...pathophysiology of two diseases namely Psoriasis and the Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV). Basically, psoriasis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease which is said to be complex. The disease is mainly common among individuals who are genetically susceptible and is mainly presented by the inflammatory plaques which develop on one’s skin. Apart from genetic susceptibility, psoriasis is also caused when the immune system mistakes viable cells to be external components. In the past few decades, the pathogenesis of this disease was mainly said to be keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Currently, the pathogenesis of the disease also focuses on the dysregulation of one’s immune system. Primarily, the inflammatory plaques appear as silver-white patches. Conversely, the pathogenesis of HIV is basically attributed to by the extensive degradation of one’s immune system. The HIV pathogenic mechanism is prompted by the presence of HIV virus in one’s immune system. The weakening of the immune system culminates in increased susceptibility to various infections (Dann, 2009). Differences There are major evident differences between the two maladaptive responses of the given diseases. For instance, the two diseases result in different ramifications upon one’s immune system. While HIV tends to weaken one’s immune system, psoriasis does not do the same. In addition, it is evident that the two maladaptive responses differ simply by evaluating the symptoms of each. Psoriasis is depicted through the...
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...Research Journal: Pemphigus and pustular psoriasis This case report and review involved a woman who had been diagnosed with pemphigus foliaceus (PF). Several types of blisters and lesions, and in some cases, psoriasis vulgaris are symptoms of this autoimmune disease. This case study sought to determine if there is a pathological connection between PF and generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP). This patient was first admitted in 2014 with exacerbated symptoms including “extensive bullae, erosions, scales and crusts on the scalp, face, trunk and limbs…” (Abbas, 2017) Cultures, lab tests and a biopsy were conducted, with only the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) showing as elevated as well as white blood cell abnormalities. She was diagnosed...
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...various reasons comparable to infections, autoimmune illnesses, inflammatory conditions and degenerative ailments. Damage-related joint soreness: persistent joint suffering can be as a result of a stressful injury prior to now. Some individuals may even expertise continuous joint agony since of an injury for the leisure of their lives. Some injuries that may cause affliction within the joints are: severe bruising Dislocation or separation of a joint Sprain of a ligament Overuse of the joint or repetitive action of a specific...
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...Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune disorder that causes clear, fluid filled blisters on the skin or in the oral mucosa. It is known as a classical autoimmune disease among the ever growing spectrum of autoimmune diseases. It is usually a disease that affects the elderly, with onset at about 55-85 years of age. Since the onset is usually seen in the elderly it is very rare that an infant will contract the disease. Infants, however, can contract the disease through shared antibodies via the placenta with the mother. If an infant is born with manifestations of the disease, he/she will recover as soon as the maternal antibodies have disappeared. Trends and Barriers There is not a tremendous amount of information on the epidemiology of BP. Some studies have shown that there is a 0.2 and 3.0 occurrence in 100,000 people per year. However, BP is the most common form of immunobullous disease in Western Europe with 43 million cases per year in the U.K. There have been 7-13 million cases reported per year in other parts of Europe. There seems to be no link with sex or race with this disease. Some studies have shown that there is a link between BP and other autoimmune disorders such as diabetes, anemia, lichen planus and...
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...health of a person. These systems work in different and unique roles but help each other by working together to fight against the body’s enemies. One of the most essential systems in the human body is the immune system which consists of different cells, tissues, and organs found in various parts of the body that serves to defend and protect it against diseases and infections that are harmful to it. The immune system works constantly because every day, the human body is exposed, in many ways, to unknown infections brought about by certain pathogens around the environment. These pathogens impose threats to the body which may include...
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...worst form. Chronic arthritis is common. It has three main forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout. Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory condition of one or more joints the main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age. This is the most common form of arthritis. This disease is known as a degenerative joint disease. It affects about 80% of all Americans. The pain is caused by the degeneration of the joint. The damage to the cartilage occurs as the disease progresses and degenerates and may form some bony spurs at the end of the bones. The bones may grind against each other. Cartilage normally serves as a shock-absorbing cushion between the bones. When it breaks down it results in bones rubbing directly against one another during movement. This friction between the bones causes the bone to thicken, and spurs develop .As time goes on; these abrasions can cause permanent joint damage. Osteoarthritis is most common in the knees, hips, hands and spine. Rheumatoid arthritis is the worst form arthritis. It is a chronic autoimmune disease which affects the connective tissue and joints. This disease is very progressive, involving many joints. It causes the joint to swell and stiffen and fuse together in deformed positions. This leads to muscle spasms and deformities. Rheumatoid arthritis has no cure but can be treated. Most are treated with medicines such as corticosteroids and possible surgery of affected joints based...
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...thin the cartilage and the bones. Osteoarthritis can also result from diseases in which there is softening of the bone, like Paget's disease in which the long bones of the body curve like a bow, or osteoporosis with its bowing of the shoulder called "dowager's hump," or the breakdown of other bones. Other forms of arthritis can also cause a secondary osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is not an inevitable problem of aging. Those who don't suffer from it may have their heredity and possibly the strength of their immune systems to thank. Medical science is not quite sure of all the factors that come into play in deciding who gets osteoarthritis and who doesn't. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis. It is second only to osteoarthritis in the number of its victims. It affects primarily the small joints in the hands and feet and the synovium, causing crippling deformities. This is an arthritis that usually starts in middle age or earlier. Estimates of the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis run as high as one person in every hundred, and females are two to three times as likely to suffer from it. It seems to start more in the winter and after some siege of sickness, but it is not considered an infective arthritis. Nobody knows what causes rheumatoid arthritis. There may be some hereditary trait, and there seems to be some connection to viral infections like German measles and serum hepatitis, the liver disease brought on by an injection of one kind or another. Because of this...
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...researchers used an oral food challenge test to confirm the allergy diagnosis. It is a complex process that involves a patient ingesting small amounts of the suspected allergen in the hospital under strict emergency conditions to determine if they respond allergically to it. Prof Lee, a researcher at the MDC and head of the Charite’s outpatient pediatric allergy clinic, said that 80 percent of presumed food allergies are not allergies, but instead, they are food sensitivities caused by food intolerance. This research revealed five genetic risk loci for food allergies. Four of these generic risk loci portray a strong association with known loci for not only asthma and dermatitis but also for other chronic inflammatory diseases like psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, and autoimmune disorders. The findings of the study revealed a new risk locus linked to food allergies known as SERPINB. This gene cluster on chromosome 18 was identified to be the reason for food allergic reactions. It engages ten members of the serpin (serine protease inhibitor) superfamily. The genes in this cluster are expressed primarily in the mucous membrane of the esophagus and the skin. Thus, the researchers suspected that it could play a role in ensuring the integrity of the epithelial barrier function. The study also indicated that four of the five identified risk loci are associated with all food allergies. The only exception was identified in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, which is only specific to peanut...
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...With time these hair follicles continue to shrink until they finally stop growing altogether. Thyroid disorders have also been known to be responsible for bring about women's hair loss. Apart from the above issues,other factors that contribute to hair loss in women include autoimmune diseases, skin conditions such as psoriasis and dermatitis. Extreme stress and physical trauma such as surgery are also known to contribute to hair loss. Hair manipulation during styling, dyes, bad brushes, flat irons and blow dryers can all lead to hair breakage and loss. The good news is that when hair falls or breaks due to the manipulation process it is highly likely grow back. Although women's hair loss can be addressed by medication procedures it is more appropriate when natural methods of dealing with hair thinning and loss are used. Beauty supplements usually promise to stimulate hair growth What they do not tell you is that they can also backfire and leave you with a variety of complications. The best approach for dealing with hair loss is to get...
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...Arthritis is inflammation of one or more of your joints. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsens with age. The two most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis is usually caused by normal wear and tear, while rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder. Other types of arthritis can be caused by uric acid crystals, infections or even an underlying disease—such as psoriasis or lupus. Treatments vary, depending on the type of arthritis. The main goals of arthritis treatments are to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. The most common signs and symptoms of arthritis involve the joints. Depending on the type of arthritis you have, your signs and symptoms may include: Pain Stiffness Swelling Redness Decreased range of motion Causes of the pain associated with arthritis is caused by joint damage. Joints are made up of the following parts: Cartilage. A hard, but slick, coating on the ends of bones, cartilage allows bones of the joint to slide smoothly over each other. Joint capsule. This tough membrane encloses all the joint parts. Synovium. This thin membrane lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and nourishes the cartilage. The two main types of arthritis damage joints in different ways. Osteoarthritis. In osteoarthritis, wear and tear damages to cartilage can result in bone...
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...CONTAINING AZITHROMYCIN AND PREDNISOLONE VESICLES FOR TREATING PSORIASIS Sonia Tomar, Tinku Singhal, ABSTRACT Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease, associated with metabolic syndrome, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes and many other diseases. There is various type of psoriasis but most common type of psoriasis is caused by Psoriasis vulgaris. It is characterized by rigid of skin due to increase in the level of cholesterol and fall in the level of ceramide. Apart from that it is associated with an immune system of the body means movement of immune cells from dermis to the epidermis, where they stimulate skin cells (keratinocytes) to proliferate. Various type of drug delivery system are used for the treatment of psoriasis including topical, oral or systemic but gels prepration of azithromycin and prednisolone are more effective in reduction of purities, scaling and hyperkeratosis of psoriasis plaque. Niosomal/Vesicular gel, has been explored extensively for topical application to enhance skin penetration as well as skin retention. Prednisolone and azithroycin together provide effective results in the treatment of psoriasis. Due to high entrapment efficiency and stability, gel prepration (Azithromycin & Prednisolone) reduce the scaly patches and suppression of humoral immunity. Keywords: Niosome, Immunity, Topical, Psoriasis, Gel, Azithromycin, Prednisolone. INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is recognized as a complex, chronic skin condition that can...
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...ABfocus on THERAPEuTIc AnTIBoDIEs REVIEWS Therapeutic antibodies for autoimmunity and inflammation Andrew C. Chan* and Paul J. Carter‡ Abstract | The development of therapeutic antibodies has evolved over the past decade into a mainstay of therapeutic options for patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Substantial advances in understanding the biology of human diseases have been made and tremendous benefit to patients has been gained with the first generation of therapeutic antibodies. The lessons learnt from these antibodies have provided the foundation for the discovery and development of future therapeutic antibodies. Here we review how key insights obtained from the development of therapeutic antibodies complemented by newer antibody engineering technologies are delivering a second generation of therapeutic antibodies with promise for greater clinical efficacy and safety. Effector functions Fc-mediated antibody properties that are involved in target cell destruction: antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibodydependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Half-life The time taken for the plasma concentration of a drug to fall to half of its original value. Initial half-life and terminal half-life refer to the first (distribution) and second (elimination) phase for bi-exponential pharmacokinetics, respectively. *Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc.,1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California...
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...9-604-101 REV: JUNE 20, 2006 GARY PISANO LEE FLEMING Vertex Pharmaceuticals: R&D Portfolio Management (A) EEEddduuucccaaatttiiiooonnnaaalll mmmaaattteeerrriiiaaalll sssuuuppppppllliiieeeddd bbbyyy TTThhheee CCCaaassseee CCCeeennntttrrreee CCCooopppyyyrrriiiggghhhttt eeennncccooodddeeeddd AAA777666HHHMMM---JJJUUUJJJ999KKK---PPPJJJMMMNNN999III OOOrrrdddeeerrr rrreeefffeeerrreeennnccceee FFF222555222999888333 I’ve never made a bad decision. I’ve just had bad data. — Joshua Boger, CEO and Founder of Vertex Pharmaceuticals Like many New Englanders on this bright October morning in 2003, Josh Boger, CEO of Vertex Pharmaceuticals, had been up until 2:00 a.m. the previous evening watching the Boston Red Sox playoff game. The game, predictably, ended in a heartbreaking loss for the Red Sox, but Boger’s lingering disappointment (and regret over staying up so late) quickly faded as he strode down the halls of the Cambridge, Massachusetts company he had founded 15 years earlier. Vertex had four promising drugs in various stages of clinical development, and Boger was excited by the possibilities: “The portfolio is playing out exactly as we hoped. We’ve got a stream of revenues from our partnered project that will help fund our development costs. There are multiple paths for us to become profitable. We’re in a position to choose.” While the company had revenue from various corporate partnerships and roughly $600...
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...Oral manifestations of migratory stomatitis, or geographic tongue, may be associated with inherited genetic factors, immunological abnormalities, trepidation, and several other disorders including (but not limited to) psoriasis and diabetes (Jainkittivong). Geographic tongue involves lesions located non-specifically on ‘the tip, lateral borders, and dorsum of the tongue’ (Jainkittivong). These lesions frequently appear as ‘multifocal, circinate, irregular erythematous patches bounded by a slightly elevated, white or cream colored keratotic band or line’ (Jainkittivong). Often, ‘the central erythematous patch represents atrophy of the filiform papillae’ (Jainkittivong) and ‘the white border is composed of regenerating filiform papillae and a...
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...OUTPERFORM NOVARTIS Switzerland – Market price at 11/30/2015 closing price: $90.43 DEVAUX Paul, MÉAR Germain – 11/03/2015 Activities: Novartis is the number one pharmaceutical company in the world regarding sales: $47,101 million in 2014. Its headquarters are in Basel, in Switzerland. This company was born from the merger of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz in 1996. Those companies are both Swiss company with a great history in this sector. The merger of J.R GEIGY LTD and CIBA also formed Ciba-Geigy. Those both companies were founded in Basel In 1758 and 1859. Novartis famous drugs are: • Clozapine (Clozaril) used in the treatment of schizophrenia • Diclofenac (Voltaren) used to reduce inflammation • Pharmaceutical Industry Sector Extreme (52w)) Lowest $88.89 Highest $107.1 Latest price $91.04 Vaksartan (Diovan) used to treat high blood pressure Novartis focused first on its pharmaceutical and agrochemical activities and sold other businesses. Novartis is operating directly and through dozens of subsidiaries in countries around the world. There are three key divisions in Novartis: Pharmaceuticals, Alcon and Sandoz. Its pharmaceuticals division aims at providing innovative and important medicines for health needs. It has a portfolio of over sixty medicines, which often are leaders in their therapeutic areas. In addition, this division is currently working on more than...
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