...RELATED LITERATURE Foreign Literature The term peer group refers to an individual's small,intimately group who we interact on a daily basis. Peer group is also what we call “friends” the ones who we hang out, having to tell our secrets and having to do activities all together. As a child growing into a adolescent, they tend to spend more time with their peers groups compared to spending time with their families. The environment of peer groups also changes during adolescence period. There are three groups during adolescents , the early, middle and the late adolescent peer groups. During this period, child still on Identity vs Role Confusion according to the theory of Erik Erickson. This is the period teens develop a sense of self and personal identity. Peer group can either have a positive and negative output not only in the society but also on academic performance of a child. According to Rubin, the tendency of an individual associates themselves with others who share amount of similar attributes in social dynamic is what we called homophily. For example, adolescent peer groups who have been found to be more homologous than the other student body who reported in smoking frequency, intake of alcohol, use of illegal substance such as marijuana and coccaine. Homophily of peer groups has been found among the academic characteristics such as having a high GPA(Grade Point Average), having an ambition to go or enter college, time management and engagement in any school or academic...
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...Running head: FACTORS OF ADOLESCENT SELF-CONCEPT Factors of Adolescent Self-Concept: Mass Mediated, Peer, and Family Communication David J. Feliciano University of West Florida 1 FACTORS OF ADOLESCENT SELF-CONCEPT 2 Abstract This paper focuses on the main factors that cause an influence to the self-image and self-esteem of an adolescent. Specifically, this paper focuses on what is believed to be the three primary factors of flux to the self-image and self-esteem of an adolescent: mass mediated social influences, peer interactions, and messages received from family members. The review of literature in this paper leads to two research questions: (1) What factor seems to cause the greatest amount of increased self-esteem for an adolescent who does not have siblings? (2) What factor seems to cause the greatest amount of decreased self-esteem for an adolescent who does not have siblings? The methods chosen to answer these research questions would be experimental research and focus groups. FACTORS OF ADOLESCENT SELF-CONCEPT 3 Despite the amount of research that has been conducted with the hopes of better understanding the development of an individual’s self-concept, the vast number of factors affecting a self-concept results in the inability to definitively label the greatest factor among shaping a self-concept. Although scholars agree that communication is a main factor of selfconcept, the debate centers on what medium of communication affects...
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...next big thing to them. Peer pressure in most cases supports individual development among adolescents. However, influence of significant others may not allow individual peer pressure to take effect in a teen’s life. Adolescence stage is characterized by immense influence of age-mates. It involves high levels of self-consciousness and self-centeredness. These two groups can be disturbed greatly by social pressures like drug use and abuse, sexuality and opposite sex relationships. When such pressures creep in the only remedy to these teens is normally close family guidance, which aims to mitigate stress and depressions (Jack W. Finney, 1998). There are several changes in children. Teens at this age attempt to fit into a specific social group. Peer relationships provide better social and moral climates in the society. Such climates will enable development of peer interactions within the society. The interactions lead to social support and friendships that play a vital role in middle childhood development. Adolescents develop significant relationships called peers. During these two stages significant friendships and even relationships developed normally last for very many years. Children aged four years or more usually have friends. Teenagers develop friendship preferences. As children grow up, their acceptance of maturing adolescents enable them to improve interactions and participations in various activities. Recent studies show that peer relationship changes differ a lot in...
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...development of emotional autonomy as detachment. What is individuation and who is the theorist who proposed it? Is the healthy development of emotional autonomy related to close or distant family relations? How are different parenting styles related to the development of emotional autonomy? What are three areas in which we see changes in behavioral autonomy in adolescence? How does the development of the ability to reason logically compare to the development of impulse control in adolescents? In what areas do parents have more influence on adolescents and in what areas are peers more influential? The development of behavioral autonomy is associated with what kind of parenting? What kind of parenting is associated with adolescents’ susceptibility to antisocial peer pressure? What kind of parenting is associated with adolescents’ susceptibility to positive peer pressure? Do adolescents whose parents tend to limit their autonomy tend to be more oriented toward their peers or their family? Explain how adolescents’ values...
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...INTRODUCTION Adolescents in their developmental period undergo tumultuous physical, cognitive and psychosocial milestones, which are subsequently influenced by their environmental interactions with particular focus on the home and school environment, and the conceivable atypical condition of anxiety. The developmental period of adolescence finds children undergoing pivotal biological, social and cognitive changes that transform their bodies and minds from childhood to adulthood (Sigelman and Rider, 2012). This period is characterised by adolescents endeavouring to become independent, self-aware and apart of the adult world. As a result adolescents find themselves engaging in various social relationships, and their role in society dramatically...
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...Male Adolescent Development Through Sports Adolescence is the period between childhood and adulthood, and there are a number of changes that take place. My goal for this paper is to address the influence that participating in sports has on the social development of males through adolescence. This is a time where individuals look to find their identity, and with new parental and peer influence, this can be a tough time. I found the interesting twist for this paper to be addressing how sports help or facilitate this development, because going through my adolescence, sports were very important. I feel that participating in sports gave entry to interactions with a number of new people, to keep you socially up to date. With involvement in a league, team, etc., people can establish who they want to be by establishing their relationships with others, and progressing towards a desired identity. In addition, being part of a team allows an individual to gauge themselves against their fellow peers, and see if they are on the same level, or feel inferior. Throughout this paper I am going to explore different steps and events that take place in the social development of adolescence of males in relation to sports. A starting point for social development of adolescence is finding an individual’s identity. At this adolescent stage, you are able to think more critically and abstractly than you do when you are younger (McGrath, 2009). Therefore you can find a deeper perception of yourself...
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...Alcohol and Drug Abuse among Adolescent Nyria Madison Liberty University Coun 620 Abstract Around the world we are finding that most adolescent are experiencing drugs and alcohol. Adolescent who are experiencing the use of drugs has been a factor for decades. This has become a major trend in this world as of today. This paper will discuss the standpoint of adolescent alcohol and drugs. This paper will also identify and inform you on the common predictors of adolescent substance abuse. In addition, this paper will review ways on how substance abuse can lead to become a negative behavior from the adolescent micro, mezzo, and macro system. This paper will focus on how peer, family characteristic, and individual and factors connection with substance abuse in adolescents. It also will demonstrate a relationship that links to factors in at risk youth. However, researchers has shown that most adolescent and at risk teens are influence by drugs and alcohol because of their peers, family and individual characteristic. Introduction Society today has a huge trend on Alcohol and drugs among adolescent. This has become a huge impact on at risk teens. However, adolescent may reflect on drugs because of plethora circumstances. Adolescent may believe that alcohol and drugs may help them to cope better with their problems. According to McWhirter, Alcohol and other drug involvement and use among adolescents have been a society and public problem for decades (McWhirter...
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...Adolescence Development Group Paper - Middle Childhood and Adolescence Development Social and moral growth fosters peer interaction in a positive climate. A child’s interaction and acceptance with peers rises during middle childhood. During middle age friendship is an important development. Friendship also fulfills needs of middle childhood such as communal, intimacy, companionship, and acceptance. Adolescent egocentrism is an adolescent thinking intensely about him or herself while wondering what others think about them (Berger, 2008). An adolescent will practice new thinking skills on his or herself, which helps with detachment. The adolescent child worries about how other’s perceive them, and thinks about their conflicting interests in school, close friends, family, and about their own future. All of this thinking of self, refection of experiences, and self-awareness is a distinct to adolescence and egocentrism. These changes for the young adolescent often bring rebellion, low motivation, drugs, alcohol, pregnancies, rocky emotions, and peer pressure. Life for the adolescent can be a conflicting demand of tug of war, filling the adolescent life with demands, mixed messages, and forcing a path of reliance on others and independence while creating stress and depression for the inexperienced adolescent to handle. Relationships in middle childhood and adolescence Peer relations are important aspect of human development. During middle childhood, children typically hang out with other...
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...their lives forever. The involvements with their parents and peers have a large impact on their sexual identity, social identity and racial identity. As a future counselor, I am very interested in the decision making process in the adolescent age group. Growing up in a single parent household, my mother and I were really close. She established a relationship that allowed me to comfortably...
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...Why is it a useful measure? i. How does heredity and environment affect IQ? d. Horizon video on multiple intelligences as examples of the above…. 4. Academic Skills a. What are the components of skilled reading? b. As children develop how do their writing skills improve? Key words: Mental operations Conservation tasks Deductive reasoning Metacognition Organization Elaboration Metamemory Intelligence quotient (IQ) Emotional Intelligence Analytic Intelligence Creative Ability Practical Ability Phonological awareness knowledge-telling strategy knowledge-transforming strategy CHAPTER 7: Socioemotional development in middle childhood and adolescence 1. Family Relationships a. What is a family? What changes have occurred in how family is defined? b. How does a family systems perspective look...
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...PEER INFLUENCE IN RELATION TO ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND SOCIALIZATION AMONG ADOLESCENTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW by Nicole Marie Howard A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree With a Major in School Psychology Approved Two Semester Credits _____________________________ Investigation Advisor The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout May, 2004 ii The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout Menomonie, WI 54751 ABSTRACT _________Howard__________Nicole_______M._________________________ (Writer) (Last Name) (First) (Initial) Peer Influence In Relation To Academic Performance and Socialization Among__ (Title) Adolescents: A Literature Review______________________________________ School Psychology (Graduate Major) Dr. Helen Swanson (Research Advisor) May/2004_____ 30__________ (Month/Year) (No. of Pages) Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition___ (Name of Style Manual Used in This Study) Adolescents have always been exposed to peer influence, but the kinds of peer influence that they encounter have changed tremendously in the past years. Peers can influence everything from what an adolescent chooses to wear to whether or not an adolescent engages in drug related or other delinquent behavior. This is an important topic because if society and education related professionals understand the issues surrounding negative peer influence, they are more likely...
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...Topics that I would include are: depression/suicidal ideations, sex-role identification, and developing a sense of identification. Early adolescents go through a stage where they are trying to figure out who they are. Additionally, they are influenced by their environment and some of these influences may not have a positive impact on the adolescent. During this transitional stage in life, mental health associated hormones are difficult to identify. There is a rise in hormones which plays an important role in the emotional state. The emotional state of an adolescent is very unpredictable, one minute they are depressed/withdrawn and the next minute that are happy and enjoyable. These mood swings begin to level out as they go from early...
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...The aspect of individuality in adolescent development is very unique to each individual, but there are some issues which they may have a similarities. There is some changes on how they will interact to the other people which it can affect to their learning and development. There are some factors that influence the learning and development of the high school learners. Family, school, peers, technology or media, and internal factor are some of these. The relationship between the family members is a major factor that influences adolescent’s learning and development. If an adolescent belongs to a family which they usually have conflicts and has poor communication skills, it will have a negative effect on his behavior. He may not be able to focus on his studies; it is hard for him to acquire knowledge when he is depressed because of family problems. Therefore it is very important to have a good relationship between the family members and has an effective parenting which parents nurture, encourage and support (clear and consistent discipline) their children to prevent these negative effects. One of the factors that influence high school students is peers or a group of people having the same age. Peers are said to be the source of satisfaction, reward and identity development. According to the stage five of Erikson’s Psycho-Social Theory that the task during adolescence is to achieve ego identity and avoid role confusion. Peers help the adolescents to find who they are and how they...
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...Adolescent Stages of Development Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years of age. Basically, adolescence may be divided into three main stages middle childhood (8-11), early adolescence (11-14), and middle adolescence (15-18) while the last years of adolescence may be characterised as the last years when individuals completely grew into adults. Adolescence is a time of great change for a child. It is a time where they begin to explore who they are as individuals and develop their own identities as they get closer into adulthood. Erik Erikson theorized that in adolescence “the main task is developing an identity” and that a healthy identity is developed when they try on alternate identities and reflect on these experiences (Pressley &ump; McCormick, 2007, p.147). Michael Nakkula says “identity is not the culmination of a key event or series of events, although key events can play an important role in the larger process. It is rather, the lived experience of an ongoing process-the process of integrating successes, failures, routines, habits, rituals,...
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...2008). There are a number of positive as well as negative consequences of important developmental choices during this time phase. In addition detailed depictions of the changes adolescence come into contact with in regards to peer relationships in middle childhood and as well as youth. The scrutinizing aspects of adolescent egocentrism also the pressures often faced in adolescence, such as peer pressure, substance use and abuse, dating, sexuality, and changes within family relationships. My split portion for bullet point three When analyzing the reality of the pressures often faced within the adolescence community. It has been found, peer interaction can determine a type of association to fit in a particular social group. Peer relationships endow with optimistic growth. As well as foster peer interaction (Blume, 2006). As youth indwell on having meaningful friendships because of their constant interaction it would lead to an important development in their life. Therefore peers later on in life have these important dealings with one another because it was maintained while they were an adolescent. Another difficulty that is equally exposed to adolescents is the pressure of substance abuse. The history of substance abuse in adolescents over time found that when children leave the nest and the security they always once were use too, they have are a target for a much higher risk in trying to fit in and experiment with addictive drugs, i.e. Illegal or non illegal...
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