...strong moral and ethical stance on allowing patients to die with dignity. Keeping patients alive or giving treatments to prolong life without quality is so against my morals. If the patient chooses to become a DNR or refuses "recommended" life sustaining treatments, they should have the autonomy to do so. A recent example in the news is the death of Steve Jobs. Now that he has passed away, everyone and their brother are saying that he was a difficult patient. They say he refused lifesaving treatments and surgeries. This is easy to say now that he has passed. We cannot go back now and do a Whipple on him to compare how much longer he would have lived. Whipples are extremely involved procedures and can lead to many complications, with no guarantee of prolonged life. Monday morning quarterbacks are a dime a dozen. The ethical issue that I choose to use for my paper is the recent dilemma of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for boys. Vaccinations in general have always been on the list of ethical topics in healthcare. From parents of newborns who believe in the false link between vaccinations and autism, to pediatricians who refuse to continue to provide care to their patients whose parents refuse to vaccinate, to the newest dilemma of the HPV vaccination. This dilemma includes the recent comment made by Republican presidential candidate Michele Bachmann about HPV vaccine causing mental retardation (Los Angeles Times, 2011). The HPV vaccine has been used on girls...
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...The preceding research has shown the benefits of what the HPV vaccine can offer, but what are the negative aspects of the vaccination? CDC published a summary of severe side effects that occurred with HPV vaccine utilizing the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) to provide a public opinion on the downsides to the HPV vaccine so that patients can have information on both sides of the spectrum (2014). Center for Disease Control (CDC, 2014) displayed, "In the first report, there were 12,424 reports of adverse events 772 (6% of all reports) described serious adverse events including 32 reports of death. The most recent VAERS report 2006-2014, showed 85 deaths after the vaccine, however there were no common patterns to the deaths that...
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...(Wikipedia.org). Treatment includes intramuscular penicillin G, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, or azithromycin. Nursing interventions are to educate the patient on the importance of using a condom and to limit sexual...
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...tissue causing a tumor around the skin near the anus. The rate of epidermoid anal cancer has increased over the past years, resulting to be found particularly in women, unmarried men, and people living in a crowded area like the city. There are two causes of anal cancer. One cause of anal cancer can occur through intimate relationships that do not use protection, thus leading to a sexually transmitted disease, such as HPV (human papillomaviruses), an infection causing warts in the area where it came into contact. Another cause of this cancer can evolve through cervical cancer, a tumor located in the lowest section of the uterus. To ensure this observation, a large team of dedicated doctors and scientists came together to conduct a study essentially on the connection between sexual intercourse and the transmitted disease, HPV, and its development towards anal cancer. To go through with this study, they did a population-based case-controlled examination in Denmark and Sweden while searching through national cancer registries to select patients to test on. Danish patients were...
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...caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), but has an almost 100% survival rate if caught early enough. Although national incidence rates have declined, there are still a disproportionate number of cases amongst African-American and Hispanic women. In the United States, various health organizations are attempting to deal with the cultural barriers to the prevention, early detection, and treatment of cervical cancer. Three journal articles were reviewed to examine current nursing strategies for health promotion as related to cervical cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health promotion as “the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health” (Ottawa charter for health promotion, as cited in WHO, 2010b). Health promotion strategies focus on eliciting lifestyle changes and promoting positive personal choices among individuals, families, and communities. Health promotion is a key element of primary prevention of disease (Leavell & Clark, as cited in Edelman & Mandel, 2010). Guardasil (Merck & Co., Inc.), the HPV vaccination, is the primary preventative tool that can decrease the incidence of cervical cancer. In their article “Hip hop, health, and HPV: Using wireless technology to increase HPV vaccination uptake”, Thomas, Stephens, and Blanchard (2010) explore the unique approach of using cell phones and Hip Hop music to educate African-American female college students about the HPV vaccine. They state that “prior...
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...in relation to epidemiology in this paper with be teens and pregnancy. This paper will explore the role of epidemiology in HPV and teenagers and the contributing factors. This paper will also discuss the definition and purpose of epidemiology, epidemiological methods, the epidemiological triangle, and levels of preventions that is related with HPV and teenagers. Epidemiology is importance to public health in relation to disease prevention and health promotion. According to Stanhope & Lancaster (2008), epidemiology has been defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified population and the application of this study to control health problems. Epidemiology is not just “the study of” health in a population; it also involves applying the knowledge gained by the studies to community-based practice (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, n.d.). Epidemiology and its findings in relation to prevalence of diseases among certain populations is a vital ingredient to public health and the overall health of communities. The purpose of epidemiology is to find the cause of diseases that affect certain populations. The findings allow public health officials, leaders, and nurses to assess and evaluate current conditions, identify vulnerable populations, and plan for change. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that causes cervical and other anogenital cancers as well as genital warts and...
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...Within the African American community two social structures seem to influence the well-being of the community. Those two social structures include human care by friends, kin, and family, and spiritual and religious practices to help promote health and well-being. It is within these two social structures where the community seems to get the majority of their information regarding health and health care practices. Understanding the African American culture and what is comprised in that culture will help develop a better plan of care. Efficient and effective care is the ultimate goal as nurse practitioners. Developing a plan of care that encompasses all aspects of a community will likely give the patient better outcomes. African American's (AA) have many aspects that are consistent across their culture. They share a sense of community, a sense of hospitality, a sacredness of life, respect and authority of elders, and a sacredness of religion (African Cultureal Values). A popular proverb sums up the African sense of community "go the way that many people go; if you go alone, you will have reason to lament" (ACV). The community offers the person the psychological and ultimate security as it gives its members both physical and ideological identity (ACV). When it comes to AA being part of a community is better than being alone and they value life above all other. Any form of materialism which ultimately leads to the destruction of life is alien and destructive of the culture (ACV)....
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...Prevalence of Oral human papillomavirus Infection in the United States, 2009-2010 Protection of Human Participants Gillison et al., (2012), used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to establish the widespread of oral Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the United States. There was a sample of 5571 participants used to conduct the study. NHANES explains the benefits of participating in the research study are that the participants receive free examinations in which there are measurements and tests that are not a part of a routine exam done in the physician office. Participants benefited by having many important tests performed free of charge while they also gain new insight into their health. They receive a preliminary report of findings from the test performed after their examinations are completed. To maintain confidentiality, the participants are given a password and number to call for their results when they were tested for sexually transmitted diseases. Regardless of age, every participant receives a cash payment as a "thank-you" for their time and effort. NHANES will also reimburse participants for transportation and baby and elder care (NHANES 2009-2010). According to NHANES, the participants are selected through a complex statistical process using the most current census information. NHANES 2009-2010 divides the United States into communities. The communities are divided into neighborhoods. The neighborhoods are selected at random. From...
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...conducted a study among 575 young MSM to quantify their behavioral intentions to initiate human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and to test an integrative model of HPV vaccine decision making. The integrative behavioral model (IBM) was used to inform this study. The IBM posits that a set of population-specific salient beliefs underlies the formation of attitudes toward HPV vaccination, perceived norms in favor or against vaccination, and perceived control over one’s ability to get vaccinated if desired. The effects of attitudes, norms, and perceived control on HPV vaccination are mediated by the individual’s behavioral intention (Ajzen, 1991). The IBM model, as applied to this particular issue, specifies that beliefs...
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...by human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States affecting 20 millions of Americans at age of 16 to 24 years old. Men and women get in contact with HPV when they engage in any kind of sexual relation such as vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse because HPV spreads through skin to skin contact. The HPV infection is asymptomatic and without medical treatment may result in cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancer (Lindley et al. 18). Being the cervical cancer the most frequent cancer among women. Prevalence of HPV among females at age of 14 to 59 years old was 42.5%. Being the prevalence among 20-24 years old women equal to 53.8%. Thus, an important public health...
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...deaths from cervical cancer have declined radically. This decrease is largely the result of many women getting regular Pap tests (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections can lead to cervical cancer. Since HPV and precancerous lesions of the cervix are usually asymptomatic, prevention and regular screening remains imperative for early detection and treatment of cervical cancer. Here we examine strategies for prevention, assessment, and management for cervical cancer and contemplate briefly potential implications if left undiagnosed or untreated. Cervical Cancer Screening in Primary Care Introduction Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major health concern in the United States. Genital HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in America. There are more than 100 different types of HPV infections. Of these, 40 affect mucosal surfaces and more specifically anogenital epithelium including: Cervix, vagina, vulva, rectum, urethra, penis, and anus. The different strands of the HPV infections are divided into “high-risk” and “low-risk,” depending on their oncogenic potential (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2008). HPV infection is the major cause of genital warts and cervical cancer (CDC, 2008). Globally, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among woman (United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2006). The Center for Disease...
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...Epidemiology Betty Foote University of Phoenix Epidemiology: Global and Public Health NUR/408 Michelle Hogsed October 24, 2015 Epidemiology Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted viral infection found in young women that is one of the primary causes of cervical cancer. Sexually active young women, with many different partners, are some of the highest contributors and recipients in the newly infected population. Use of physical barriers, like condoms, during sex, can lessen this transmission. HPV is divided into two groups, low risk, nononcogenic types and high-risk types that can cause cervical dysplasia and in rare cases, cancer. Vaccines provide some protection against developing diseases caused by the virus. Epidemiological studies continue to evolve moving treatment forward for better patient outcome. Education is still the most effective way to deter this behavior that contributes to the HPV infection. Epidemiology is defined as “the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states, and the application of this knowledge to control the health problems.” (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p. 255). With HPV, public health officials and scientists are constantly following the occurrences of viral spreading and patterns of occurrence. Development of vaccines is based on this data and sample collection. Public health nurses...
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...the year 2010 alone (Fisher, 2009; Lindau, 2001). Research shows that while although all women are at risk for developing cervical cancer, the majority of women that actually die from the disease are low-income women and/or women of minority groups, such as African Americans and Hispanics. Due to various social, political, and cultural factors, as well as disparities in the healthcare system, such as access to resources and socioeconomic status, thousands of lowincome and primarily minority women die unnecessarily from cervical cancer. Several risk factors are involved when looking at various causes for cervical cancer. Some of these include, the HPV virus, smoking, a weak immune system, sexual history and number of sexual partners, and the lack of regular PAP smears (Slaz, 2010; Hughes, 2009; Charney, 2006). The HPV infection, also know as the Human Papillomavirus, is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the United States today (Cox, 2006). It is contracted through...
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...preventive health care; the second is that they have services that are more affordable and accessible for low or no-income individuals; and the final reason being they offer comprehensive sex health education. (Access, 2011) (Cockrum, 2010) Planned Parenthood of Indiana offers basic preventive health care, some of these services are crucial and life saving. Some examples of the services that they offer are different types of birth control such as the depo shot, the birth control pill, the IUD, to name a few. Other services include annual exams, Pap tests, STD and HPV testing, Prescriptions, as well as cancer screening. These services are there to find abnormalities before they have the opportunity to turn cancerous and to let people know there are options for long-term birth control. (Access, 2011) (Cockrum, 2010) Planned Parenthood of Indiana offers services that are more affordable and accessible for low or no-income individuals. PPHI serves 3 million men and woman annually. Every time we spend a dollar on family planning, we are saving taxpayers 4 dollars on every unintended pregnancies. According to the ‘U.S Department of Health and Human Services’, beginning Aug.1,2012, your insurance plans will be required to cover contraceptives, voluntary sterilization, screenings for HPV, and STD counseling. That decision is based on the Affordable Care Act doing their part in controlling the problem. In 2011 Planned Parenthood of Indiana had 28 clinics of which 4 offer abortions....
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...FACULTY OF ACCOUNTANCY, FINANCE AND BUSINESS 2015/2016 ABBE 3173 CONSUMER ECONOMICS GROUP WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT Topic: SKYROCKETING HEALTH CARE COSTS |Name |Student ID |Signature | |Gan Shid Ney |14WBD03548 | | |Goh Zi Yuan | | | |Yeng Kah Yi | | | | | | | Program : Diploma In Business Economic Tutorial Group : 1 Assignment Group : 2 | |Assessment |Marks Allocation |Comments | | | | | | | | | | | |1. |Introduction |5 marks | | |2. |Content...
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