...HOW DOES A MUSIC PROGRAM AFFECT THE READING FLUENCY OF SECOND GRADE ESL STUDENTS? by Candace Rose Cooper A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in English as a Second Language Hamline University St. Paul, Minnesota April, 2011 Committee: Ann Mabbott-Primary Advisor Cynthia Lundgren-Secondary Advisor Kristin Weidlein-Peer Reader To my aunt, Mary Lou Merdan, Ph.D., who dedicated her career to reading literacy through the education of children and teachers. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction……………………………………………………………….1 Folk Songs………………………………………………………………………...1 Background of the Research………………………………………………………3 Benefits of Music Education……………………………………………………...4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...5 Chapter Two: Literature Review…………………………………………………………7 Music, Motivation, Language, and Reading Fluency……………………………..7 Music and Language…………………………………………………………..…..8 Music and Motivation……………………………………………………………10 Oral Language……………………………………………………………………15 Reading Fluency…………………………………………………………………17 Strategies for Enhancing Reading Fluency………………………………………21 Fluency and ELLs…………………………………………………...…………...24 Fluency Assessment……………………………………………………………...25 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….29 Chapter Three: Methodology…………………………………………….……………...31 Participants and Research Design………………………………………………..31 Research Paradigm…………………………………………….………………....31 Setting………………………….………………………………………………...32 iii Participants………………………………………………………………………...
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... 6/26/12 Psychology Dr. Kinslow MUSIC PRODUCTION AND CREATIVE THINKING “Music is the movement of sound to reach the soul for the education of its virtue.” These words of wisdom come from the great philosopher Plato and I have taken them to heart along my musical journey. I’ve known for a long time that I would find my calling in a career in the music industry. It was around the age of 12 that I really how much I really loved music and wanted to do this for the rest of my life. My journey into music began with me teaching myself to play the drums, even though I had taken guitar and violin lessons in the past this was the first instrument I learned on my own and the beginning of my journey to become a music producer. I have realized that many of the concepts in psychology can be applied successfully to the music industry and ultimately further me in my career as a music producer. As I have been studying psychology, there are four major concepts that have stuck out to me as the most crucial things I needed to survive in the music industry. The first was emotional intelligence, also known as EQ, this is a crucial factor to me because I believe that to be a very good music producer you need to understand how other people’s emotions work. This is really important because music is all about emotion and expression, such things as a change in tempo and scale can make a happy song sound more depressing and slow. For one to produce music, you have to be able...
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...Five Musicological Fields: The study of music also known as musicology encompasses five distinct fields. These include the study of historical musicology, ethnomusicology, philosophy of music, psychology of music and acoustics (Nation-master, 2013). The first major field, historical musicology, is the study of musical origins including subjects such as composers, genres and musical notation. Ethnomusicology is the second major field of musicology and is based around the field studies on music in diverse cultures. Thirdly, the philosophy of music is concerned with the central question of ‘what is music’. Another major field is Psychology of music which relates to the effect music has on human beings. The last musicological field of acoustics is the study of the science of sound (Nation-master, 2013). These five fields make up the fundamentals of musicology and will be explored within this report. Historical musicology focuses on the progression of music over time. This field studies the progressive styles of compositions, performances, receptions and criticisms of music (Nation-master, 2013). The methods of studying historical musicology also include source studies, manuscript studies, textual criticism, style criticism, the choice of historical method, musical analysis, and the application of musical analysis (Nation-master, 2013). This field of study also examines the lives and work of composers and performers (Queensland Studies Authority 2008). Influences and impacts on...
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...Three years ago, I joined the Psychology Association in Guangdong Experimental High School merely out of curiosity. Surprisingly, this decision turned out to be the turning point of my life for fueling my enthusiasm in exploring the world of Psychology. In my second year at this association, I was elected the President and successfully held more than twenty events to promote knowledge about Psychology among my fellow students: carrying out workshops such as student mentoring for roughly 20% of all Grade 11 students; inviting professors to give lectures about sensory memory, childhood amnesia, and cognition for all psychology enthusiasts; holding discussion groups to analyze Psychology related movies or books such as 'The Interpretation of Dreams' and so on. Holding a variety of Psychology-related activities has not only helped develop my organizational and time management skills, but has also equipped me with an initial understanding of human nature and behaviors. Gradually, I started to consider choosing Psychology as my major at university. Since then, I have been seeking knowledge about Psychology whenever and wherever possible. Research about issues in Psychology has extended my exposure. In my daily life, I have been following news and updates on the Internet or in magazines on a monthly basis, and I am always keen on speaking to experienced professionals or supervisors who are already engaged in Psychology. They all have given me good advice about insightful perspectives...
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...experimental study of music and colour Fei-Fei Chenga, Chin-Shan Wub and David C. Yenc* a Department of Information Management, Southern Taiwan University of Technology, Yung-Kang, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; bDepartment of Electronic Commerce, WuFeng Institute of Technology, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-yi, Taiwan, Republic of China; cDepartment of Decision Sciences and Management Information Systems, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA (Received February 2007; final version received October 2007) The current study is a convergence of two research orientations: the effect of ambient factors (e.g. music and colour) in physical stores and the website design in cyber context. The former emphasises the influence of sensory stimuli on the shoppers’ responses; whereas the latter address the relationship between website design factors (e.g. usability) and the performance of a virtual store. This article aims to bridge the gap between the above research orientations and explores the impact of two environmental elements – music and colour – of an online store on the consumers’ emotions – considered as direct antecedents to shopping behaviours – by employing a laboratory experiment. The results indicated that both music and colour reveal significant effects on respondents’ emotional responses. To be more specific, participants felt more aroused and pleasant when they were under fast music and warm colour conditions than those who were exposed to an environment with slow music and cool colour. In...
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...Running Head: THE EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON READING COMPREHENSION The Effects of Classical and Contemporary Music on Reading Comprehension of College Students Louis Sandro Y. Aboga Bakhita Mae Alexie N. Llames Aquinas University of Legazpi The Effects of Classical and Contemporary Music on Reading Comprehension of College Students Music is more pervasive now than at any other point in history, functioning not only as a pleasurable art form, but also serving many important psychological functions (MacDonald, Hargreaves and Miell, 2002) and influencing cognitive functioning (Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky 1993) Music and Reading Comprehension Etaugh and Ptasnik (1982) found that individuals who rarely studied with background music showed better comprehension when they learned in silence, while those who frequently studied with music performed better in the presence of music. Hall (1952), exploring the possible uses of music in schools, found that performance on reading comprehension tests was significantly improved when background music was playing; 58% of the 245 8th and 9th graders taking part in the study, showed an increase in scores a reading test. Physiological Aspect on Music and Memory Numerous previous studies have tested to determine if the above conditions do in fact play an integral role in being a catalyst or antagonist to understanding complex literature. First the topic will be addressed from a biological perspective: processing in...
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...The articles are related to music generation features referred papers based on high standard with detailed and informative purpose and claims in order to be reviewed by other peers. Music generation research has approach human and science to make our life become more and more completed in many ways to enhance human cognition, emotion, physiology and endocrine throughout the experiments and study . In this paper we will be analyzing the benefits and effectiveness of music interventions helps people in many other fields like computation, data machine, entertainment and especially human cognition. There are eight sources below to illustrate the range of task and main purposes of music applying the electrophysiological, biochemical measurement...
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...Ashley Byrne | The Behavioral Perspective: How music influences behavior This perspective views behavior (except for genetically determined behavior) as the result of environmental experience! Environmental experience (also called learning) is the sum total of all life experiences that the individual has been subjected to in the past and to the new experiences that will impinge on his or her behavior. For the behavioral perspective the emphasis is on factors in the environment that influence behavior, in this discussion such a factor to be examined will be music. The behavioral perspective is still very influential to this day and is responses from pleasurable consequences. Classical and operant conditioning are learned through the behavioral perspective. I have chosen this perspective because it's fascinating to know how much we learn and reinforce the behavior we are exposed to. Through experience, I hope to gain a better understanding of the musical effect on human behavior through the behavioral perspective First to be discussed in order to fully understand the behavioral perspective, the background and foundation of the perspective must be overviewed. The following major founders or those who had a major impact on the behavioral perspective and behaviorism in general are: Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) in The Conditional Reflex, J.B. Watson (1878-1958) in The Founding of Behaviorism, Thorndike (1874-1949) in The Law of Effect, and lastly B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) in...
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...EFFECTS OF POPULAR MUSIC ON MEMORIZATION TASKS Running Head: Music and memorization Abstract This study investigated the effects that popular music has on memory performance. It was proposed that popular music would adversely affect both studying and memory recall. Forty introductory psychology students participated in the study. Subjects were given a list of fifty words to study in 6 ½ minutes, with music either being present or absent. This was termed the learning stage. In this study, four conditions were tested. In all 4 conditions, subjects were assigned to either a “music” pre-period or a “non-music” pre-period and a “music” post-period or a “non-music” post-period. After they had studied the words, subjects were given another 6 ½ minutes to recall the words either with or without music present. This period was called the recall stage. The researchers hypothesized that music would have a detrimental effect on performance, these expected results were not found. Findings from this study suggested that students who study while listening to popular music performed at the same level as those without music present in either condition. Results indicated that women excelled in recall when the testing condition did not have music present in comparison to men. Effects of popular music on memorization tasks The purpose of this study was to find whether popular music would have a positive or negative effect on memory tasks. There are many different perspectives...
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...Running head: MUSIC AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OVERALL INTELLECT !1 ! ! ! ! ! Music And its Relationship To Overall Intellect Kymberlie Joy Hurd College of Southern Nevada ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Author Note This research paper was done for Psychology 240, Section 4001, taught by Professor Mason MUSIC AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OVERALL INTELLECT Abstract A review of previous studies was conducted to test and measure the correlation of music and its influence on various levels of intellect. Subjects range in age from 9 to 67 and education from elementary school to undergraduate and beyond. Analysis included studies of subjects who listened to music and subjects that have varying levels of musical training. While some studies found significant results in some areas of cognition, intelligence and memory, they were inconsistent and concluded that further testing was needed. This review examines further the question of causation with music as a variable with a direct effect to a subject’s intellect as addressed by Schellenberg (2011). To understand if there is a direct relationship between music and intellect, further research of a subject’s background and mentality is required. !2 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! MUSIC AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OVERALL INTELLECT Title of Paper Here Many studies have sought to provide a significant and reliable relationship between music as a factor of a subject’s intelligence or memory retention. The results are often conflicting within each experiment...
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...Psychological Magnetism of the Social Network Chelsea Fries Psychology of Social Media Stanford University The success of a business such as MySpace is dependent upon how effectively it is able to bring pleasure to people. One of the best ways to do this is to present people with a community which they would like to belong to. In order to build a successful community, each individual must be given the tools necessary to find people with whom they share common interests. When one has successfully found or created a community, one will choose to devote a great deal of time to wherever their community is, especially if spending time with that community brings them popularity. People enjoy spending time in a place where they feel liked and like the people they are with, and in such a setting are willing to use resources to maintain their status. When people have a sense of acceptance within their community they will feel free to express themselves and show others who they are and what they like. One’s sense of community is largely dependent upon how freely one feels able to be themselves, but people are often forced to censor themselves in order to gain the acceptance of a group of people. For example, if an individual already belongs to the “popular group” at school but deviates from the group’s norm concerning their taste in music, that individual’s reputation could utterly deteriorate if others came to know the type of music that they truly enjoyed listening to. People will go...
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...Examining the Effects of Music on Memory <Name Removed> University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Abstract This experiment was designed to test the effects that classical music has on memory. Previous experiments have shown that the effects of music can be beneficial in work and school environments. Our hypothesis was that a group that is required to listen to classical music during a study would outperform a group who studied in silence. The participants were college students and were randomly assigned to two groups. The control group performed the experiment in complete silence, while the experimental group listened to classical music the entire time. Both groups were asked to examine a picture and memorize as much as they could for two minutes. Immediately after two minutes a short distraction film was played and a multiple choice test was given. The results were not statistically significant and our hypothesis was rejected. Methodological limitations and ideas for follow-up research are discussed. Keywords: music, memory, memorize, distraction, test Examining the Effects of Music on Memory Memory is an area that sparks the interest of many scientists. Memory can be affected by multiple genetic and environmental factors having positive and negative influences on working memory function (Alley & Greene, 2008). Research has shown that if music is played to babies while in the womb, they possess recognition and memory recall of the music a year after being born...
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...Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 2012, Vol. 6, No. 3, 204 –213 © 2012 American Psychological Association 1931-3896/12/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0026937 Can Sad Music Really Make You Sad? Indirect Measures of Affective States Induced by Music and Autobiographical Memories Jonna K. Vuoskoski and Tuomas Eerola University of Jyvaskyla ¨ ¨ The present study addressed music’s disputed ability to induce genuine sadness in listeners by investigating whether listening to sad music can induce sadness-related effects on memory and judgment. Related aims were to explore how the different mechanisms of music-induced emotions are involved in sadness induced by familiar, self-selected music and unfamiliar, experimenter-selected music, and whether the susceptibility to music-induced sadness is associated with trait empathy. One hundred twenty participants were randomly assigned into four conditions with different tasks: listening to unfamiliar sad or neutral music, or to self-selected sad music, or recalling a sad autobiographical event and writing about it. The induced affective states were measured indirectly using a word recall task and a judgment task where participants rated the emotions expressed by pictures depicting facial expressions. The results indicate that listening to sad music can indeed induce changes in emotion-related memory and judgment. However, this effect depends, to some extent, on the music’s relevance to the listener, as well as on the personality...
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...Does Playing Mozart to Babies Make Them Smarter? Name: Fiona Ewing Student No.: n8588589 Subject: PYB100 Foundation Psychology Unit Coordinator: Dr Mariann Word Count: 1664 Researchers have claimed that the Mozart effect accomplished everything from temporary increases in IQ to creating the mental mechanism needed for infants to develop reasoning and analytical prowess. However there is little academic research and evidence of the Mozart effect on babies, making it difficult to contribute a link between the theory and intelligence enhancement it has on babies. Many research scientists haven’t been able to replicate the results or the results are temporary and have concluded that there is no evidence of the Mozart effect. Firstly by exploring the initial Mozart experiment conclusions can be draw regarding the Mozart effect and intellectual enhancement on babies. Secondly, through critical evaluation of research articles that were conducted to prove or disprove the theory, conclusions can be drawn regarding the Mozart effect and the degree of intellectual enhancement it has on babies. Thirdly, academic research suggests there is a scientific explanation behind the Mozart effect that provides a deeper understanding of the theory’s claims towards enhancing intelligence. There has been a lot of attention drawn to the first scientific experiment that introduced the Mozart effect. Rauscher, Shaw and Ky (1993) conducted an experiment with thirty-six college students that were...
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...Biological Psychology I. Definition: Biological psychology also known as Behavioral Neuroscience, biopsychology, or psychobiology is the application of the principles of biology (in particular neurobiology), to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and non-human animals. It typically investigates at the level of neurons, neurotransmitters, brain circuitry and the basic biological processes that underlie normal and abnormal behavior. Often, experiments in behavioral neuroscience involve non-human animal models (such as rats and mice, and non-human primates) which have implications for better understanding of human pathology and therefore contribute to evidence-based practice. II. Application: To apply this branch of psychology, we should have knowledge on these three biological perspective and consider them to understand the behavior of a person, animal or of an organism. The biological perspective which is relevant to the study of psychology in three ways: 1. Comparative method: different species of animal can be studied and compared. This can help in the search to understand human behavior. 2. Physiology: how the nervous system and hormones work, how the brain functions, how changes in structure and/or function can affect behavior. For example, we could ask how prescribed drugs to treat depression affect behavior through their interaction with the nervous system. 3. Investigation of inheritance: what an animal...
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