...Abstract This essay will focus on the application of Correctional Theory and the effective assessment of the correctional institutions. Criminal Justice System Introduction To comprehend the definition of corrections a person must examine the reasons of correctional punishments in addition to discovering how criminals have been punished during the course of history. Correctional theories distinguish the rationale for what the correctional system should be and how it should be applied (highered.mcgraw-hill.com, 2005). Theories of Correction Theories of corrections consist of three factors. First, there’s the objective or purpose of corrections. These have a tendency to highlight both restraining the offenders and restructuring the lives of the offenders (Cullen, Jonson, 2012). Secondly, each theory has an unreserved or obvious outline of exactly how the correctional system should be organized, together with policies, practices, and organizational structure. Theories also generate opposition for the reason that everyone requires that the correctional system be structured in a different way. Third, theories make a claim of effectiveness. Supporters declare not only that a theory’s goal is moral but that their theory can also be executed successfully (Cullen, Jonson, 2012). Main Theories of Corrections Incapacitation Deterrence Rehabilitation Community Restraints Structure, Discipline and Challenge ...
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...Criminological Perspectives on Probation This assignment will critically discuss whether victims are at the heart of criminal justice (CJ) considerations for policy reform. It will consider a number of theoretical perspectives, including victimology and critically discuss how the needs of victims of crime, including the services available, are tackled through a criminal justice response and the demands of the victim movement. The essay will demonstrate the impact of politics upon policy and practice initiatives on both a national and local level. Furthermore, there will be a discussion predominately about how probation policy and practice can appropriately respond to the needs and diversity of different victim groups, whilst touching briefly on other criminal justice agencies. To allow this assignment to be focused it will also concentrate largely on issues surrounding women as victims of domestic violence and examples within Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) communities. The 1985 United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power broadly defined the term ‘victims’ as: Persons who individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts…that are in violation of criminal laws operative within Member States. (cited in Goodey, 2005:10) While Goodey suggests that victims are ‘now at the heart...
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..."[t]he judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." (Kelly, 2012) ” This article of the US Constitution created the Federal Court System. Because each of the original colonies had an established court system, the two court systems evolved separately into today’s modern dual court system (Kelly, 2012). This essay will break down the major historical events in the United States Court system to include probation, parole, and juvenile courts and how they have transformed todays United States Dual court system. In the late 19th century and early 20th century a social movement known as Progressivism had a strong hand in creating and molding the US Court systems. This movement primary goal toward the court systems was to change the thinking from retribution to rehabilitation (Net Industries, 2012). As the progressivism movement started to gain ground and the mindset shifted toward rehabilitation Boston, MA started to use an informal form of probation. Judges would release minor criminals into the custody of well-known members of society in hopes of rehabilitation (City of New York, 2012). In the late 19th century Massachusetts created a law that allowed the mayor of Boston to create the position of a...
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...state and federal objectives of punishment. It will also cover the state and federal corrections systems. And it would cover the determinate and indeterminate sentencing. It would also cover the model that I feel it was more appropriate and will have some examples. Principal objectives of punishment within the U.S. corrections system: Everyday many people attend court because of some criminal act they did. Everyday judges have to review all cases before deciding any sentence. The punishment of a felony is incarceration of a year or more. Misdemeanors are a little shorter, it can be incarceration of a year a less. For repetitive offenders they have something called three strikes law. The judges have many sentencing categories from where to choose. They have economic sanction where the individuals pay a fine or do community service to pay for the crime they committed. There is probation where they are let out to society but are supervised 24/7, which is what most of the judges give to first time offenders. There is also intermediate sanctions that are either imprisonment or probation, it might depend on the crime or the judge. Short term confinement which is a year or less in jail and then there is imprisonment which is a year or more and for many can even become life time imprisonment. Capital punishment is given to really serious or special crimes that hurts society. Judges don’t have many rights though, they can’t just punish everyone, they have to make sure their mentality...
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...and punish those who violate the law by committing a crime. Crime known for an action that is consider as an offense that is punish by the law. There is no single cause of crime. If laws did not exist, crime will not exist. Society determines which acts are criminal acts by the consensus model and conflict model. The consensus model is when society determine if the crime is a criminal act by beliefs and values. The conflict model is when criminal acts are determine by political and economic views. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of the criminal justice system structure, components, and goals. The criminal justice system is similar to the social justice that concerns the violation of the criminal law. The structure of the government is broken down into three branches. The branches are legislature, judicial, and executive. The Legislature branches is made of both state and federal. The Legislature branch is the law making body of political unit, usually a national government that has power to enact, amend, and repeal public policy (Wikipedia 2015). The legislature branch also fix the sentence and provide the funding for the criminal justice agencies. The Judicial branch give the court power to evaluate the legislative acts and confirm if it is related to the constitution. The...
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...Terms Website, 2004). Parole is seen as a back end model of community corrections and is usually approved to a prisoner after they have completed the minimum, required time in prison set by a judge. However parole is only granted if the prisoner has behaved well in prison and cooperated with staff by abiding by set rules (Queensland Parole Orders Act, 1984). When a prisoner has completed the minimum time in incarceration of their sentence they are put before a parole board to plead their case. The parole board takes a number of things into consideration, such as their behavior and cooperation with in the prison and their likelihood to reoffend if let out on parole. The parole board may grant or deny a prisoner the freedom of parole. While on parole the inmate must cooperate with the rules and regulations placed upon him or her. And any deterrence from these rules means they will be sent back to prison to complete his or her entire sentence (White and Perrone, 2004). If granted parole the parolee is placed back into the community under supervision from a parole officer who is there to provide help and support to the offender. The parole officer helps them reintegrate into society, watches over them and reports back to the parole board on their progress. This system aims to make transition into society easier and helps them become a functioning member of the community. Parole captures the...
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...* * ESSAY GUIDELINES FOR INTRO TO ADMIN * 100 POINTS * YOUR OWN NOT A GROUP WORK * REASERCH NOW * DON’T PROCRASTINATE * ESSAY IS DUE NOVEMBER 12, 2015 * USE ENGLISH TUTORS * TITTLE STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES * TOPICS: ANALYZE AND EVALUATE THE CURRENT LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE US FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE DESCRIVE THE 3 COMPONENTS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTINCE SYSTEM: EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE POLICE, COUTS, AND CORRECTIONS CHARECTERIZE THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF CRIME AND ITS EFFECTS ON INDIVIDUALS IN SOCIETY * Crimes: * Conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification of exercise. Individual Rights: * The rights guaranteed to all members of American society by the US * Constitution * Especially those found in the first ten amendments US Patriot Act: * A federal law * Enacted in response to 9/11 * The law officially titled UNITING AND STRENGHTHENING AMERICA by providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism act Individual Rights Advocate: One who seeks to protect personal freedom within the process of criminal justice Public Order Advocate * One who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety. The interests of society should take precedence over individual rights Civil Justice: ...
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...1177/1748895806060666 A desistance paradigm for offender management FERGUS McNEILL Universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde, UK Abstract In an influential article published in the British Journal of Social Work in 1979, Anthony Bottoms and Bill McWilliams proposed the adoption of a ‘non-treatment paradigm’ for probation practice. Their argument rested on a careful and considered analysis not only of empirical evidence about the ineffectiveness of rehabilitative treatment but also of theoretical, moral and philosophical questions about such interventions. By 1994, emerging evidence about the potential effectiveness of some intervention programmes was sufficient to lead Peter Raynor and Maurice Vanstone to suggest significant revisions to the ‘non-treatment paradigm’. In this article, it is argued that a different but equally relevant form of empirical evidence—that derived from desistance studies—suggests a need to re-evaluate these earlier paradigms for probation practice. This reevaluation is also required by the way that such studies enable us to understand and theorize both desistance itself and the role that penal professionals might play in supporting it. Ultimately, these empirical and theoretical insights drive us back to the complex interfaces between technical and moral questions that preoccupied Bottoms and McWilliams and that should feature more prominently in contemporary debates about the futures of ‘offender management’ and of our penal systems. Key Words ...
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...Juvenile Delinquent Albert Stuckey AIU Online Abstract This paper is a definition essay that defines the term juvenile delinquent. Juvenile delinquent is a person who’s under the legal age of 18 and breaks the law. This essay will give the reader in detailed information regarding the term juvenile delinquent. Juvenile Delinquent Juvenile delinquency is a term that basically means a person under the age of 18 years old (or age set by state officials) that commits that act of breaking the law. In many courts the punishment for committing a crime while under the age of 18 doesn’t sound too bad to some people. In some cases the crime in which the juvenile commit can lead to the youth being charged as an adult. Neglect Definition: To pay no attention or too little attention to a child’s basic needs from a parent or guardian. Unpredictability: not knowing what behavior will lead to a physical assault. The child is always walking on thin ice without knowing the rules or guidelines. The angrier the parent, the more severe the abuse, the abuser believes to have control they need to put fear in the child. Delinquency is a child who is beyond a parent(s) control and shows signs of being antisocial is label as a juvenile delinquent, and is subject to legal action. http://www.yourdictionary.com/antisocial Juvenile delinquent is a person who’s under the age 18. This person is found to have committed a crime in states which have declared by law that a minor lacks responsibility...
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...Challenges of Being an Advocate and Mediator Challenges of Being an Advocate and Mediator Many challenges are presented when working as a mediator and an advocate in the human services field. Advocacy and Mediation require a person to remain neutral in order to help individuals resolve their issues. The roles of advocates and mediators also come with limitations which if not followed, could lead them to have serious legal problems. In this essay the writer will present the ethical, moral and legal issues that an advocate faces as well as their own opinion of advocacy and meditation integration. In addition the writer will also present their personal philosophy and individual approach to advocating for adult probation. Being an advocate can present ethical, moral and legal issues, ethical issues are presented everywhere within advocacy. Those advocates have the ethical responsibility to act with integrity and honesty. Advocates have the moral obligation to help clients and social causes. The most difficult task in their assignments is the legal and ethical limitations they face when taking on their cases. Some of the most stringent limitations include laws regarding defamation or even hate crimes. These hate crimes are not only present in relation to racisms. A rise in hate crimes has been seen towards and in relation with same-sex marriages. These advocates are faced with the difficult task of protecting these people from hate crimes and must at the same time uphold...
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...Juvenile Crime Ephrem Larry CJS/200 01/12/14 William Patton In this essay I am going to address the differences between juvenile court and adult court. I am also going to talk about the definitions of delinquency and status offenses. I will briefly describe the variables that correlate to the juvenile crime rate and make recommendations for reducing juvenile crime. There are several differences between juvenile court and adult court. “According to the Department of Juvenile Services (2014) History of Juvenile Justice in the United States,” from a historical perspective the juvenile court systems is relatively new. It was stated that in the late 1960‘s that youth did not have constitutional rights. In 1967 the U. S. Supreme Courts ruled that even though juvenile courts were civil proceeding, individuals subjected to these proceedings still faced potential loss of liberty. The Supreme Court ruled that all youth offenders in juvenile court proceedings that faced possible confinement have the following constitutional rights: The right to receive notice of charges, The right to obtain legal counsel, The right to confrontation and cross – examination, The privileges against self – incrimination, The right to receive a transcript of the proceedings, and The right to have an appellate court review the lower court’s decision (The Department of Juvenile Services , 2014). However, many of these juvenile courts...
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...Abstract There has been significant interest in Australia and indeed the world as to whether people with a mental illness are at increased risk of violence. In particular, the diagnosing of current or even future offenders has offered a wide insight not only into mental illness as a stand-alone but to whether it is a major trigger in acts of violence. Offenders with mental illness have attracted substantial attention over the recent years, given their prevalence and poor outcomes. A number of interventions have been developed for this population (e.g., mental health courts) and they share an emphasis on one component as the foundation of the problem: mental illness. Focusing soley on psychiatric services inadequately tie in with the policy goal of reducing recidivism. The validity of mental illness being linked t criminal behavior points towards moderated arbitration techniques and the effect of mental illness on other “recidivism” is to some extent interceded by system impartiality and shame. The recognition of mental illness being tied to offenders been identified as a feasible tool to decrease the escalating level of offending amongst juveniles, and indeed has been implemented in varying forms as a diversion away from the criminal justice system. In this essay, the notion of people with mental health problems are not at increased risk of committing violence will be explored. Mulvey (1997) showed that in general, contrary to findings of earlier research, an association...
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...The long continuing debate of whether the current criminal justice system is 'about as fair and effective as we can reasonably expect' has been addressed in this essay. It is argued throughout this essay that the criminal justice system fails to meet with the protection and well being of the public by not appropriately processing offenders. Six main arguments of this essay highlight weaknesses within the system. The first argument of this essay exposes the time in which offenders spend in remand prior to their trial. The second, debates whether bail over remand is being used appropriately. The third shows how lenient judges sentencing decisions are, and in addition to this, the fourth argument shows what effect the media has on the courts decisions. Then finally the fifth researches the rate of offenders re-offending. This essay concludes that the criminal justice system is not using it's ability to the fullest to stop these offenders from re-offending within our community. The first argument in the weaknesses of the criminal justice system addresses the time an offender spends in remand, in the wait of their trial date. The length remandees are spending in custody is far too extensive, and more action needs to be done to trounce this problem within our system. When a person is placed in remand it is believed the main factors are; so that they actually show up for their hearing, to protect witnesses, or anyone else if they re-offend, and in some cases the accused themselves need...
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...change, for some time now a large part of the United States population has bought into the whole concept of placing children who break the law in juvenile correctional facilities. As tax payers we must come to the realization that something needs to change if we want these troubled youth to have a bright future ahead of them and become law-abiding tax payers. As a country we are spending billions of dollars buying into this whole concept of incarcerating young people, while research shows it is ineffective on rehabilitating the lives of juvenile offenders. Richard A. Mendel reports that a number of studies actually show that the incarceration of juveniles, “actually increases recidivism among youth with lower-risk profiles and less-serious offending histories” (6). In order to put an end to this epidemic of just locking kids up and costing taxpayers billions of dollars we must use some alternative methods when dealing with juvenile offenders. If we want to build a stronger economy for the future we must invest less money into locking kids up and more money in building them back up. According to Mendel view on the incarceration of juveniles, “it wastes vast sums of taxpayers’ dollars. And more than not, it harms the...
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...Paper Nycole Chatman COM/220 October 28, 2012 Debbi Kutner Reducing Recidivism in today’s Society Final Project: Persuasive Research Paper Reducing Recidivism in today’s Society Education and job skills are key elements to reducing recidivism therefore; prisons, county jails, and the probation offices should adopt mandatory programs so ex-offenders can become productive members of society. Every year approximately 9 million people are released from prison in the U.S. (Center, T. N.-e., 2012) and due to lack of education and job skills, 52% of those 9 million returns within three years. According to Yamatani & Spjeldnes (2011), “The United States represents only 5 percent of the world’s population, but we hold 25 percent of the world's inmates in our prisons and jails (Pew Center on the States, 2008). We have more people behind bars in total numbers and per capita than any other industrialized country--2.3 million out of nearly 300 million (750 per 100,000 residents)--one out of 100 U.S.” This essay will show the difference between recidivism and rehabilitation as well as showing how education and job training can effectively reduce the rate of recidivism in the U.S. What is recidivism you ask? The Merriam-Webster defines recidivism as a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behavior (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2012). Recidivism comes into play because...
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