...Do you know why the Blackfoot Indians are called Blackfoot? The Blackfoot Indians were a plains tribe that gathered for survival. The Blackfoot tribe adjusted to the land all year round and followed the animals. The Blackfoot tribe was a tribe of American Indians that spoke their own languages and used their surroundings for everything they needed. The Blackfoot people used a lot of different types of weapons. One was the spear, the spear was used for hunting and less war. The spear could be thrown or used in up close combat. The tomahawk was a tool but also used as a weapon, sometimes had a spike on the back. War clubs were hammer like pieces of rock on a stick. Instead of rocks sometimes pointed sticks were used also. The woman in the Blackfoot tribe used the war hammers to crush up herbs for use in foods. Knives these knives were made of flint or stone with bone handles. Bolas are braided rope with rocks tied on the end and is used in small game hunting for the bola to wrap around the legs of an...
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...THE NATIVE AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE Introduction: Listed below are perspectives attributable to the Indians of the Plains and the American Southwest through the 19th century. Some of these perspectives may be appropriate to other Native American tribes within North America. 1. The Pueblo culture is characterized by collectivistic, ritual emphasis under priestly direction. 2. The Plains Indians emphasize individual self-realization through aggressive fighting against outsiders and hallucinatory vision experiences. 3. The Pueblo Indians were gardeners, the Navaho practiced pastoralism, and the Plains Indians were hunter/gatherers depending on the buffalo for survival. The Comanche later engaged in horse herding. 4. Pueblo Indians reside in compact masonry villages with communal land ownership and ownership restricted to the privilege of use. The Navaho lived in widely dispersed hogans or lodges. The Plains Indians lived in tipis that could be easily disassembled and moved. 5. The Plains Indians treated the hunting grounds a public domain. Some tribes engaged in communal sharing of killed animals, particularly for the elderly, the infirm, and the wives of hunters who brought back nothing. 6. Trade was essential to survival. The Navaho traded in wood and wool, the Pueblo in maize, and the Plains Indians in tobacco, meat, and skins. 7. The Pueblo were noted for pottery making, the Navaho for weaving, the Plains Indians for buffalo hides...
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...Indigenous Theater The Rituals The native Filipino beliefs are central to gods and deities, who controls forces of nature, the passages of all living things and the vital activities of the tribe. And to communicate to gods special mediums are to be used. The babaylans, tambalan, albularyo are these medium. There are many rituals but the ritual which is drama is where the shaman goes into a trance and kills the sacrificial animal common to these rituals which represent as the supplicant or humble petitioner to the gods to provide for the people. Throughout centuries rituals are known as – pag-aanito, anituan, anito-baylan, bunong, pagdidiwata and a host of other indigenous lexis. Rituals are used for variety of reasons. To cure sickness, for a bountiful harvest, rites of passage, marriage and a host of other reasons, all involve carrying out sacrifices, chants, prayers, offerings that aims to appease, please the higher being. If these rituals do not get the sick cured, they do not deserve to get well. The Aeta of Florida Blanca has a ritual where a shaman dances to “scare” away sickness. The sick sit on the grounds in rows covered in red cloth as the gitada (guitar) plays and the manganito (priest) dance frighten the sickness causing spirits away with bolos or offers them food in banana leaf to leave the infirm. Towards the end of the dance, the long red cloth is pulled symbolizing the “departure” of the spirit. Rituals connected to harvest usually involve killing...
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...Heritage Assessment Grand Canyon University Family Centered Health Promotion 03.20.2016 Kristine Matteson In healthcare there is ethnic and cultural diversity in our patient population. Healthcare workers consider the cultural and ethnic backgrounds while interacting and treating a patient. As nurses we have the responsibility of being culturally competent. This allows us to integrate cultural health related beliefs in treatment plans and allows us to bridge any gaps between cultural and ethnic health maintenance, protection and restoration beliefs. Many of these health related beliefs come from a person’s heritage. Culture and heritage are terms that are similar and can be used interchangeably. Culture refers to “the learned and shared beliefs, values, and life ways of a group that are generally transmitted from one generation to the next and influence people's thoughts and actions.” (Smith, 2009, pg. 272) Heritage is defined as “something inherited at birth, such as personal characteristics, status, and possessions or anything that has been transmitted from the past or handed down by tradition.” (Webster, n.d) This paper focuses on the interview and assessment of three families from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds using the Heritage assessment tool...
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...historical influences that shaped it through the centuries. The dramatic forms that flourished and continue to flourish among the different peoples of the archipelago include: the indigenous theater, mainly Malay in character, which is seen in rituals, mimetic dances, and mimetic customs; the plays with Spanish influence, among which are the komedya, the sinakulo, the playlets, the sarswela, and the drama; and the theater with Anglo-American influence, which encompasses bodabil and the plays in English, and the modern or original plays by Fihpinos, which employ representational and presentational styles drawn from contemporary modern theater, or revitalize traditional forms from within or outside the country. The Indigenous Theater The rituals, dances, and customs which are still performed with urgency and vitality by the different cultural communities that comprise about five percent of the country’s population are held or performed, together or separately, on the occasions of a person’s birth, baptism, circumcision, initial menstruation, courtship, wedding, sickness, and death; or for the celebration of tribal activities, like hunting, fishing, rice planting and harvesting, and going to war. In most rituals, a native priest/priestess, variously called mandadawak, catalonan, bayok, or babalyan, goes into a trance as the spirit he/she is calling upon possesses him/her. While entranced, the shaman partakes of the sacrificial offering, which may be a chicken, a pig, a carabao...
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...------------------------------------------------- Iban people From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Iban | A traditional Iban Family | Total population | c. 830,000 | Regions with significant populations | Sarawak (710,000), West Kalimantan (100,000) & Brunei (20,000) | Languages | Bahasa Iban | Religion | Christianity/Animist | Related ethnic groups | Kantu, Mualang, Semberuang, Bugau & Sebaru | The Ibans are a branch of the Dayak peoples of Borneo. In Malaysia, most Ibans are located in Sarawak, a small portion in Sabah and some in west Malaysia. They were formerly known during the colonial period by the British as Sea Dayaks. Ibans were renowned for practising headhunting and tribal/territorial expansion and had a fearsome reputation as a strong and successful warring tribe in ancient times. Since the arrival of Europeans and the subsequent colonisation of the area, headhunting gradually faded out of practice although many tribal customs, practices and language continue. The Iban population is concentrated in Sarawak, Brunei, and in the West Kalimantan region of Indonesia. They live in longhouses called rumah panjai[1]. Nowadays, most of the Iban longhouses are equipped with modern facilities such as electricity and water supply and other facilities such as (tar sealed) roads, telephone lines and the internet. Younger Ibans are mostly found in urban areas and visit their hometowns during the holidays. The Ibans today are becoming increasingly...
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...What is dance? Dance is a performance art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolicvalue, and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture.[nb 1] Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period orplace of origin. An important distinction is to be drawn between the contexts of theatrical andparticipatory dance,[4] although these two categories are not always completely separate; both may have special functions, whether social,ceremonial, competitive, erotic, martial, or sacred/liturgical. Others disciplines of human movement are sometimes said to have a dance-like quality, including martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming and many other forms of athletics. 2. What are the types/kinds of dances? Types of Dance - Categories Here are some of the most popular dance categories and types: Ballroom Dances These dances started appearing first in Italy, during the early years of Renaissance. Popularity of this kind of entertainment quickly swept over the Europe, United States and the World. Although many other simpler and more easily preformed types of dances caused the ballroom dances to lose some of their influence, modern worldwide dancing audience started resurrecting these immortal dances in ever increasing pace. • Waltz - This graceful and slow two person dance was first...
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...south. It is named after the term "i-pugo" which means "i" (from/people) and "pugo" (hill), thus it means people of the hill. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras and Banaue Rice Terraces are the main tourist attractions in the province. These 2000-year-old terraces were carved into the mountains, without the aid of machinery, they used their "bare" hands to provide level steps where the natives can plant rice. In 1995, they were declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. ------------------------------------------------- History During Spanish occupation, government was established in Kiangan. The Spanish occupation ended with the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. Ifugao used to be part of the former Mountain Province prior to its split into four separate and independent provinces. In 1905, Ifugao was made a sub-province of the old Mountain Province. Captain Pedro Bulan became the first native to become the first provincial governor. Ifugao became the center of warfare in the last year of World War II when Gen. Yamashita launched his last stand against the American and Philippine Commonwealth forces at Mount Napulawan. He informally surrendered to Captain Grisham of the 6th US Army in the Philippines based in Kiangan, Ifugao, before he was flown to Camp John Hay where he formally surrendered. ------------------------------------------------- Demographics Population census of Ifugao | Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. | 1990 | 147,281 | — | 1995 |...
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...implements. Scholars differ in their contentions of the mountain people’s ancestors, however, a prominent number supports the contention that the ancestors of the mountain people came from the South East Asia Mainland. In the process of settling down, the early inhabitants became geographically isolated from one another. The long period of isolation and adaptation to the environment gave rise to variations of culture. When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, they were able to set foot in the Cordilleras as early as 1608 but with minimal influence. They were able to establish commandancias in Benguet, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao but their stay did not last long enough to pacify the people of the hinterlands when the Americans came. When the American regime dawned upon the Cordillera wild lands, the new colonial government found the people still not pacified. The government decided to establish a separate political history for them under Act. No. 1876 of the Philippine Commission, the Mountain Province was divided into seven (7) sub provinces namely: Amburayan,...
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...Chapter 12: The African Diaspora in the Caribbean and Europe from Pre-emancipation to the Present Day by Roswith Gerloff Caribbean history of Christianity can be divided, with overlaps, into four main periods: the rather monolithic form of Spanish Catholicism from 1492, and of the Church of England from 1620; the arrival of the Evangelicals or nonconformist missionaries, Moravians, Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians from the mid-eighteenth century; consolidation and growth of various European denominations in the region in uneasy tension with the proliferation of independent black Christian groups and African religions in the post-emancipation era from 1833; the contest for political, economic and religious independence after 1870, including the shift from British Imperial intervention and influence to those from North America, and national independence after 1962. Contemporary studies in anthropology and sociology of religion speak of 'religions on the move', or the process of transmigration and transculturation, as it refers to dynamic, reciprocal, transitory and multidimensional creations in shaping a 'poly-contextual world'. This implies that religions have to be regarded as cultural and spiritual phenomena whose 'taken-for granted' essence1 has resulted from transcultural and transnational processes of mutual 1 Klaus Hock, University of Rostock, abstract for an essay on the African Christian Diaspora in Europe, January...
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...Australia. Plan. 1. Australia explained in brief 2. States and territories 3. Sistem of governement 1. Australian democracy 2. The constitution 3. The federal government and Parliament 4. State and local government 5. The judiciary 4. The wildlife and conservation 1. Wuldlife 2. Nature conservation 3. Regreening Australia 4. Education 5. International links 5. Cultural growth 1. The australia council 2. Aboriginal arts 6. Australia today 1. AUSTRALIA EXPLAINED IN BRIEF. Australia is an independent Western democracy with a population of more than 17.6 million. It is one of the world’s most urbanised countries, with about 70 per cent of the population living in the 10 largest cities. Most of the population is concentrated along the eastern seaboard and the south-eastern corner of the continent. Australia’s lifestyle reflects its mainly Western origins, but Australia is also a multicultural society which has been enriched by nearly five million settlers from almost 200 nations. Four out of 10 Australians are migrants or the first-generation children of migrants, half of them from non-English speaking backgrounds. In 1991-92, East Asia contributed 41 per cent of settler arrivals. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people totalled 265 378 at the last census, nearly 1.5 per cent of the population. Two thirds of the indigenous people live in towns and cities. Many others live in rural and remote areas, and some still have a broadly...
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...This article was downloaded by: [University of Texas El Paso] On: 09 August 2011, At: 13:50 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Bilingual Research Journal Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ubrj20 Language Learning in the American Southwestern Borderlands: Navajo Speakers and Their Transition to Academic English Literacy Gloria Dyc a a University of New Mexico-Gallup Available online: 22 Nov 2010 To cite this article: Gloria Dyc (2002): Language Learning in the American Southwestern Borderlands: Navajo Speakers and Their Transition to Academic English Literacy, Bilingual Research Journal, 26:3, 611-630 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2002.10162581 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently...
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...the townsfolk have Spanish Mixtures and Their language is referred to as Bicol or Bicolano. The Bicolano language is very fragmented, and its dialects are mutually incomprehensible to speakers of other Bicolano dialects. The majority of the Bicolano people are devout Roman Catholics due to the Spanish conquering the country and converting them to their religion. Catholic Mass is celebrated daily in many churches in the Bicol Region. ------------------------------------------------- Culture & Traits The Bicolano cuisine is primarily noted for the prominent use of chili peppers and gata (coconut milk) in its food. A classic example is the gulay na lada, known outside the region as Bicol Express, a well-loved dish using siling labuyo (native small chillies) and the aforementioned gata. Like their other neighboring regions Filipinas are also expected to lend a hand...
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...HAWAII LEGENDS: Introduction by King Kalakaua, 1888 Geography: Physical Characteristics The Hawaiian Islands occupy a place in the great expanse of the Pacific “between the nineteenth and twenty third degrees north latitude, and the one hundred and fifty fourth degrees of longitude west of Greenwich. They are two thousand one hundred miles southwest from San Francisco, and about the same distance from Tahiti. The group consists of ten islands*, including two that are little more than barren rocks. The farthest are about three hundred miles from each other, measuring from their extreme boundaries, and their aggregate area is a little more than six thousand one hundred square miles. Of the eight principal islands all are habitable, although the small islands of Niihau and Kahoolawe are used almost exclusively as cattle-ranges. The most of the shores of the several islands are fringed with coral, but their origins seem to indisputably show in the numerous creates of extinct volcanoes scattered throughout the group, and in the mighty fires still blazing from the mountain-heights of Hawaii. By far the largest part of the area of the islands is mountainous; but from the interior elevations, some of them reaching altitude of from ten to fourteen thousand feet, flow many small streams of sweet water, widening into fertile valleys as they reach the coast, while here and there between them alluvial plateaus have been left by the upland wash. With rare exceptions the...
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...IGOROTS * Home * IGOROT SONGS * IGOROT DANCE * IGOROT TRADITIONS * MONEY ON THE MOUNTAIN IGOROT TRADITIONS IGOROT TRADITIONS When we talk about Igorot identity and culture, we also have to consider the time. My point is that: what I am going to share in this article concerning the Igorot culture might not be the same practiced by the Igorots of today. It has made variations by the passing of time, which is also normally happening to many other cultures, but the main core of respect and reverence to ancestors and to those who had just passed is still there. The Igorot culture that I like to share is about our practices and beliefs during the "time of Death". Death is part of the cycle of life. Igorots practice this part of life cycle with a great meaning and importance. Before the advent of Christianity in the Igorotlandia, the Igorots or the people of the Cordilleran region in the Philippines were animist or pagans. Our reverence or the importance of giving honor to our ancestors is a part of our daily activities. We consider our ancestors still to be with us, only that they exist in another world or dimension. Whenever we have some special feasts (e.g., occasions during death, wedding, family gathering, etc.), when we undertake something special (like going somewhere to look for a job or during thanksgiving), we perform some special offer. We call this "Menpalti/ Menkanyaw", an act of butchering and offering animals. During these times we call them...
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