point of time, which was called time-point index; Population change can be expressed within duration of time, which was called period index. The Feature of Demography Demography is rarely found as an independent academic...
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...developed plans to encourage population control and decreased fertility rates. I will not go into the specifics of these plans here, as I will be examining them in detail in my presentation next week. However, I will say that population control in Third World nations have become an essential component of public policy, and have taken on many forms around the world. However, it seems possible that we are all jumping the gun. What if the population explosion is a self-correcting problem? There is some evidence that global fertility rates are naturally declining, even in areas without family planning and population control. Could the improved health and education in many countries be achieving this goal without specific population control measures? Or else, are changes in the environment simply lowering human’s fertility? In addition, some people argue that it doesn’t matter how whether the population is exploding. There are those proponents of the “tech-fix,” who believe that human ingenuity is capable of dealing with any human population, and therefore the population explosion is not a problem. Malthusians are faced with many opponents in the modern day, and it does not seem to be likely that experts will reach a consensus on the danger of population growth any time through. However, I am not sure that this should put an end to the notion of family planning and population control. Voluntary, moderate population control methods are still desirable for several reasons, including public...
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...Turkish and Kurdish Fertility in Turkey: New Statistical Evidence for Convergence Word Count: 3,528 Number of Tables: 5 Number of Figures: 4 Running Head: Turkish and Kurdish Fertility in Turkey Abstract The purpose of this quantitative study was to present and discuss statistical evidence for the convergence of Turkish and Kurdish fertility rates in the Republic of Turkey. Linear regression and other statistical methods were utilized in order to illustrate convergence, which was theorized as (a) resulting from the delayed exposure of Turkey’s Kurds to the dynamics of modernization and (b) providing compelling evidence against the claim that Turks and Kurds belong to fundamentally different demographic regimes. One important form of divergence between these populations—bride’s age at first marriage—was acknowledged and related to a potential change in sexual economics among Turkish Kurds. Keywords: Turkish fertility; Kurdish fertility; Turkish fertility transition Turkish and Kurdish Fertility in Turkey: New Statistical Evidence for Convergence Introduction Although the overall fertility rate for Turkey has declined precipitously as part of the country’s demographic transition, perhaps the earliest in the Muslim Middle East (Angin & Shorter, 1998), there is a well-documented disparity between the fertility rates of ethnic Turkish and ethnic Kurdish women in Turkey (Işık & Pınarcıoğlu, 2006;...
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...Phil 140 Research Paper 18 December 2011 Population Control On October 31, 2011, the world acknowledged its 7th billion inhabitant. This number has doubled in just forty years (Worldometer). Some think it is clear that overpopulation is a major problem for today’s society. There are countries that enforce public population control and others yet who still have no official action plan to counteract the issue. Perhaps this is because not everyone sees overpopulation as a large issue. Is it the duty of the state to determine a woman’s right to bear children, or to force unwanted contraceptives in an effort to control population levels? For some, this is how their government rules. The imbalance of births over deaths around the world may show a potential problem with overpopulation; however population control is not moral. The world has a natural cycle; birth, life, then finally death. This process is repeated over and over again every minute of the day. When the number of births exceeds that of deaths, the circumstance is referred to as overpopulation. There are approximately 190 countries in the world, and according to the Overpopulation Index published in 2010, only 77 of those are considered overpopulated, many only by a fraction (World Atlas). Singapore is ranked number one, China is ranked number twenty nine, followed by the United States ranked as number thirty five. In the United States, the Constitution and Bill of Rights grants citizens many privileges such as...
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...women (6.1 million) that range in the ages of 15-44 have fertility issues. But infertility isn’t just a woman’s problem. One-third of all infertility issues are due to issues with the man. One of those is called Azoospermia. In a normal male, the testicles in the scrotum produce sperm that flows through the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal ducts. Sperm mixes with fluid in the seminal ducts to form semen. Azoospermia is a condition where there are no sperm in the semen. Non-obstructive Azoospermia refers to abnormal sperm production and obstructive Azoospermia refers to normal sperm production with some sort of obstruction. Many years ago there wasn’t much hope for those with non-obstructive Azoospermia as it was thought they would never be able to conceive a child. Luckily with advancements in testing and diagnostic procedures it is now known that there is an equal chance of the capability of both non-obstructive and obstructive Azoospermia men to conceive child through IVF treatments. What is the treatment for Azoospermia? Is there hope for those men with Azoospermia? Does the diagnosis of Azoospermia rule out the chances of ever conceiving a child? Although diagnostic testing, treatment, surgery, and ultimately IVF may be emotionally and financially draining, the outlook for men with infertility problems is increasingly looking better. There are many factors that can affect the fertility of a man. They can range from environmental factors which...
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...pharmaceutical contraceptive measures. What is Natural Family Planning? Often, a couple may want to engage in sexual intercourse (extensively) and at the same time avoid pregnancy. In cases such as these a number of strategies are employed specifically to this end. The term contraception literally means "against conception", so contraceptive measures either prevent pregnancy from occurring or prevent it from progressing after it has occurred. Needless to say, there are profound implications at many levels when addressing contraceptive issues. Without a doubt, contraceptive strategies are in widespread use, and even considered to be mainstream in many places. Contraceptive measures are classified as being behavioral, barrier, or chemical methods. Behavioral methods are the subject of this lesson. The various artificial forms of barrier and chemical strategies directed toward contraception, pertaining to the most common use of that term, is the subject matter for the next lesson. In some cultures and in some religious traditions, the use of artificial chemical or barrier contraceptive or birth control measures is considered to be contrary to the dignity of both women and men, and therefore to be avoided. Many persons incorrectly assume that this is a religious issue when, in fact, it is not. For example, many women insist upon natural childbirth, rather than using analgesia such as an epidural. Is the woman who opts for an epidural to manage the pain of...
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