...of trading human organs in numerous nations is being a controversial issue. The information from “Topics for today” (Smith and Mare, 2004) as well as reference of other resources presenting in this paper does express two different perceptions. While most of ethical and political organisations oppose to transaction human organs, I still belive that it is necessary to legalize that business with the purpose of making the best endeavor in regaining the subsistence of millions patients. Revoking the law which does forbid the patient has the right to buy flesh and people has authority to sell their organs would be beneficial besides merely saving a person’s life. First of all, both dealers are beneficiaries from the business transaction. Ross Taylor, president of the British Transplantation Society revealed a tremendous view of the people who prepare to martyr themselves. Their desperate circumstances are motivations for them to sell their body organs for justifiable even lofty intention as paying off of debts, college tuitions or even saving their families. While their donations are considered as a gift for patients’ life, they are also rescued from the impoverished situation. Simultaneously, legalization of human organs trading facilitates for the available flesh to reach the expectation of people who are waiting for transplantation. The adequate resource of human organs synonyms with millions patients are saving. By contrast, the existence of transplantation law would “scare...
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...Organ Donation Proposal Paper Abstract In the last decade, the progress of post-transplant outcome and the increased organ failure has led to an increased need for organ transplant around the globe. Several factors such as the availability of guidelines for determining the eligibility influence this issue into more organ crisis. On the other hand, the need to meet the increased need for organ transplant has resulted in a rise in the number of people on the waiting list. According to Wendy (2005), in the year 2006 alone, the number of patients or Organ receivers on the waiting list was roughly around 95,000. Each year over 6,300 death cases reported due to unavailability of the organ in the United States (Gary, 2007). Due to the high shortage of organ, dozens of people life leading into a search for other alternative or pathway such as dialysis. Consequently, this kind of alternative methods has been able to provide practical solutions to this and other organ donation-related problems around the world (Wendy, 2005). The shortage of organs has deprived many patients of quality and better way of life. This paper provides a brief history of the organ donation, pros, and cons, statistics of organ donation, myths surrounding organ donation, organ donation-related issues and as well as the solutions and recommendations. Organ Donation Proposal History of Organ Donation Organ donations started back on 1954 Professor Joseph Murray surgeon who performed the first successful kidney...
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...Commercialization of Transplants Introduction The 1983 Human Tissue Act 65 regulates every aspect concerning organ transplants (Schicktanz, and Chair in Bioethics (Ḥefah), 2013). Since its last amendment in 1989, there have been tremendous developments in medical science. Presently, organ transplants are nearly routine operations in various hospitals. Commercializing human part for transplantation has also seen an increase in demand for sperms, hair, plasma, eggs, among others. Even so, there are arguments for and against the commercialization of human organs such as marrow, kidney, and sundry, with both sides of the arguments facing criticism. It is imperative to investigate ethical aspects regarding commercialization of human organs. To reach a conclusion on whether it is ethical or unethical, this paper summarizes both sides of the argument and later presents a moral argument and rationale for commercialization of transplants. Without commercialization, there would be few potential donors willing to give out their organs to a dying patient who needs the specific organ urgently, which is contrary to human dignity. This is the moral argument in this report. Arguments for commercialization In 2009, a group of cancer patients, bone-marrow donation advocates, and parents filled a lawsuit against the US government. The federal law had banned buying and selling of human organs. One of the parents had three daughters suffering from a blood disorder called Fanconi anemia, whose treatment...
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...commercialization of organ transplants have been a subject of ethical debate amongst healthcare professionals, ethicists and economists alike. There have been arguments made for and against the sale of organs. This paper will examine the ethical arguments associated with purchasing organs and determine whether it is ethical to do so. Arguments for and against the commercialization of organ transplants Supporters of the commercialization of organ transplants argue that it could effectively assist in greatly reducing the organ donor waiting lists. Kidneys, for example has a waiting list of 99,201 people in the United States (kidney.org, 2014). Some supporters, such as Julio J Elias, an economist at the State University of New York, Buffalo believes that marketing organs can work, it is less a matter of morals than it is a matter of social cost (Ireland, 2008). He believes that once society sees the benefits of commercializing transplants, they will no longer view it as unethical. Arguers against the commercialization of organ transplants believe that the sale of organs will ultimately prompt the exploitation of the poor. In a bulletin of the World Health Organization, it states that the neediest in poorer countries are often exploited by countries with a thriving market for organs (Garwood, 2007). Arguers worry that by commercializing transplants, it will cause a mass decent on those poor countries for the willing, yet uninformed, agreeing to sell their organs. My position...
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...is a welcome event that can alleviate pain and suffering and can sometimes save the life of another. A simple decision to become an organ donor can save lives and improve the quality of life of recipients. Receiving a needed organ facilitates a restoration of physiological functioning and often means the difference between life and death. Many people have misconceptions regarding organ donation and simply do not understand the facts. Some do not realize the vast numbers on waiting lists and how simply becoming a donor could save the life of another. Others may be apprehensive about making a decision about their bodies after death. In this paper we explain the origins and history of organ donation, the process by which organs are donated, the ethical implications behind organ donation and discuss many of the proposed solutions to solve the organ shortage issue. HISTORY OF ORGAN DONATION The origins of organ donation arose with several experimental transplants. The first successful transplant was a bone transplant in 1878, which used a bone from a cadaver. (14) Experimentally, bone marrow transplants began by giving patients bone marrow orally after meals to cure leukemia. This had no effect, but later when they used intravenous injections to treat aplastic anemia, there was some effect (14). One development that largely aided organ donation was the discovery of blood groups in the early 20th century. The first recorded kidney transplant was in 1909 and was a rabbit...
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...Ethics in Organ Transplant Name Course Tutor Date Ethics in Organ Transplant Organ transplant is done when an organ in the human body fails to operate normally or malfunctions. Conditions may arise where there are two or more patients with only one available organ to transplant. These scarce organ resources present ethical challenges and the need to use fair decisions helps to identify the one who deserves the organ. It is inappropriate to donate an organ to an addict whose conditions are unrecoverable. On the other hand, deciding who is fit to live in the society should not be on the hands of doctors. This paper suggests that organ allocation be rooted with justice, which demands that all equal patients with proper family reputation be treated equally and those unequal patients with bad family behavior be treated unequally. If patients do not have readily available living donor, they are placed into waiting pool where they the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) maintains their list (Orenstein, 2004). When donor organs become available, an organ procurement organization (OPO) matches it with the appropriate transplant patients using a computer program (NoAuthorFound, 1999). This program will then generate a ranked list of patients eligible to receive the donor organ. This ranked list is based on; organ size, organ type, blood type, distance from the patient to the donor organ, level of medical urgency, and time on the waiting list. In some cases, however, the first...
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...Should Organ Market be legalized? Many people die each year while waiting on the list for an organ. The National Organ Transplant Act was founded to address the organ donation shortage and improve the organ matching. The National Organ Transplant Act is responsible for the placement process and the managing of the waitlist. But in title three section one of the National Organ Transplant Act the federal government bans the buying and selling of organs in the United States. The growth in population and the decrease in organ donation has resulted in organs deficit. There is a growing supply and demand gap in the United States. The non-legalization of organ markets goes against the concept of choice and individual rights which is part of the foundation of the United States. The body is a private property and people should have the right to do as they please with their body. By having an organ market there will be many economic and personal benefits. Some arguments that are proposed by people against the organ market are that the legalization of the sale of human organs would create a black market. A black market that might increase crime in the illegal pursuit of organs. It is also believed that organ market will result in many negative externalities; a negative externality is a cost that is suffered by a third party that was not included in the original plans. An example of a negative externality that would arise from the legalization of organ market would be an increasing child...
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...Jersey College Abstract Patient in compliance with prescribed medications or treatments is warrant, in any medical condition. This research paper, focused and took a look at the effects of non-compliance with immunosuppressant medications in post-renal transplant recipients, such as graft rejection. Identified some barriers to compliance and discussed how patient-centered nursing interventions should be used to alleviate these barriers and bring about compliance with immunosuppressant medications, at the same time decreasing graft rejection in renal transplant recipients. Renal Transplant and Medication Compliance: Patient-centered Nursing Interventions will Facilitate Better Patient Compliance of Medications in Post-Renal Transplant Recipients In medicine, the term non-compliance is commonly used in regard to a patient who does not take a prescribed medication or follow prescribed course treatments (MedicineNet, 2012). This is one of the major issues with post-renal transplantation recipients. Renal transplant is a surgery done to implant a healthy kidney into a person with end-stage renal disease. End-stage renal disease is when the kidney stops function all together, that makes the person unable to live without dialysis or transplant. “Kidney transplantation is the optimal treatment for end-stage renal disease (Theofilou, 2012). Life expectation is significantly improved among transplant patients compared with that...
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...Organ Transplant in the United States Stephanie Daniels UCA Certificate of Authorship I hereby certify that I am the author of this document and any assistance I received in preparing this report is fully acknowledged. I have also cited in APA format all sources of data, data analysis, ideas, words, phrases, or sentences. I also hereby certify that I have not submitted this paper to any other professor, at Webster University or elsewhere, during the course of my educational career. I have properly cited and acknowledged material that was presented in previous papers of my authorship. Signature: __________________________________________________ Date: __________________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………3 Organ Transplant…………………………………………………………………………..4 What Organs and Tissues Can Be Donated……………………………………………….6 Organ Transplant Cost…………………………………………………………………….10 Ethical Issues: Organ Transplant…………………………………………………………..11 Strength and Weaknesses……………………………………………………………….....14 Alternatives and Key Challenges: Organ/Tissue Transplant……………………………...15 Summary and recommendations…………………………………………………………...17 References…………………………………………………………………………………19 Abstract Organ transplant experiments began in the 1800’s on animals and humans as a need...
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...Hubacz Ms. Pouliot AP Biology Due- May 21, 2012 The Use of Discarded Human Fetuses for Research Despite religious views using discarded human fetuses for research is ethical, instead of simply disposing the aborted fetus there is the chance of finding a cure and changing millions of lives. Fetal research is exploration of fetal tissues. In this paper aborted fetuses will be the topic of discussion. “Fetal tissue research involves cells from dead fetuses that are harvested for the purpose of establishing cell lines or for use as transplantation material and other purposes.” (1).This type of research has led to the discovery of many different things, including: vaccines, diagnostic techniques, and treatment of maternal hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes. There are many types of research that use human fetuses. First is general fetal research. General fetal research is used to develop vaccines and to study characteristics of human development. Fetal tissue research is “research involving transplantation of multipotent cells” (2). Fetal tissue research is being used to develop potential treatments for conditions, such as diabetes and Parkinson’s disease. Lastly in vitro research is being conducted. This is being used to understand and develop treatments for infertility. Research involving human fetuses is very controversial. Religious beliefs oppose the idea of this kind of research. Extraordinary results are coming from the studies being done, but views of all people...
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...Every year, thousands of people in America die due to the lack of available organs. In the article, "Organ Sales Will Save Lives" by Joanne MacKay she attempts to raise awareness that there are thousands of people in the world that are in need of life-saving organs, specifically kidneys. The author goes on to describe the grueling dialysis treatments for patients suffering from End Stage Renal Disease and the lengthy wait and hope for a cadaver kidney donation. Unhappy with these options; patients opt for a third choice, which leads them overseas into the pit of the black market. The reason is the United States government bans the selling of organs. In 1984, the National Organ Transplant Act made it a federal crime to, “knowingly acquire, receive, or otherwise transfer any human organ for valuable consideration for use in human transplantation if the transfer affects interstate commerce” (2007). MacKay's argument is that the...
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...Every year, thousands of people in America die due to the lack of available organs. In the article, "Organ Sales Will Save Lives" by Joanne MacKay she attempts to raise awareness that there are thousands of people in the world that are in need of life-saving organs, specifically kidneys. The author goes on to describe the grueling dialysis treatments for patients suffering with End Stage Renal Disease and the lengthy wait and hope for a cadaver kidney donation. Unhappy with these options; patients opt for a third choice, which leads them overseas into the pit of the black market. The reason is the United States government bans the selling of organs. In 1984, the National Organ Transplant Act made it a federal crime to, “knowingly acquire, receive, or otherwise transfer any human organ for valuable consideration for use in human transplantation if the transfer affects interstate commerce” (2007). MacKay's argument is...
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...From cliché to inception: a review of Bioprinting Tyler Crossley MCB 404 Biomedical Ethics Dr. Pimentel Introduction The utilization of 3-dimmensional printers to produce functional applications by the personal and consumer sectors have been acknowledged since the development of this technology. Two categories for product applications of 3-dimmensional printing exist: products to improve individual personal life, such as hearing aids and prosthetic limbs; engineering parts for many consumer products, such as many components of engines, guns and even musical instruments. Whichever contextual application of this technology is desired and utilized, both ethical benefits and weaknesses exist. Multiple American companies including General Electric, Boeing, Nike, Honeywell and others have used this technology in manufacturing motor components, shoes, solar panels and other consumer products. Endless potential applications of 3-dimmensional printing exist for future developments. Interestingly, printing of meat for human consumption as an alternative to harvesting meat from animals is currently being researched. In 2008 PeTA offered a $1 million X-Prize style reward for the first group to synthetically develop such commercially viable meat. This is one case in which proposing ethical dilemmas exist, and the many alternative controversies this topic entails. Further bioethical dilemma’s and considerations exist and will be discussed...
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...(CKD). That is estimated at about 20 million people. People with CKD may not feel any symptoms in the early stages, so treatment most likely has not been started. When a person often finds out they are in need of treatment, they may already be in kidney failure or end stage renal disease (ESRD). This paper will discuss the reimbursement mechanisms presented in the Sullivan article, the economics of providing ESRD treatment from the organization's point of view, patients options and potential trade-offs related to cost, quality, and access to treatment, and the ethical implications of treatment options based on cost evaluation. Reimbursement Mechanisms The major reimbursement mechanism presented in article End Stage Renal Disease Economics and the Balance of Treatment Modalities is Medicare. The system in place at this time is the fee for service with additional charges for medication and medical testing (Sullivan, 2010). The current reimbursement structure is based on a three times a week structure, because hemodialysis (HD) is the primary treatment for ESRD (Sullivan, 2010). According to Sullivan (2010) "The most ideal treatment for patients with ESRD is transplantation" (p.45). The reimbursement for peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the same as that of HD. With the passing of The Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008, the payment structure will eventually become a bundled rate (Sullivan, 2010). This should help to control cost associated with additional...
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...Karra Bryant ENG 1020-011 Mrs. Shiner-Swanson Final Research Paper The Sale of Human Organs In the US recently the issue of human organ trafficking has become a bigger and bigger problem. When people hear that human organs are being bought and sold on the black market, they think that kind of thing only happens in third world countries, but it is quickly becoming one of America's biggest issues. People spend years of their lives on the transplant list waiting for a life saving operation, and they think that if they just buy whatever they need, it will solve all their problems. What most people don’t understand is how corrupt and dangerous organ trafficking is. The sale of human organs either facilitated through a doctor or on the black market, will soon be a huge problem in the near future. People on one hand are becoming so desperate for life saving transplants, and on the other hand people are looking to make a profit from buying or stealing organs and selling them on the black market. Organ trafficking is already an issue in third world countries, and will become a problem in the United States before we know it. The history of human organ transplant dates back further than most people would think. The curiosity of transplant dates back before modern medicine, in 9th century BC where individuals sewed animal parts together. In 4th century BC, Chinese texts describe Tsin Yue-Jen, a surgeon who switches the hearts of two people. This is the first documentation...
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