...Sapolsky a professor and researcher talks about the time he spent with savanna baboons. During his studies he found out many discoveries about baboons. He not only found out how they live, but he found out information about their stress levels. During his stay he was intruded to the baboons and their ranks in the troop. Sapolsky learned the multiple social dominances like fighting to be top ranked and mating strategies the troop participated in. He also learned the nature and instinct created a complex social hierarchy for the baboons. Throughout the book Sapolsky gives multiples ways that baboons show social dominance. Generally, the males show the social dominance during Sapolsky’s time in the troop. There are a few females that do show some dominance in the troop however it is minimal. The first Social dominance that stood out the most was the rank that they have established. In the troop the males had a definite rank, although it was always changing. The top spot was the alpha males and then it went on from there. They stated in the book that number 11 on the list was picked on a lot from the baboons that were higher up on the list from them. Along with all other ranks, the alpha male role can change very quickly or one male can sustain that role for a while. The alpha male earns their spot by fighting off the other ranked members. Fighting to show that they were stronger and better than the current alpha male and all other competitors. During the course of the book...
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...normal primate food. The females were checked daily for signs of the beginning of the menstrual cycle. Blood and urine samples were also taken from the baboons to check for hormones in the baboons. The researchers also put one female in a room with one male three days before the predicted ovulation of the female for five days some females were given antifertility vaccine to see if they were effective. Pregnancies were checked by measuring the levels of progesterone in females. The females that the antifertility vaccine was administered to had no pregnancies while the females without the antifertility vaccine had a 90% conception rate. The fertility rates in baboons are almost identical to human fertility rates and can be useful in finding new ways to control and regulate human conception. The researchers in this study eliminated biased and variables that could have changed the outcome of the study and controlled their other variables efficiently. They insured that the males were fertile so that the reproductive success of the females depended on the efficiency of the vaccine that was administered to the females. They convinced me that baboons were a good study species for human fertility and that the antifertility vaccine they were using is effective. This research could be useful in future studies of antifertility vaccines especially if it was tried on human subjects to see how closely human and baboons fertility compared when they have had the vaccine administered to them....
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...While reading the book, Baboon Metaphysics, I came to the conclusion that there is more to Baboons than what meets the eye. Cheney and Seyfarth do a wonderful job on exploring the complex and mysterious world of Baboons, focusing in on their social structures, relationships, and even touching on aspects of a possible language. The authors make it clear that baboons have an understanding of bonds, ranks and social networks. I also believe that baboons have a clear and intricate understanding of social networks and hierarchical ranks because of the amount of evidence shown. To begin, I will set out to present the research presented by Cheney and Seyfarth in Baboon Metaphysics concerning baboon social bonds and networks. In the chapter five of the book, Cheney and Seyfarth observe the social bonds and rank recognition between female baboons. Like humans, baboons differ in social ranks and are exposed to different environmental stress factors. When a female baboon is faced with the loss of an infant or relative, for example, she experiences stress. Due to this stress, she forms stronger and broader bonds and social networks. Because their feelings of loneliness increases, the formation of social bonds and networks alleviates it. Humans also rely on friends and relatives greatly when trying to cope with the loss of a loved one. Besides strengthening their social networks, female baboons also tend to strengthen their grooming networks when coping with the loss of a loved one. For...
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...The semi-/prehensile tail has independently evolved at least 14 times across 50 genera from 14 families of arboreal mammals, including Cebidae and Atelidae within Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) [1, 2]. Despite the importance of the semi-/prehensile tail for balance and support during locomotion and suspensory postures [3-8], literature lacks description about its motor coordination and control. Here, we report that wild bearded capuchin monkeys, Sapajus libidinosus (previously known as Cebus libidinosus) use their semi-prehensile tail as a variable cantilever; the vestibular and/or kinaesthetic cues associated with downward motion apparently trigger anchoring by the tail at the moment its support is needed to prevent the body from dropping....
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...takes place within society even today. Within this essay I will be attempting to critically examine a range of psychological explanations for racism. According to the oxford dictionary definition Racism is ‘The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races: theories of racism. Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is superior: a programme to combat racism’ [Oxford Dictionary: Online] Social scientist have viewed and taken racism to be a factor that has arisen from our surrounding; built from the people and world around us, whereas clinical psychologist tend to focus on psychological issues assumed to be the primary cause of racial behaviour. Minard (1952) investigated how social norms promote discrimination and racism within individuals, [Gross.R 2014]. The Black and White miner’s behaviour was observed above and below ground, within southern USA. He found below ground 80 of white miners were friendly towards the black minors. Above ground they found that the social norm was to be prejudice so the above figure was dropped to 20. This suggests on how the white minors were conforming to the social norm around them, whether that was above or below. Similarly the famous study of Zimbardo (1973), ‘Standford Prison Experiment’, enlightened on how within...
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...evolution Primate characteristics 1. 5 digits 2. opposable thumbs or toe 3. long freely moving limbs 4. eyes in front of the head 5. relatively large brain 6. flexible hands & feet 7. nails 3 sub orders or primates 1. suborder prosimii - lemurs 2. suborder tarsiiformers- tarsiers 3. suborder anthropoidea- monkeys, apes, humans Suborder Anthropoidea 45 mya originated in asia & africa more developed cerebrum new world vs old world monkeys old world = africa and asia and europe short to no tails, nostrils downward, intensely social, ground dwellers new world = south and central america long tail, shorter thumbs or absent, aboreal, nostrils flat and open to side & social hominOIDS descended: old world monkeys 23-24 mya larger brain lack tail apes -gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees humans- a group composed of apes, and hominIDS (humans and their ancestors) hominids differences part 1 ape vs humans difference between apes and humans: humans: 1) complex curvature of the spine 2) shorter, broader pelvis 3) foramen magnum at base of skull 4) first toe aligned with other toe hominids differences part 2 ape vs humans human vs gorilla heads 1. human skull lacks the supraorbital ridge 2. has a pronounced chin 3. human brain is larger 4. teeth are arranged in a U shape Sahelantropus tchadensis earliest known hominid, small brain, face and teeth had many char. of larger brained human ancestors. mix ape and huminid features MORE human...
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...The Scopes Trial By：Wang Congcong The Scopes Trial (Monkey Trial) and its aftermath caused our nation to closely examine the ties between religion and science. The Scopes Trial was the case of a high school biology teacher John Scopes against the state law against teaching Evolution in classroom. The case drew a lot of public attention. Even though the Scopes trial failed, succeeded in getting people to ask themselves, " what should I believe". In 1859, Charles Darwin released his work" Origin of the Species" old man of human are monkeys. Major people are fundamentalist, support the Bible, they believe God created human the story of Garden of Eden. Darwin''s theory subverted the story from Bible.So his speech had problems with church of England, Evolution is a new thing for the whole society, most people thought it 's a joke, and few people really considered became whose try to defend Darwin's theory and spread the ideas of Evolution. In the late days, Darwin's speak of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, now concept of the life sciences. In 1925, Tennessee passed a law, the Butler Act, that make illegal to teach Darwin's theory of evolution in public school. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) thought the law violated people's rights. " The 1st Amendment to the constitution protects that separation when it says. Congress shall make no...
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...Credit Assignment #1 Verbal Communication of Humans vs. Bonobos Research has shown that children learn language indirectly from their parents or those around them by simply listening and watching what those around them are doing. It was shown during experiments with the bonobos that the baby monkeys could watch their parents being taught how to communicate through lexigrams and pick up on what they were learning, much like human children learn by watching their parents. The monkeys are able to use the lexigrams and the words they understand to make small and simple sentences to refer to things around them or tell their caretakers what they want. Human children do this as well before they are completely capable of constructing actual sentences. This difference, however, is that humans are able to learn and speak human language meaning that once they are old enough to truly understand language they are able to communicate vocally in a way everyone can understand and recognize. Bonobos, and monkeys in general, are unable to actually speak any human language because they are unable to comprehend and master the vocal side of communication in a way that humans can understand. The entire human life involves learning new concepts and information and growing intellectually; as infants we begin with little to no vocabulary and as we grow up we are able to comprehend more things and therefore broaden our understanding of the world and communication. The bonobos are able to do the same...
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...Holistic (multifaceted): approach to the study of human beings. Refers to an approach that studies many aspects of a multifaceted system. Cross-cultural: discovering general patterns about cultural traits Two broad classification of anthropology Biological (Physical) Seeks the emergence of humans & their later evolution (called human paleontology) and how & why contemporary human populations vary biologically (human variation) Study the fossils of human, prehumans & related animals Human genetics, population biology & epidemiology Cultural How & why cultures vary or are similar in the past & present Archaeology: study of past cultures Anthropological linguistics: study of language Ethnology: study of existing & recent cultures Archaeology Seek to reconstruct the daily life & customs of peoples who lived in the past but also to trace cultural changes & to offer possible explanations for those changes Deal with prehistory (time before written records) Historical archaeology: studies the remains of recent peoples who left written records Must used info from present & recent past in trying to understand the distant past Linguistics Study of languages Had to construct a dictionary & grammar, then could study the structure & history of language Study changes that have taken place over time Historical linguistics: study of how languages change over time & how they may be related Descriptive: focus of linguistics ...
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...In the history of science vs. religion there has been no issues more intensely debated than evolution vs. creationism. In the age old debate of creationism versus evolution, many people have given their lifelong work to supporting one side of this debate. But what we must consider are the facts. Theories will only get us so far in life, but the facts, the hard evidence, will convince a doubting person to believe if they will only consider the evidence. Through my research I hope to uncover that very evidence to show those who still doubt the real truth. Creation and Evolution are two major beliefs that people follow as a guideline. The two philosophies have different effects on our lives and the make-up of who we are and what we believe. Creation is a belief followed by many people and generally speaking the Holy Bible serves as a guideline and a set of instructions to show how the earth was formed and to guide us through life. Science backs up this Holy Book it is a very reliable source of the history of the world. There are many questions in life that man has always longed to find the answers to and the questions are: Who am I, why am I here, how did everything get here, and where will I go when I die? Well if you believe in evolution then you came from non-living material that all came together from the big bang. There is no purpose to life, you have no one to answer to, so if it feels good than do it and when you die then you will be recycled into a plant. We supposedly...
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...(biological)—Paleontologists, primatologists, human biologists, Linguistics (Language studies) Archaeology (Past cultures) Evolution: Darwin, Lyell, Linneaus Genotypes, Phenotypes, Dominance, Recessive, Heterozygous, Homozygous, Punnett Squares Tt x Tt Evolutionary Theory—Four Forces --Mutation, Gene Drift, Gene Flow, Natural Selection Punctuated Equilibrium, Homologies, Analogies, Exaptations Primate traits Emphasis on sight and touch, Pair bonding, Stereoscopic vision Brain complexity, sociality Primate taxonomic terms Order (Primate), Suborders (Prosimians, Anthropoids) , Family (Hominidae),Genus (Homo, Australopicines, Species etc. Prosimian (tarsiers, lemurs) anthropoids (All monkeys and Apes) Catarrhines vs Platyrhinnes (Old Word and New World Monkeys) Dating Techniques: Absolute (Radiocarbon dating, Potassium Argon Dating, Tree-rings) Relative Dating (Stratigraphy, Seriation) Primate Evolution Paleocene, Eocene (Age of Prosimians), Oligocene (Age of Anthropoids: Aegyptopithecus), Miocene (Age of Apes Sivapithecus, Proconsul), Pliocene (Australopithecines) , Pleistocene (H. habilis, H, Erectus, Archaic Homo sapiens), Hominid chronology A. afarensis Laetoli, Hadar (3-4 MYA) A. africanus Taung, Olduvai Gorge (East and South Africa) (2-3 MYA) A. boisei East Africa A. robustus South Africa H. habilis East Africa (2.4-1.4 MYA) H. erectus Africa, Asia (Trinil River, Zhoukoudian) (1.9-.3 MYA) Archaic...
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...now It seems that every new group of youth turning mature fights for some type of right. That being said, I believe this generation’s fight has been for the legalization of Marijuana. Although this has been a controversy for many years now, in the more recent past there have been great strides toward legalization. The first great step was making marijuana legal for medical use, making marijuana legal for the first time since the early 1900’s. In the last year two states, Colorado and Washington, have completely legalized the drug. Marijuana should be legal because it is not harmful but helpful, could help boost the United States economy greatly, and is a very resourceful plant in multiple ways. Among the people in the United States there is a misconception that marijuana kills brain cells. A documentary called “The Union” goes into detail about how there has only been one experiment, done by the Untied State Government, which results made people conclude the drug indeed kills brain cells. They explained that in 1974 before the actual experiment was released to the public, it was said the scientist were giving the monkeys thirty marijuana joints a day, and after ninety days the monkeys died from severe brain damage. The actual experiment was not released to the public until six years later. When the real experiment was finally released it was found that scientists were actually pumping sixty-three extremely potent marijuana joints into the monkeys within a five-minute time...
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...stereotype or is this indeed a fact of life? Are guys truly more aggressive? Are women really more nurturing? You better believe it! Gender differences are real and they are simply more than just a serotype. “Boys will be boys” because their brain tells them to be, not because our society does. “Testosterone plays a huge role in aggression testosterone is the primary male sex hormone produced by the testicles. The male is said to produce forty to sixty times the testosterone then women. The University of Wisconsin did a study in which the researchers injected testosterone into unborn female monkeys. Once these females were born they did not nurture or groom their children they acted like male monkeys and began to become more violent and very aggressive.”(York) from that experiment we learn that once the testosterone level was raised in the female monkeys, they acted out more like male monkeys. Thus proving that the higher testosterone level the more aggressive the person would be. And as stated before men produce forty to sixty times more testosterone then women. This is a primary cause in aggression in men, they are not aggressive n because they are told they are to be aggressive by society, but because...
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...Immigrants might be the problem… Let’s go back to the good ole days… Q: Are the old days really better? The Jazz Age (1920s) The Long Nineteenth Century Historians always ignore what everyone else is doing 1789 to 1918-???? Industrial Revolution French Revolution Victorian Ideas and Imperialism Bigger push for imperialism Ends in 1918- why? WW1 is over, Russian Revolution taking place What replaces it? “The Modern Age” parallels “Return to Normalcy” what does that mean? Science better at understanding the world than religion Individuals have the right to choose their own lifestyles Women control their minds and bodies More rights for minorities? Reactions? The New Traditionalists God trumps science Bible is the ONLY source of morality Women are subservient to men Immigrants are subservient to white Anglo-Saxon men 1920s The New Era The Roaring Twenties Rise of automobile, gangsters, rise of the radio & other gadgets and appliances The Jazz Age Clash of old & new values The Economy after the war… Switch from war to peace initially difficult Gets re-cranked up by 1922-1923 United states’ industry still intact after war, unlike Europe Becomes world’s top producer of consumer products Middle class expands greatly What about the lower classes? Same problems as before Too much prosperity for middle class to care!!! Rise of consumer spending on new fangled items Luxuries become necessities Auto Industry Urban and rural more...
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...The New Astrology by SUZANNE WHITE Copyright © 1986 Suzanne White. All rights reserved. 2 Dedication book is dedicated to my mother, Elva Louise McMullen Hoskins, who is gone from this world, but who would have been happy to share this page with my courageous kids, April Daisy White and Autumn Lee White; my brothers, George, Peter and John Hoskins; my niece Pamela Potenza; and my loyal friends Kitti Weissberger, Val Paul Pierotti, Stan Albro, Nathaniel Webster, Jean Valère Pignal, Roselyne Viéllard, Michael Armani, Joseph Stoddart, Couquite Hoffenberg, Jean Louis Besson, Mary Lee Castellani, Paula Alba, Marguerite and Paulette Ratier, Ted and Joan Zimmermann, Scott Weiss, Miekle Blossom, Ina Dellera, Gloria Jones, Marina Vann, Richard and Shiela Lukins, Tony Lees-Johnson, Jane Russell, Jerry and Barbara Littlefield, Michele and Mark Princi, Molly Friedrich, Consuelo and Dick Baehr, Linda Grey, Clarissa and Ed Watson, Francine and John Pascal, Johnny Romero, Lawrence Grant, Irma Kurtz, Gene Dye, Phyllis and Dan Elstein, Richard Klein, Irma Pride Home, Sally Helgesen, Sylvie de la Rochefoucauld, Ann Kennerly, David Barclay, John Laupheimer, Yvon Lebihan, Bernard Aubin, Dédé Laqua, Wolfgang Paul, Maria José Desa, Juliette Boisriveaud, Anne Lavaur, and all the others who so dauntlessly stuck by me when I was at my baldest and most afraid. Thanks, of course, to my loving doctors: James Gaston, Richard Cooper, Yves Decroix, Jean-Claude Durand, Michel Soussaline and...
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